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Voice over LTE
Voice over LTE
EPS and IMS Networks

André Perez
First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA

www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2013

The rights of André Perez to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942893

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-84821-534-4

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd., Croydon, Surrey CR0 4YY
 Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Chapter 1. The EPS Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1. Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1. Access network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2. Core network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3. Protocol architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2. Signaling protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.1. NAS protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.2. RRC protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.3. S1-AP protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.4. X2-AP protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.5. GTPv2-C protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3.1. Attachment procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3.2. Location update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.3.3. Bearer activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.3.4. Handover procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 2. The LTE Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.1. Structure of the radioelectric interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2. Data link layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.1. PDCP protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.2. RLC protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.3. MAC protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3. Physical layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
vi Voice over LTE

2.3.1. Frequency range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

2.3.2. Spatial multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.3.3. Time multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3.4. Physical signals and channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.4.1. Cell searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.4.2. System information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.4.3. Random access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.4.4. Data scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.4.5. Re-transmission in the case of error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Chapter 3. The CSFB Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

3.1. Reminder about NGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.1.1. Architecture of NGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.1.2. Signaling transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.1.3. Transport of voice data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2. The CSFB function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3.1. Attachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3.2. Tracking area update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.3. Outgoing call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3.4. Incoming call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Chapter 4. SIP and SDP Protocols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

4.1. Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2. Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3. Structure of SIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.1. Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.2. Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3.3. Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.4. Description of the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.5. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.5.1. Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.5.2. The session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Chapter 5. The IMS Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.1. Architecture of IMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.1.1. Session control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.1.2. Application servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.1.3. Databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.1.4. Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
 Table of Contents vii

5.1.5. Media processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.1.6. Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.2. Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.2.1. First phase of registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.2.2. Second phase of registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2.3. Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.4. Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.3. The session between IMSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.3.1. Establishment of the session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.3.2. Termination of the session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.4. DIAMETER messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.4.1. The messages related to registration and routing . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.4.2. Messages relating to control of the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.5. Interoperation with the CS network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.5.1. Call initiated by the IMS network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.5.2. Call generated by the CS network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.5.3. Release of the communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Chapter 6. Telephone Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

6.1. Service profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.2. Communication Diversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2.1. CFU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2.2. CFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.2.3. CFNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.2.4. CD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.2.5. CFNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.3. Identification presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.3.1. OIP and OIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.3.2. TIP and TIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.4. Message Waiting Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.5. Call parking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.6. Conferencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.7. Communication transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.8. Communication Waiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.9. Malicious Communication Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.10. Automatic callback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.10.1. CCBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.10.2. CCNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.10.3. CCNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.11. Communication rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.11.1. ACR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
viii Voice over LTE

6.11.2. ICB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

6.11.3. OCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.12. Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Chapter 7. The SRVCC Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

7.1. Impact on architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.1.1. Impact on mobile networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.1.2. Impact on the IMS network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.2. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
7.2.1. Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
7.2.2. Session establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2.3. PS-CS handover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.2.4. Transfer of the communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
 Preface

This book discusses the mechanisms used in the 4G EPS (Evolved Packet
System) mobile network for telephone service support, and in the IMS network
(IP (Internet Protocol) Multimedia Sub-system) to provide a telephone service.

The 4G network does not provide a telephone service because it does not process
telephone signaling. It operates in PS (Packet Service) mode, and only transports IP
packets. Therefore, it only transfers IP packets containing voice data or telephone
signaling.

The IP packet containing voice data has the following structure:

– AMR (Adaptative Multi-Rate) codec;
– RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) header;
– UDP (User Datagram Protocol) header;
– IP header.

The IP packet containing telephone signaling has the following structure:

– SIP (Session Information Protocol) message;
– UDP header;
– IP header.

Chapter 1 introduces the different entities of the 4G network. It describes the 4G

signaling protocol exchanged between the different entities, enabling a mobile to
attach, update its location, establish sessions for the transport of IP packets and
change cells (known as handover). For the purposes of the transport of IP packets,
x Voice over LTE

the 4G network has supports in place that are known as bearers. A bearer is similar
to a virtual circuit.

Each bearer has a QCI (QoS Class Identifier) associated with it. Thus, for each
mobile, two bearers are created: one for the transport of the telephone signaling
(QCI = 5) and the other for the transport of the voice data (QCI = 1).

Chapter 2 presents the LTE (Long Term Evolution) radioelectric interface

between the mobile and the 4G networks. The radioelectric interface serves to
transport the mobile traffic (IP packets containing voice data or telephone signaling)
and the 4G signaling exchanged with the 4G network.

