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BRITAIN AND THE WORLD

War Commemoration
and Civic Culture in
the North East of England,
1854–1914
Guy Hinton
 Britain and the World

Series Editors
Martin Farr
School of History
Newcastle University
Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

Michelle D. Brock
Department of History
Washington and Lee University
Lexington, VA, USA

Eric G. E. Zuelow
Department of History
University of New England
Biddeford, ME, USA
Britain and the World is a series of books on ‘British world’ history. The
editors invite book proposals from historians of all ranks on the ways in
which Britain has interacted with other societies from the sixteenth century
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Britain and the World peer-reviewed journal.
Martin Farr ([email protected]) is General Series Editor for
the Britain and the World book series. Michelle D. Brock (brockm@wlu.
edu) is Series Editor for titles focusing on the pre-1800 period and Eric
G. E. Zuelow ([email protected]) is Series Editor for titles covering the
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 Guy Hinton

War Commemoration
and Civic Culture in
the North East of
England, 1854–1914
Guy Hinton
Hexham, UK

Britain and the World

ISBN 978-3-030-78592-5    ISBN 978-3-030-78593-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78593-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
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To Jo and Angus
 Preface

This book stems from an interest in the impact of imperialism on British

society. War, as the dramatic and inevitable by-product of imperialism,
began to loom large in my research, giving prominence to reactions to
various conflicts and specifically how wars were portrayed and justified by
local and national leaders. My interest was particularly piqued by the case
of the Boer War, surely one of the least justifiable of all this country’s many
wars but supported (or at least tolerated) by the major part of society. The
post-war representation of this most jingoistic of conflicts seemed
particularly enlightening, occurring in a period that to a large extent
reacted against the war and the imperial mentalities that had encouraged
it. As the research incorporated earlier conflicts and became increasingly
immersed in vibrant nineteenth-and early twentieth-century civic culture,
other historiographical themes—such as notions of identity and the
influence of class—asserted themselves.
Therefore, like most studies of war memorialisation, this book is much
more than merely an analysis of certain conflicts and their memorials. By
this I mean that it is as much to do with the social, political and cultural
contexts that motivated the memorials’ organisers and influenced the
narratives they sought to convey in the monuments they created. While
the memorials expressed the organisers’ views and attitudes of how the
recent conflict should be remembered by their communities, I would
argue that the memorials were more intent with imposing the socio-­
political purview and values of the organisers and indeed shoring up their
social prestige and political primacy within their community and endorsing
the socio-economic status quo. It was in this way that the memorials were

vii
viii PREFACE

political objects, more so than seeking to justify Britain’s involvement in

the wars or extol patriotic or imperialistic virtues.
The book was researched and written during a period of unparalleled
political crisis and politico-cultural controversies which often seemed to
mirror its themes. Most pertinent have been debates—both within the
academy and the wider public—over the suitability of historical public
monuments in twenty-first-century society. This includes a burgeoning
disillusionment with the very memorialisation of war (or at least the
twenty-first century version of it) which some perceive as mawkish or
inherently triumphal and as tacit endorsement of martial values and
military action. More prominent in the popular imagination has been a
widespread questioning of monuments with imperial connotations or
anachronistic societal narratives, considered questionable in diverse post-­
colonial societies. This has been driven by movements such as ‘Decolonizing
the Curriculum’ and the ‘Rhodes Must Fall’ protests in this country and,
in the United States, with activist campaigns to remove statues
commemorating confederate participants in the American Civil War.
All this has given the book an unanticipated but welcome topicality;
hopefully, it will contribute to the debate by enabling a greater
understanding of how and why such historic monuments were erected.
Indeed, the statue of Edward Colston (1636–1721) in Bristol, erected in
1895 and whose forceful removal by protesters in the summer of 2020
generated widespread popular debate and reflection, shares many of the
gestational characteristics of the monuments examined here, such as its
attempted funding by popular subscription and a type of municipal
mythologising that was particularly en vogue in the late-nineteenth century.
Examining the motivations of the memorial organisers—men from tightly
knit, middle-class municipal elites—and the narratives they chose to
convey to their contemporaries (and their descendants) provides an
in-depth yet nuanced understanding of the process behind the erection of
these now often controversial monuments.
As to retaining or removing monuments, I feel somewhat biased—at
least in regards to the monuments discussed in this book. After many years
of researching, thinking, speaking and writing about them, I have formed
quite an attachment to all of them and would miss having them around.
Consequently, my attitudes towards them are built around a certain
personal nostalgia divorced from the realities they may represent for
others. However, as the majority of nineteenth-century monuments were
erected in large part to bolster a sense of community and
 PREFACE ix

