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 Introduction
Today, the incidence of diabetes mellitus is one of the global
medical and social problems in the healthcare system of the world.
According to the International Diabetes Federation, the number of
patients with diabetes mellitus in 2007 was 146 million, and by 2025 it
will increase to 380 million, of which 90 % are patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (DM 2).
However, with all the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of
diabetes mellitus, the severity of the problem in the 21st century has
not diminished, but, on the contrary, is increasing. According to the
World Health Organization, there are currently more than 150 million
people in the world suffering from this disease. According to experts,
by 2016 this figure will increase to 250 million, and this trend will
continue in the future. More than 10 million diabetes patients are
officially registered in Russia . The importance of the problem is
indicated by the fact that among the causes of death from somatic
diseases, diabetes and its complications rank third after
cardiovascular and oncological diseases.
The medical and social significance of diabetes mellitus is
determined by the numerous severe complications of the disease,
high disability and mortality. All this determines the unusually high
economic costs of treating diabetes mellitus and complications, which
are growing every year and make up from 7 to 13 % of healthcare in
many countries of the world. Russia spends more than $ 160 million
annually on the purchase of insulin, since there are still no sufficient
capacities for the production of the active substance of human insulin
in Russia. Against the background of the negative history of Russian
insulin production, specialists remain wary of innovations in this area.
Today, state policy on diabetes mellitus is predominantly focused
on improving medical care for patients and very little is being done to
implement preventive and rehabilitative programs. The population
does not have sufficient information about the danger of socially
significant diseases, including diabetes mellitus.
According to the forecast of WHO experts, by 2030 more than
380 million people will suffer from diabetes in the world . Such a
meteoric rise in morbidity is expected mainly due to an increase in the
number of patients with type 2 diabetes, developing as a result of
growing urbanization and related problems - unhealthy lifestyles, low
physical activity, inadequate diet and stress.
Russia, along with India, China, the United States and Japan, is
one of the five countries with the highest incidence of diabetes.
Currently, about 3 million people with diabetes mellitus are officially
registered in Russia . However, according to the data of control and
epidemic studies, their number exceeds 8 million. In terms of the
number of deaths in Russia, diabetes firmly holds the third place after
cardiovascular and oncological diseases.
Unfortunately, despite the data of the 20-year UKPDS study,
which showed that intensive therapy with type 2 diabetes led to a
significant reduction in the risk of developing various complications
and mortality, the problem of therapy and glycemic control of diabetes
remains very relevant today throughout the world.
International diabetics organizations are now offering more
stringent targeted glycemic control programs. In 2006, Russia adopted
criteria for compensating for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which are
close to the indicators of carbohydrate metabolism in healthy
individuals (algorithms for specialized medical care for patients with
diabetes, Moscow, 2006).
Currently, a very wide arsenal of "hypoglycemic" drugs with
various pharmacological and pharmacodynamic effects aimed at
eliminating the main metabolic disorders leading to hyperglycemia
(impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, excess glucose
production by the liver, slowing glucose absorption in the small
intestine) , stimulation (glucose-dependent) of insulin secretion and
simultaneous suppression of glucose release).
When assessing the feasibility of methods of pharmacotherapy
for metabolic syndrome, N. Yu. Kolgina and GA Bazanov (2008) found
that beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics, widely used to treat
hypertension, cause the progression of tissue insulin resistance.
Drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes are currently divided into
several classes: insulins, sulfonylurea derivatives, biguanides, alpha-
glucosidase inhibitors, PPA RJ agonists (thiazolidinediones),
meglitinides (glinides, prandial glycemic regulators), peptide analogs
of glucogone-like 1 , gliptins (DPP-IV inhibitors), amylin analogs,
combined preparations.
Complex individually oriented therapy of diabetes mellitus allows
to achieve compensation of metabolic disorders, prevents the
progression of the disease and the development of complications.
However, to a large extent, its success depends on the efforts of the
patient himself, on the social and living conditions in which he lives, on
the attitude of the people around him to him. Progress in the fight
against this serious ailment cannot be achieved without efforts to
develop a healthy lifestyle from childhood.
