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Aft er t h e War
A FTER THE W AR

The Lives and Images of

Major Civil War Figures
After the Shooting Stopped

D AV I D H A RD IN

Ivan R. Dee
chicago 2010
 AFTER THE WAR. Copyright © 2010 by David Hardin. All rights reserved,
including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form. For
information, address: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher, 1332 North Halsted Street, Chicago
60642, a member of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. Manufactured in
the United States of America and printed on acid-free paper.

www.ivanrdee.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Hardin, David, 1940–
After the war : the lives and images of major Civil War
figures after the shooting stopped / David Hardin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-56663-859-3 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Biography.
2. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Influence. I. Title.
E467.H285 2010
973.7092'2—dc22
[B] 2010008819
To jona
with love
 Contents

Foreword ix
one. The Daughter of the Confederacy. Winnie Davis 3
two. The Conqueror’s Son. Tom Sherman 22
three. The General’s Last Battle. Ulysses S. Grant 44
four. The Diarist. Mary Boykin Chesnut 71
five. The Crippled Knight. John Bell Hood 92
six. That Devil Forrest. Nathan Bedford Forrest 117
seven. The Mad Woman. Mary Todd Lincoln 142
eight. The Good Hater. Joseph E. Johnston 168
nine. The Legend. Robert E. Lee 192
ten. The Turncoat. George H. Thomas 219
eleven. Libbie’s Husband. Elizabeth and George A. Custer 245
Notes 279
Bibliography 327
Index 333
 Fo r ewo r d

fo r ma ny of the principal figures of the American Civil War, the

years afterward would tend toward the tragic even among the victors:
a bankrupt former president; a mad presidential widow; a famous
general with a family insanity streak. Those defeated would feel like
earthquake survivors, trying to get their bearings in another world
while caught between a beloved past and an incoherent future.
Whether Northerner or Southerner—or, as in the case of Union
General George Thomas, a share of both—their lives were ended
and begun anew by four years of war. Often they had to draw upon
the courage that had got them through the war, but less to conquer
than simply to endure. Inevitably, some would bring along the same
defect that had made their wartime experience so memorable to his-
tory. A few would triumph—again, or finally—but would not live
to see it. Their children would also have roles. The outcomes are a
feast of irony.
My aim in this book is to tell some of these stories of the years
beyond the war. None of them is secret; most, though, may be lit-
tle known. Collectively they also serve up a portrait of cataclysmic
change, of a divided nation that went to the extreme of war, of a
defeated South uncertain of conciliation, of a hungry North turning
west for its next feast. The antebellum period and the Gilded Age
also make their appearances, inviting further knowledge of the fam-
ily tree that has led to present times. If there is a lesson, it is that a

ix
x : a f t e r t he war

democracy, a republic, can indeed be stood on its head from within,

and having been so stood is capable of having it done again.
This book, though, is mostly about people. Even in their wildest
dreams before the war, none could have foreseen themselves after-
ward. None could have anticipated the new world they would enter.
It was as if they would walk through separate doors, one opening
upon radiant sun, the other upon cavernous darkness, and yet their
paths converging in a sort of grey light of fierce humility. Perhaps
only Confederate General Joseph Johnston stayed defiant to the
end—not on behalf of the old rebellion but by respectfully removing
his hat on a wintry day for the passing casket of his foremost Yankee
foe.
For this book, much is owed to the small corps of historians and
biographers who have gone before. Many of their accounts were
written before the internet offered access to archival sources—espe-
cially from newspapers—and these sources (with great care) have
also been consulted. Every effort has been made to give credit where
it’s due, in source notes and a bibliography. Opinions not rendered
by others are rendered by myself.
Among those I particularly thank (and hold blameless) are
Ivan Dee, whose suggestions throughout were invaluable; Rich-
ard McMurry, expert on the Confederacy’s Army of Tennessee, for
offering suggestions regarding the Hood and Johnston chapters;
Teresa Roane of the Museum of the Confederacy and Bonnie Coles
of the Library of Congress for their help in chasing down letters
of Winnie and Varina Davis; the Huntsville and Madison County
(Alabama) Public Library for its complete collection of Confeder-
ate Veteran magazine and Southern Historical Society Papers; and my
childhood buddy Bill Trebing, who fifty years later explored with
me some of the more bygone passages of Nathan Bedford Forrest’s
Critter Company. I also thank various family members as well as the
lost colony of newspaper book editors who over decades have freely
bestowed so many copies of the works cited herein.

