HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND
EDUCATION
INTERNATIONAL FACULTY
ELECTRICAL ENERGEERING REPORT
CHAP 1: BASIC CONCEPTS & LAWS
Course code: ELEN220144
Instructors: Nguyen Ngoc Au, Ph.D
GROUP 17: - 24116006 – Mai Thái Nhật Anh
- 24116073 – Đỗ Thông Thiên
1st term 2025-2026
HO CHI MINH CITY– SEPTEMBER /YEAR 2025
CONTENTS
I/ Basic concepts……………………………………1
1.1 Systems of Units……………………………..1
1.2 Electric Charge………………………………1
1.3 Current……………………………………….1
1.4 Voltage……………………………………….1
1.5 Power and Energy……………………………1
1.6 Circuit Elements……………………………..2
Dependent source……………………………….3
II/ Basic laws………………………………………3
2.1 Ohm’s Law…………………………………...3
2.2 Nodes, Branches, and Loops…………………4
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws…………………………….4
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division……….4
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division. …….5
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations………………….7
III/ Exercise ………………………………………..8
I/ Basic Concepts
1.1 System of Units.
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
1.2 Electric Charges.
- Charge is an electrical property of matter, measured in
coulombs (C).
- Electric charge: e= 1.602 10-19 C.
1.3 Current.
- Defined as i = dq / dt, unit: ampere (A).
- DC (Direct Current): constant over time.
- AC (Alternating Current): varies sinusoidally and reverses
direction.
1.4 Voltage.
- Potential difference between two points, measured in volts (V).
- vab = dw / dq
- If vab > 0: point a is at higher potential than point b.
If vab < 0: point a is at lower potential than point b.
1.5 Power and Energy.
- Power (p) is the time rate of energy transfer:
p = dw/dt = dw/dq . dq/dt = vi
- Unit: Watt (W) – product of voltage and current.
- Law of Conservation of Energy: the sum of power in a
system is zero (∑p = 0).
- Energy (w) is the capacity to do work, calculated as the
integral of power over time:
t t
w= ∫ pdt = ∫ vidt
t0 t0
1.6 Circuit Elements.
- A dependent source is a voltage or current source controlled by
another voltage or current.
- Four main types: VCVS, CCVS, VCCS, CCCS.
- Signs of dependent sources are important in analysis.
Dependent sources
2
II/ Basic Laws
2.1 Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law: Voltage across a resistor is proportional to the current
through it.
v = iR
R = 0 → short circuit
R = ∞ → open circuit
Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance:
G = 1/R = i/v, unit: siemens (S)
Power dissipated by a resistor:
p = vi = i2R = v2/R
3
2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops.
- Branch (b): a single element like a resistor or voltage source.
- Node (n): a connection point between two or more branches.
- Loop (l): any closed path in a circuit.
- Topology formula:
b=l+n–1
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws.
- Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The algebraic sum of
currents at a node is zero.
- Meaning: current entering = current leaving
- Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic sum of voltages
around a closed loop is zero.
- Meaning: voltage rises = voltage drops in a loop.
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
- Resistors in Series: In a series connection, all resistors carry the
same current.
- Equivalent resistance:
n
Req = R1 + R2 +…+ RN = ∑ ❑
n =1
4
- Voltage divider: The total voltage is divided in proportion to the
resistances.
- For N resistors in series:
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division.
- Resistors in Parallel: In parallel, all elements have the same
voltage across them.
- Equivalent resistance:
- The total current i is divided among the resistors inversely
proportional to their resistances.