Many symptoms of the disease can be leveled or weakened if a
patient with diabetes mellitus eats rationally, mindful of the diet and
resorting to a wide range of herbal remedies. The patient can prepare
some therapeutic and dietary products and dishes himself with certain
advice and diet correction from an endocrinologist or phytotherapist.
 According to economists, each ruble invested in prevention
brings 8 rubles in savings. An expert council on preventive medicine
has been established under the Health Protection Committee of the
State Duma of the Russian Federation. A healthy lifestyle, proper
nutrition and physical culture should be promoted as a tool to protect
against all diseases. Herbal medicine can be of help in this complex
and multifaceted work. Insufficient awareness of the population about
the causes, prevention, treatment and consequences of diabetes is
typical not only for Russia, but also for other countries of the world.
The threat of the diabetes epidemic dictates new strategies for
the treatment and prevention of the disease. The main danger of type
2 diabetes is that for the time being it does not manifest itself in any
way. Many patients have no symptoms of the disease. Only when the
complications become irreversible and such a patient is admitted to
the hospital with a heart attack or stroke, it turns out that he has been
suffering from diabetes for a long time.
For phyto-dietary purposes, patients with type 1 and type 2
diabetes mellitus may benefit from such wild plants as nettle,
dandelion, primrose, plantain, burdock, chicory, St. John's wort,
calamus, horsetail, knotweed, cinquefoil, wheatgrass, panicle
wormwood, elecampane, oregano, etc.
At the recent international symposium on wild plants and their
practical use, including in medicine, held in Pushchino (Moscow
Region), reports on the use of Jerusalem artichoke in the dietary
recovery of patients with diabetes mellitus were of considerable
interest. At present, thanks to the enthusiasm of Professor
V.N.Zelenkov and his associates, numerous and rather tasty products
containing Jerusalem artichoke roots have appeared on the table of
patients.
To brighten up the taste of phyto-dietary products for patients
with diabetes mellitus, you can recommend them dishes with the
addition of apricots, viburnum, mountain ash, cranberries, black and
red currants, thorns, quince, gooseberries, persimmons, lingonberries,
sea buckthorn, blueberries, blueberries, rose hips, irgi, honeysuckle
and etc.
Patients with diabetes mellitus benefit from birch sap, blended
(mixed) with tincture of St. John's wort, lemongrass, zamaniha,
centaury, infusion (decoction) of blueberries, lingonberries, chicory,
rose hips, nettles, etc.
Vegetable juices from cucumber, green peppers, onions,
potatoes, tomatoes, beets, cabbage, carrots, green beans, plantain,
etc. can also be beneficial.
At present, a turning point is taking place in the minds of people,
they are beginning to return to their previous knowledge, although
from a scientific and medical point of view, this knowledge often
seems primitive. Despite the fact that the World Health Organization
(WHO) very persistently and specifically asks for help from everyone
who knows and applies traditional methods of treatment,
unfortunately, barriers are still, unfortunately, quite often put between
"scientific" and "unscientific" methods of treating diseases ... But every
educated person knows how many scientific dogmas, seemingly
thoroughly documented, have not passed the test of time and were
rejected as erroneous and useless. Therefore, it should not be
surprising that many patients seek help from doctors who use
biological therapies that affect the entire body simultaneously.
In modern medicine, medicinal plants not only have not lost their
positions, but are attracting more and more attention from scientists
and doctors. Of the more than 15 thousand drugs registered in
Russia, about 40 % are produced from plant materials. Their number
is increasing every year.
Currently, the centers for the study of herbal remedies and the
development of new dosage forms for the treatment of patients with
diabetes mellitus are Moscow, Samara, Volgograd, Tomsk, Ulan-Ude,
Dushanbe, where phytopreparations such as novobet, arfazetin,
galegamine, topivit, concentrate were created. Jerusalem artichoke,
galega-nova, diacor, diabetta, etc.