d. h.
Huntsville, Alabama
April 2010
Aft er t h e War
 ·1·

T h e D au g h t er o f
t h e C on f eder ac y

G
reatness seldom grants immunity from life’s ordinary sor-
rows. They are a debt suddenly come due.
Confederate President Jefferson Davis, like his enemies
Abraham Lincoln and General William Tecumseh Sherman, lost a
favored son during the Civil War. Each boy had been too young
to participate, but their premature deaths from accident or disease
would be a payment demanded for what their fathers demanded of
everyone else: the sacrifice of a son for an idea, hundreds of thou-
sands of sons.
In these ordinary sorrows the modern observer finds kinship with
the past. So much else of the war is fantastic to our times, whether in
envisioning the evils of slavery or the courage of unquestioning men
marching in resolute ranks head-on into bullet, ball, and grape. The
great, the famous, are otherwise elusive, consigned to their bronze
memorials and cement pedestals. But something like a child’s death
is a unifying sorrow in any age, and just for a moment there is a hush.
Jeff Davis is within reach. The curtain has been briefly raised.
Joseph Davis had just turned five years old on the day he died in
April 1864. He was playing in the executive mansion, the family’s
Richmond, Virginia, home, and fell from a high balcony onto a brick
pavement below. The price of greatness, of power, of responsibil-
ity for a rebellious nation was never more evident as affairs pressed

3
4 : a fte r the war

upon the father regardless of this most personal blow. At last, to a

request for more troops, Davis lamented, “I must have this day with
my little child.” He fled toward privacy and did not show himself.
The South Carolina diarist Mary Chesnut would complete this
picture of unseen but evident grief. A friend of Davis’s wife Varina,
Mrs. Chesnut had a knack for often being in the wrong place at the
right time. Upon the news of the child’s death she had rushed to the
house with Varina’s hysterical sister Margaret (Maggie) Howell:
“As I sat in the drawing room, I could hear the tramp of Mr.
Davis’s step as he walked up and down the room above—not another
sound. The whole house was as silent as death. . . .
“Poor little Joe, the good child of the family, so gentle and affec-
tionate, he used to run in and say his prayers at his father’s knee.
Now he was laid out somewhere above us—crushed. . . .
“Before I left the house I saw him lying there, white and beautiful
as an angel—covered with flowers.
“Catherine, his nurse, lying flat on the floor by his side, weeping
and wailing as only an Irish woman can.
“As I walked home . . . I stopped to tell the Prestons. There I met
Wade Hampton, who walked home with me. Even then! He told
me again the story of his row with General Lee. I could see or hear
nothing but little Joe and the brokenhearted mother and father. And
Mr. Davis’s step still sounded in my ear as he walked that floor the
livelong night.”
Jefferson and Varina Davis had six children, four of them boys.
None of the boys outlived his parents, and of the two girls only the
oldest, another Margaret, married and had children of her own. The
second daughter and sixth child, named Varina Anne, was born in
June 1864, less than two months after the death of Joe and less than
a year before the war’s end.
Joe, according to his mother, “was Mr. Davis’s hope and greatest
joy in life.” In later years, however, Davis would turn to his youngest
girl who served him in place of a son. Varina Anne was first “Piecake”
to the family, then came to be called “Winnie.” It was a nickname
Davis had first bestowed upon his wife. The daughter was to explain
that it derived from “an Indian name meaning bright, or sunny.”
 The Daughter of the Confederacy : 5

Jefferson Davis was a reluctant president. Given the choice, he

would have much preferred to relive his frontier and Mexican War
days and lead an army with his dear friend Albert Sidney Johnston.
Nonetheless, and with his usual austere manner, he accepted the
political cross laid upon him by his fellow members of the Cotton
Kingdom. Davis would cling to the Cause of constitutional secession
as tenaciously as he would stand by his friends and his mistakes—
they often being the same. A postwar prison cell didn’t modify his
views in the slightest. Posterity would paint him as a stiff-necked
man of forbidding presence, and even about his grief there was a
grim if pacing stoicism. Yet there were things about Jeff Davis that
might still surprise.
By early 1877, at age sixty-nine, Davis was staying in a cottage on
the grounds of a Gulf Coast estate. This was Beauvoir, whose white,
veranda-wrapped house near Biloxi overlooked the placid Missis-
sippi Sound. There, as guest of the widowed Sarah Dorsey, Davis
worked on his massive defense, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate
Government. Mrs. Dorsey, herself a writer under the pen name Filia,
served as Davis’s amanuensis. This would seem to be a most conve-
nient and even perfect arrangement except that wife Varina was in
Europe when the informal partnership was decided. Varina, to say
the least, was upset when newspaper stories reached her about her
husband’s helper.
Varina’s attitude wasn’t wholly without cause. A few years earlier,
in 1871, the Louisville (Kentucky) Commercial had gleefully reported
the efforts of a railroad conductor to dislodge Davis from the lower
berth of a train’s sleeping car during a run to Huntsville, Alabama.
The berth was also occupied by an unidentified female. The story
gained wider circulation in the New York Times and other papers.
While publicly the lady remained nameless, gossip in Memphis,
Tennessee—where the two were seen together and had boarded—
alleged her to be Virginia Clay. Her still-alive husband, Clement
Clay, was a former senator from Alabama who had shared Davis’s jail
at Fortress Monroe, Virginia. Varina and the children had been in
Baltimore at the time, but she could hardly have missed the story.
6 : a fte r the war