5
6
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations
Star-delta Transformation : Y -> Δ
Delta-star Transformation: Δ -> Y
7
Wye-Delta Transformations
III/ Exercises
8
v = 10 + vx
v = 10 + 15.(1)
v = 25 (V)
4 branches, 3 nodes, 2loops => b = n + l – 1 4 = 3 + 2 – 1
( 10V series R5) // R6 // 2A
9
5 branches, 3 nodes and 3 loops => b = n + l – 1 5 = 3 + 3 – 1
( R1 // R2 )series R5
(10V // R4 ) series R5
v1 = 4i , v2 = 2i
4i – 8 + 2i – 10 = 0 => 6i – 18 = 0 => i = 3 (A)
10
v1 = 12 (V) , v2 = -6 (V)
v0 = -6i (V)
-12 + 4i + 2.(-6i) – 4 + 6i = 0
=> i = -8 (A)
v0 = -48 (V)
11
i0 = 0.5i0 + 3 i0 – 0.5i0 = 3 => 0.5i0 = 3 => i0 = 6 (A)
v0 = 4.i0 = 24 (V)
i0 + v0/8 + i0/4 - 6 = 0 3/2i0 = 6 i0 = 4 (A)
v0= 2i0 = 2.4 = 8 (V)
12
i1 = i2 + i3.
KVL loop 1 (30 V – 8 Ω – 3 Ω):
30 − 8i1− 3i2 = 0.30 - 8i1 - 3i2 = 0.30 − 8i1 − 3i2 = 0.
KVL loop 2 (3 Ω – 6 Ω):
3i2 − 6i3 = 0 ⇒ i2 = 2i3.3i2 - 6i3 = 0 => i2 = 2i3
Substitute: i1 = 3i3
Into loop 1: 30−8(3i3)−3(2i3)=0 ⇒ 30 − 30i3 = 0 ⇒ i3 = 1 (A)
Thus i2 = 2 (A), i1=3 (A)
Voltages: v1 = 8i1 = 24 (V), v2 = 3i2 = 6 (V), v3 = 6i3 = 6 (V)
13
R1 R2 10.10
a) Ra =Rb=Rc= R1 + R2 + R3 = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30Ω
R1 R2 30.20
b) Ra = R1 + R2 + R3 = 30 + 20 + 50 = 62Ω
R2 R3 20.50
Rb= R2 + R3 + R 1 = 20 + 50 + 30 = 103,3Ω
R1 R3 30.50
Rc= R1 + R3 + R2 = 30 + 50 + 20 = 155Ω
14
RaRc 12.12
a) R1 = R2 = R3 = Ra+ Rb+ Rc
=¿
12+ 12+12 = 4Ω
RcRb 60.30
b) R1 =Ra+ Rb+ Rc
=¿
60.30.10 = 18
Ω
RaRc 10.60
R2 = Ra+ Rb+ Rc =¿ 60.30.10 = 6Ω
RaRb 10.30
R3 = Ra+ Rb+ Rc
=¿
60.30.10 = 3Ω
15
3.6
Ra = (R3//R6) series R4 = 3+6 + 4 =6 (Ω)
8.12
Rb = (R8//R12) series R1,2 = 8+12 + 1,2 = 6 (Ω)
6.6
Ra // Rb = 6+6 = 3 (Ω)
2.(3+1)
Req = R2// (R1 series Ra // Rb) = 2+ 3+1
= 1.333 (Ω)
veq = I . Req = 6 x 1.333 = 8 (V)
8
IR2 = veq / 2 = 2 = 4 (A)
8
Iseries = 4 = 2 (A) => vx=vR1 = Iseries . R1 = 2.1 = 2 (V)
6
vb = va – vx = 8 – 2 = 6 (V) => Ib = vb / 6 = 6 = 1 (A)
v48 = Ib . 4.8 = 1 . 4.8 = 4.8 (V)
16
4.8
I12 = v48 / 12 = 12 = 0.4 (A)
P12 = I12 2 . 12 = 0.42 . 12 = 1.92 (W)
Ieq = 5.10-3 + 0.01V0
1 1 1
G= 10 k + 5k + 20 k = 0.00035 (S)
Ieq = V0 . G
5.10-3 + 0.01V0 = 0.00035V0
0.00965V0 = -0.005
V0 ≈ -0.518 (V)
V0
I20 = 20 k ≈ -25.9 μA
2
V0
P20= 20 k
≈ 13,4μW
17
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