General issues
 From the history of herbal medicine for diabetes
The history of a disease called "diabetes" has its roots in the 3rd
century BC. e. It turns out that the Jews knew about this disease back
in the days of the Second Temple. Many doctors tried to find some
way to treat diabetes, and they could also determine the symptoms of
diabetes, but they did not know the cause of the disease. Therefore, in
those days, people who were diagnosed with this unfavorable for them
were doomed to death. Translated from Greek, the word "diabetes"
means "outflow", "pass through", and therefore the expression
"diabetes" literally means "losing sugar". This reflects the main
symptom of the disease - the loss of sugar in the urine. The very term
"diabetes" was first introduced by the Roman physician Aretheus. He
described the disease as follows: “Diabetes is a terrible suffering, not
very common among men, dissolving the flesh and limbs into urine.
Patients ceaselessly emit water in a continuous stream, as through
open water pipes. Life is short, unpleasant and painful, thirst is
insatiable, fluid intake is excessive and not commensurate with the
huge amount of urine due to even greater diabetes. Nothing can keep
them from taking fluids and passing urine. If they refuse to take fluids
for a short time, their mouth dries out, the skin and mucous
membranes become dry. Patients are nauseous, agitated and die
within a short period of time.
In the manuscripts, books, collections "Karabadin kebir",
"Mahsanul edvia", "Tohvatul mominin", which were used by folk
healers, nushadars, in the "Canon of medical science" Avicenna
provides numerous information about the use of many herbal
remedies for diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus called "gchin-snya disease" is described in
detail in the 13th century Tibetan medical treatise "Chzhud-Shi".
Already in those days, Tibetan medicine successfully treated this
disease, and today, diabetes is practically not found among Tibetans.
The secret of this phenomenon is in the special methods of treating
endocrine problems used by Tibetan doctors. Diabetes treatment is
carried out depending on the scenario of the disease: as a "fever"
disease due to a violation of the vital basis of Mkhris, or as a "cold"
disease. In the first case, treatment is aimed at cleansing the liver,
biliary tract and blood. If the disease has arisen as a "cold" due to a
disorder of the vital basis of Badkan, experts use procedures and
herbal medicine to normalize metabolic processes, including fat
metabolism, enhance digestion, increase the body's energy, and
eliminate fatty infiltration of internal organs. If there are disorders of
the nervous system, means are used to eliminate them and harmonize
the psycho-emotional background in combination with warming
procedures.
In the 18th century, the sweet taste of urine was first discovered
in patients. This feature was revealed by the English doctor Dopson,
and from that date, diabetes, in fact, began to be called sugar. Later,
doctors used this symptom to diagnose the disease. In 1841, a
method for determining sugar in urine was first developed, and then
they learned to determine the level of sugar in the blood.
A special diet for patients was proposed, in which part of the
carbohydrates was replaced by fats. Exercise has also begun to be
used to treat diabetes.
In 1889, microscopy of the pancreas revealed characteristic
clusters of cells that were named islets of Langerhans, after the
scientist who discovered them. But their significance for the body
could not be explained. In 1921, researchers Basting and Best
managed to obtain insulin from the tissue of the pancreas, which in a
dog with diabetes mellitus eliminated the signs of the disease. And
already in the next year insulin was successfully used for the first time
in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.
Among the means and methods of treating patients with
diabetes mellitus, herbal preparations play a certain role. Since
ancient times, medicinal plants have been empirically used in the
treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus - blueberry leaves, walnut
and Manchurian leaves, bean husks, goat grass, etc. (S. Ya. Sokolov,
IP Zamotaev, 1993).
Already at the earliest stages of human development, plants
were not only a source of nutrition for people, obtaining clothing, tools
and protection. They helped a person get rid of diseases. Studying
archaeological finds, ethnographers have established that there was
no such tribe on earth that did not know medicinal plants.