Thus when Varina returned from Europe she chose not to live
at Beauvoir but with her married daughter, Margaret Davis Hayes,
in Memphis. Only in the following year did Varina relent to join her
husband several hundred miles away.
In early 1879, Mrs. Dorsey sold Beauvoir to Davis for future pay-
ments totaling $5,500. She had kept secret that she was dying of
cancer and had moved to nearby New Orleans, where she soon suc-
cumbed. The widow left her property, including Beauvoir, to Davis.
This came despite the wishes of Dorsey family members who sued
the ex-president, but unsuccessfully.
The Jefferson Davis who commanded not only the widow’s loy-
alty but much of the postwar South’s had, during the war, faced the
burdens of a quarrelsome Confederacy, a relentless North, and an
unsympathetic world. In the years following, the troubles had not
let up. His bitterest enemies during the war had included generals
in grey such as Joseph Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard, and the
rancor endured ever after. The deaths of children and the on-again,
off-again sparring with Varina were blows that struck at the heart.
Like so many of the planter class, Davis had been left broke and
in debt by the war. The cumbersome Rise and Fall failed to be a finan-
cial success. Prison had aggravated his personal constitution, which
had seldom been healthy: fevers and an eye disease were longtime
companions. He had worked at his writings though partly blind.
The gift of Beauvoir was a godsend for Davis. Imagining him
walking along the beach just beyond and tossing sticks into the surf
for his dogs to fetch humanizes the historical portrait. One animal, a
part-Russian bulldog named Traveler, was a vicious brute trained as a
bodyguard, and he and Davis were greatly attached. By one account,
Traveler was originally acquired as a pup by Mrs. Dorsey and her
husband while in Europe, and had saved her life from an attacker
during a trip to the Middle East. The dog was similarly protective
of Davis. On their beach walks Traveler would trot between Davis
and the surf, tugging at his clothing if he strayed too close to a wave.
Beauvoir’s overnight guests had to pass muster with Traveler too,
and his patrols on the encircling veranda made it possible to keep
windows and doors unlocked.
 The Daughter of the Confederacy : 7

For all his ferocity, Traveler was gentle with children—as was his
owner. But like his owner, he also had his enemies. Traveler seems
to have been poisoned.
There is also this portrait of pre-Varina Beauvoir as painted by
Davis in 1877 in a letter to “My darling Baby” (Winnie), who had
been enrolled in a school in Germany:
“The grounds are extensive and shaded by live oaks, magnolias,
cedars, etc., etc. The sea is immediately in front, and an extensive
orange orchard is near. Beyond that is one of those clear brooks,
common to the pine woods, its banks lined with a tangled wood of
sweet bay, wild olive, and vines.
“Then comes a vineyard, then a railroad, and then stretching
far far away a forest of stately long-leaved pine. By night I hear the
murmur of the sea rolling on the beach, by day a short walk brings
one to where the winds sigh through the pines, a sad yet soothing
sound. . . .”
“Sad yet soothing”—the Old South lingering and calling to its
fallen leader, in mutual mourning but still proud. Could death be
anything but near?

o f co ur se, plenty of people were still about who would not allow
the antebellum South to expire under any circumstance. Although the
Confederacy had been smashed, the South would endure. It might
not rise again in the same form, but at least it could preserve certain
attributes of the prewar society—in memory, if nothing else—as if
they were precious heirlooms. That the South would become impos-
sibly idealized would simply serve to immortalize it.
Just enough honor, beauty, hospitality, and gallantry had existed
among Southerners before the war—whether recollected by dia-
ries and maiden aunts or lavished upon the chivalric characters of
Southern-admired novels—that these qualities now, in reflection, were
more than generously distributed among the people as a whole.
In the shame of defeat and the squalor of Reconstruction, South-
erners were again eager to fasten on to these cavalier notions. Mark
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