identity—whether regional or national—it seems ironic and indeed sad

that retaining (at least in their current representation or location)
monuments that divide rather than unify their communities goes against
the aims and wishes of those that originally produced them. It is worth
remembering that, as the book describes, some of the memorials attracted
serious opposition when erected, indicating that controversy around such
monuments is not a new, retrospective phenomenon; perhaps current
attitudes to monuments should be more robust, acknowledging that
present-day controversy is part of a monument’s own history and a
continuation of inherited traditions that enable us to question what it
represents.
I also feel, somewhat self-defeatingly, that monuments hold less
influence than often given credit for. Removing them would have less
impact on the understanding of our history and our sense of identity than
various recent measures that are more damaging, such as the wholesale
closure of libraries and cuts to funding for museums and historical research.
A less dewy-eyed, more well-rounded interpretation of British history—
not least the Empire—in schools and through cultural representations
would ensure that such monuments would be better-situated in their
historical context in the first place.
During much of the production of the book, the Brexit referendum of
2016 and the subsequent years of related volatility dominated the national
news-cycle and popular consciousness. The North East of England, with
which this study deals, to an extent came to embody the anxieties and
concerns that drove the ‘leave’ vote, its long-term post-industrial decline
and sense of socio-economic helplessness generating a rejection of the
political status quo. Too much can perhaps be made of the current parlous
situation and there are obviously numerous examples of economic
dynamism and social achievements within the North East. But even
cursory visits around the region reveal much deprivation and a depleted
civic infrastructure, not least in former mining communities in County
Durham and Northumberland, the backbone of nineteenth-century
carboniferous capitalism; the sense of decline is backed up by ample
statistical evidence.
As I immersed myself in the buoyant civic culture of the North East in
the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the discrepancy with the
present-day condition of the region (and by extension, one could argue,
England) became apparent. Such decline is the by-product of a range of
factors, including a decades-long seepage of local and regional political
x PREFACE

power and a failure to plan for life after the decline of staple industries.
The North East of the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries was a
region of dynamic self-confidence, underpinned by industrial and
commercial strength and driven by municipal energy and civic self-reliance.
The region’s towns and districts possessed an innate belief in their
administrative autonomy and ability, nurtured by a sophisticated political
culture and a belief that political activity happened everywhere throughout
their communities and not just at Westminster. Of course, this was of most
benefit to the hegemonic middle class—and the type of men (and it was
overwhelmingly men) who organised war memorials—rather than wider
society; but, even so, awareness of both the North East’s political and
economic heyday and its subsequent fate makes for sombre reflection if
not a call to action.

Hexham, UK Guy Hinton

 Acknowledgements

There are many people I would like to thank for their help and encourage-
ment during the gestation of this book and also the completion of my
doctoral thesis, which provided the inspiration for the book. I must firstly
give special thanks to my principal doctoral supervisor Dr Joan Allen, a
constant source of inspiration whose encouragement, advice and guidance
have been invaluable, as has her great knowledge and understanding of so
many of the book’s areas and themes. My co-supervisor Professor Jeremy
Boulton has likewise given welcome encouragement and practical assis-
tance and generally nurtured a sense of the possible. I feel immensely
privileged to have been the beneficiary of such intellectually rigorous and
profoundly experienced tutelage. Dr Martin Farr has been characteristi-
cally supportive with his encouragement of publication and practical assis-
tance. I would also like to thank Professor Nick Mansfield for his
constructive feedback to my original thesis and further help since then.
I would like to extend thanks to others in the School of History, Classics
and Archaeology at Newcastle University, especially Dr Alison Atkinson-­
Phillips, Emeritus Professor David Saunders and Dr Felix Schulz, who
suggested fruitful avenues for research and orientation, and Sandra
Fletcher for her much-appreciated support. Dr James Koranyi at Durham
University kindly gave insightful help and advice at the outset of this
project. At Palgrave Macmillan and Springer, I would like to thank Asma
Azeezullah, Molly Beck, Lucy Kidwell and Joseph Johnson for their
patience and help in steering the book’s publication. I would also like to
thank staff at the various archives and libraries I have worked in, especially
Darlington Library, Tyne and Wear Archive, the Durham Records Office

xi
xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

and Newcastle City Library. The work of the volunteers at the inestimable
North East War Memorials Project must also be acknowledged.
I am truly grateful and indebted to my friends and family for being a
source of sanity and succour over the years of research and writing. Thanks
in particular to David Hollingsworth who was so encouraging of my initial
return to academia and then my progress through the doctorate and book.
Above all, I would like to thank Joanna Maclean, for her invaluable and
wonderful encouragement, support, and unstinting patience when faced
with my regular progress reports—not least in the months before
completion when our son Angus was born and there were far more
important things to think about.
 Contents

1 Introduction  1
1.1 Memory, War and Historiographical Debates  1
1.2 The North East, Methodology and Sources 21

2 Uncertain Memorials: The Crimean War Cannon,

1857–1861 31
2.1 The Domestic Impact of the Crimean War 33
2.2 The Cannon Memorials and Their Historiographical Context  44
2.3 The Memorialisation Process 51
2.4 Purpose and Motivations 55
2.5 Socio-Political Contexts 71
2.6 Conclusion 81