Already in primitive society, the analgesic properties of plants of
the Solanaceae family, plants acting on the digestive tract, and some
narcotic drugs are known. Trade and wars contributed to the spread of
information about medicines and led to the mutual enrichment of
medical knowledge among the peoples of different countries. With the
invention of writing, this information was first recorded on cuneiform
tablets. Sumerians in the third millennium BC e. have already used in
their practice such medicinal plants as mustard, thyme, plum, pear, fig,
etc.
The flora of Southeast Asia, India and China for many millennia
has served as a source of medicines for the treatment of a wide
variety of diseases, including diabetes. More than 5000 years ago, the
book "Ben-tsao" was published in China, which provides information
about ginseng, ephedra, asparagus, dogwood, astragalus and a
mixture of several plants (MA Kuznetsova, AS Reznikova, 1992). In
India, there are 24 native plants (garlic, onion, dandelion, etc.) for the
treatment of diabetes, lowering blood sugar levels (E. Chako, 2003).
Particularly valuable information about the use of medicinal
plants was read in ancient written monuments - Egyptian papyri. The
ancient Egyptian papyrus of Georg Ebers contains excerpts about the
use of about 800 plants in the form of various dosage forms: infusions,
decoctions, juices, poultices, etc. The Egyptians knew very well about
the medicinal properties of aloe, anise, henbane, mint, castor oil plant,
plantain. They suffered from many ailments. In order to prevent them,
it was recommended to use enemas, diaphoretic, fixing agents as
often as possible. For the prevention of intestinal diseases, it was
recommended to drink filtered water, since then they knew about the
possibility of transmission from one person to another of some
intestinal infections, such as dysentery.
The outstanding physician and thinker of Ancient Greece,
Hippocrates, created the doctrine of the causes of diseases and
methods of their treatment using numerous plants. He described 236
plants, the significance of which for gastroenterology is not lost today.
These are elderberry, iris, centaury, almonds, mint, etc. He believed
that medicinal plants owe their action to a certain, optimal combination
of all constituent parts, and therefore plants should be used in the
form in which nature created them, that is, in natural or in the form of
juices. He wrote: "Medicine is the art of imitating the healing effects of
nature." Hippocrates often used, along with a diet, banks and baths,
and the diagnosis was based on observations of patients. By doing
so, he turned medical "art" into a science.
 The Greek physician of the Roman army of the time of Nero
Dioscorides is considered the father of European pharmacognosy,
who described many of the plants he knew in the essay Materia
medica, which for centuries served as a reference book for doctors
and pharmacists. In his books, he described about 6,000 plants, gave
their names, spoke about the methods of preparing medicines, their
dosage and effects.
According to legend, in the Caucasus (Colchis), under the
patronage of the goddess Artemis, there was a magical garden of
poisonous and medicinal plants, from where these plants came to
Greece.
The ancient physician Claudius Galen, in contrast to
Hippocrates, believed that some of the active substances of plants
have a healing effect, and the other - harmful. To separate them, he
suggested separating some substances from others by insisting on
wine, vinegar, and water. Extracts from medicinal plants have gained
popularity in all European countries and are now widely used under
the name "galenic preparations". Galen improved a number of dosage
forms. In particular, the so-called teriaki appeared - antidotes to plant
and animal poisons. If we translate the meaning of these
phytocompositions, then Galen not only knew about the toxic
properties of plants, but also developed a whole system of
endodetoxication, used remedies for treating stomach and intestinal
disorders. Some balsams included up to a hundred constituent parts,
among which plants predominated, but there were also honey, snake
meat, horns, etc. His teachings existed until the 18th century. Some of
the balms are now introduced into the domestic pharmacopoeia and
are used as tonic (Amrita, Pervoprestolny, Kedrovit, Altai, etc.), gastric
(Bekherevka), multivitamin (Herbamarin, Korfit "And others) funds.
After Hippocrates, Galen was the last great exponent of the
magnificent flourishing of medicine in Europe. The medieval period in
Europe was characterized by a stagnation in the field of medical
knowledge. Only in the XI century there was a certain revival of
science and its gradual entry into a new phase of development.