The procedures specific to the radioelectric interface relate to connection of the

mobile to the 4G network, scheduling of the IP packets and re-transmission in the
case of error.

To begin with, the establishment of a telephone communication will not be done

over a 4G network, because of the difficulty in handover from PS mode to CS
(Circuit Service) mode, when the mobile is transferred from a 4G cell to a 2G or 3G
cell.

Chapter 3 discusses the mechanism of CSFB (CS FallBack), which is an interim

solution. It enables a mobile connected to the 4G network to receive an alert sent by
a 2G/3G network (this is known as paging). This page is sent when a call comes in
on the 2G/3G network. On receiving the page, the mobile is transferred to the 2G/3G
network, over which the telephone communication can then be established.

Similarly, a mobile connected to the 4G network and wishing to make an

outgoing call must first be transferred to the 2G/3G network.

Chapter 4 presents the SIP protocol, upon which the telephone signaling
transferred by the 4G network is based. SIP defines two fundamental procedures:
registration of the mobile and establishment of the session (i.e. the telephone
communication).

Chapter 5 introduces the IMS network which provides a telephone service, using
the 4G network for the transport of the voice data and telephone signaling. The
telephone signaling again uses SIP, enriching it.

The IMS network defines the routing of the telephone signaling, access to
databases containing the profile and secret data of the subscriber, and the specific
processing of voice data to provide particular services, such as conference calling,
for instance.
 Preface xi

Telephone communication can be established between two 4G mobiles. The

telephone signaling is processed by the IMS entities of the home operator of each
mobile. The voice data is directly transferred between the 4G networks (see
Figure 1).

Figure 1. Telephone communication between two 4G mobiles

Telephone communication can also be established between a mobile and a

terminal connected to the fixed network PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network) or the mobile network PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). The
IMS network provides the entities which perform conversion of the protocols and
interconnection with these networks (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Telephone communication between

a 4G mobile and a terminal connected to the PLMN or PSTN network

Chapter 6 presents the telephone services offered by a particular entity within the
IMS network – the TAS (Telephone Application Server). These services relate to
communication forwarding, identification presentation or restriction, message
waiting indication, communication hold, conference, communication transfer, call
waiting, malicious communication identification, completion of communication, call
rejection and announcements.
xii Voice over LTE

The telephone communication established over the 4G network in PS mode

needs to be maintained when the mobile is transferred to the 2G/3G network in CS
mode.

Chapter 7 finally discusses the mechanism of SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call
Continuity), which takes care of this call maintaining in the case of a PS–CS inter-
system handover. SRVCC is a particular function of the IMS network. It anchors the
flows of telephone signaling and voice data (Figure 3).

Figure 3. The SRVCC mechanism

 Acronyms

AAA Authorization-Authentication-Answer
AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer 2
AAR Authorization-Authentication-Request
ACM Address Complete Message
ACR Anonymous Communication Rejection
AM Acknowledged Mode
AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate
ANM Answer Message
APN Access Point Name
ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest
AS Application Server
ASA Abort-Session-Answer
ASR Abort-Session-Request
ATCF Access Transfer Control Function
ATGW Access Transfer Gateway
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

B2BUA Back-to-Back User Agent

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function
xiv Voice over LTE

BICC Bearer Independent Call Control

BSS Base Station Sub-system
BSSMAP BSS Management Application Part

CCBS Completion of Communications to Busy Subscriber

CCCH Common Control Channel
CCNL Completion of Communications on Not Logged-in
CCNR Completion of Communications on No Reply
CD Communication Deflection
CDF Charging Data Function
CDIV Communication Diversion
CDR Charging Data Record
CFB Communication Forwarding on Busy user
CFI Control Format Indicator
CFNL Communication Forwarding on Not Logged-in
CFNR Communication Forwarding on No Reply
CFU Communication Forwarding Unconditional
CGF Charging Gateway Function
CM Call Management
CQI Channel Quality Indicator
C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity
CS Circuit Service
CSCF Call Session Control Function
CSFB Circuit Service FallBack
CTF Charging Trigger Function
CW Communication Waiting

DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DCI Downlink Control Information
DFTS Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel
DNS Domain Name System
DRB Data Radio Bearer
 Acronyms xv

DRS Demodulation Reference Signal

DSCP DiffServ Code Point
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
DTM Dual Transfer Mode
DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot

E-CSCF Emergency-CSCF
ECT Explicit Communication Transfer
EMM EPS Mobility Management
eNB evolved Node B
EPC Evolved Packet Core
EPS Evolved Packet System
E-RAB EPS Radio Access Bearer
ESM EPS Session Management
ETWS Earthquarke and Tsunami Warning System
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

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