3 Reinforcing the Moral Code: The Memorial to General

Havelock in Sunderland 87
3.1 Reactions to the Indian Rebellion and the ‘Havelock Cult’ 93
3.2 The Evolution of the Memorial103
3.3 Didactic Motivations and Narratives111
3.4 Civic Pride and Municipal Motivations121
3.5 The Unveiling Ceremony127
3.6 Conclusion133

xiii
xiv Contents

4 Small Wars, Big Box Office, Little Impact? Colonial

Conflicts Between 1878 and 1885135
4.1 Social, Economic and Political Contexts139
4.2 Patriotic Imperialism144
4.3 General Graham’s Visit to Tyneside173
4.4 Conclusion179

5 The Boer War and ‘an Epidemic of War Memorials’:

Commemorating War in the Twentieth Century181
5.1 The War at Home183
5.2 The Memorialisation Process202
5.3 Motivations214
5.4 Conclusion239

6 Conclusion243

Appendices251

Bibliography259

Index283
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Monument to Admiral Lord Collingwood, Tynemouth

(This and all other photographs are the author’s own
unless otherwise stated) 45
Fig. 2.2 The Guards Memorial, Waterloo Place, London 48
Fig. 2.3 Russian imperial eagle on Crimean War cannon, Middlesbrough 59
Fig. 2.4 Replica of Crimean War cannon, Sunderland 67
Fig. 2.5 Crimean War cannon, Berwick-­upon-­Tweed 74
Fig. 2.6 Crimean War cannon, Darlington 80
Fig. 3.1 Memorial to General Havelock, Sunderland 88
Fig. 3.2 List of subscriptions to the ‘Havelock Monument’,
Sunderland108
Fig. 3.3 (a, b) Inscriptions on plinth of Havelock memorial, Trafalgar
Square, London 118
Fig. 3.4 Inscription on plinth, Havelock memorial, Sunderland 119
Fig. 3.5 Havelock memorial, Sunderland 120
Fig. 3.6 Memorial to George Stephenson, Newcastle upon Tyne 125
Fig. 4.1 Portrait of Sir Gerald Graham by Sir Edward John Poynter 174
Fig. 5.1 Number of memorial subscribers on inscription, Boer War
memorial, Darlington 205
Fig. 5.2 Inscription, Boer War memorial, Middlesbrough 208
Fig. 5.3 The Dorman Memorial Museum, Middlesbrough 216
Fig. 5.4 Men of Darlington Boer War memorial, Darlington 223
Fig. 5.5 Boer War memorial, Durham 226
Fig. 5.6 Boer War memorial, Durham 227
Fig. 5.7 Northumbrian Regiments South African War memorial,
Newcastle-­upon-­Tyne 227
Fig. 5.8 Inscription, Boer War memorial, Durham 228

xv
xvi List of Figures

Fig. 5.9 Allegory of Fame, plaque on Boer War memorial,

Middlesbrough233
Fig. 5.10 Allegory of Patriotism, plaque on Boer War memorial,
Middlesbrough234
Fig. 5.11 Boer War memorial, Middlesbrough 235
Fig. 5.12 Boer War memorial (detail), Middlesbrough 238
Fig. 5.13 Boer War memorial (detail), Middlesbrough 238
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Numbers of deaths of British soldiers in major wars

1854–1918 and numbers of war memorials 9
Table 4.1 Britain’s colonial conflicts, 1878–1885 136
Table 5.1 Reproduction of subscription list (detail), Hartlepool
Boer War memorial 203

xvii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

This book examines the memorialisation of war in the North East of England
between 1854 and 1914. It focuses on civic memorials and commemorative
practices from three distinct conflicts—the Crimean War (1854–1856), the
Indian Rebellion (1857–1858), and the Boer War (1899–1902)—and a clus-
ter of ‘small wars’ in the late-1870s and 1880s. There has been much histo-
riographical debate about the memorialisation of the First World War but
relatively little research into nineteenth-century conflicts. Encompassing a
prolonged timeframe and embracing wider socio-political contexts, the book
aims to gauge how and why war memorials changed in this period and assess
what these developments indicate about broader social transformation—in
the North East and in Britain.

1.1   Memory, War and Historiographical Debates

Memory reconstructs—or ‘selectively exploits’—the past rather than
revives it.1 How the past is remembered mirrors what people want to
remember and what they might want to forget; people’s sense of the past
may appear consensual when such apparent consensus was in fact intensely
contested. Memory can therefore be highly politicised. It can define and

1
Barry Schwartz. ‘The Social Context of Commemoration: A Study in Collective
Memory’, Social Forces, 61: 2 (Dec. 1982) 396.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2021
G. Hinton, War Commemoration and Civic Culture in the North
East of England, 1854–1914, Britain and the World,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78593-2_1
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