Clergymen stood at the cradle of cultural and scientific thought. The
written heritage of the achievements of the ancient world has been
preserved in the monastery libraries, and this circumstance
contributed to the emergence of monastery medicine. The monks
were commissioned to study the works of Hippocrates, Dioscorides
and Galen. The collection of information about folk remedies began,
and they gradually returned to the rich experience of previous
generations. To a certain extent, this was facilitated by the wide
spread of plague epidemics and other serious and often fatal
diseases.
The brilliant medieval Tajik doctor - encyclopedist Abu Ali ibn
Sina (980-1037) left a rich heritage for world civilization, covering
more than twenty branches of science, such as philosophy, medicine,
mathematics, literature and poetry, pedagogy, music, and a number of
other branches of science , testifying to the extraordinary breadth of
his scientific interests.
The medical heritage of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) covers over fifty
branches of theoretical and practical medicine, which were developed
differently. Such branches of medicine as therapy, surgery,
traumatology, especially hygiene, pharmacology and drug science,
were systematized in the legacy of the scientist, starting with general
issues of the problem and ending with specific questions and links
with other related disciplines. Modern endocrinologists wrote about the
scientist's contribution to diabetology in general terms without
analyzing the general tactics of treatment, as well as dozens of
antidiabetic drugs recommended by Ibn Sina.
To solve this problem, we used such works of the scientist as
"The Canon of Medicine", the treatise "Alvohia" - "The Code of
Prescriptions", "Treatise on Hygiene" and some other works of the
scientist, written in Arabic and Farsi-Tajik.
An experienced doctor associated the causes of diabetes in the
modern concept of diabetes risk factors with intrarenal, intrahepatic
factors, as well as “hot unnatural force without matter or with matter”
(toxic diabetogenic substances, according to Yu. N. Nuraliev (2004).
Medicine of the Avicenna era did not know about acid-base resources,
biochemical composition of blood, urine and other body fluids.
There are dozens of undisclosed physiological mechanisms
deep in the tunnel. Avicenna, many centuries ahead of the
achievements of science of his era, was able to correctly figure out the
cause of diabetes, "with a hot unnatural force with matter."
It has now been proven that the increased concentration of
urates (uratosis) refers to the so-called renal diabetogenic factors.
Urates and the product of their metabolism, alloxan, belong to those
unnatural substances that Ibn Sina wrote about (Yu. N. Nuraliev, M. U.
Sharofova, 2005–2011).
Until the 19th century, medicine considered diabetes to be a
kidney disease. A similar explanation was associated with the state of
uratosis, often preceding diabetes, in which intrarenal disorders occur
much earlier than the development of diabetes mellitus.
Modern medicine has no information about the diet of the
inhabitants of Central Asia, including Iran, in the era of Avicenna. An
analysis of the scientist's works devoted to gout, urolithiasis and
gallstone disease, various types of polyarthritis and diabetes, shows
that due to the abundance of wild animals and birds, the diet of people
mainly included animal fats and meat products. Therefore, diseases
associated with uratosis and hyperuricemia were considered the most
common.
The general scheme of diabetes treatment developed by Ibn
Sina consisted of diet therapy, drug therapy, and physiotherapy. Sugar
products, animal fats, rough meat (beef, lamb) products were
excluded from the diet of diabetics. Diabetics' diet consisted of wheat
broth, broth of barley, jelly and jellied meat from internal fat and meat
of one-year-old kids. Ibn Sina recommended various fruit and berry
(pomegranate, plum, mulberry, etc.), as well as vegetable (cucumber)
juices and fermented milk whey as therapeutic and diabetic means.
When prescribing simple or complex antidiabetic drugs, Ibn Sina
took the following leading symptoms of diabetes as a basis: thirst and
polyuria, disorders of the kidneys, liver, nervous and cardiovascular
system, body misajah (nature), as well as muscle (myalgia) observed
in diabetes, neuralgic pain and itching of the skin.
In accordance with the Avicenna treatment system, diabetes
treatment was carried out using the following means:
• medicinal food plants, that is, herbal remedies or phytotherapy;
• mineral products or mineral therapy;
• animal remedies - organotherapy.
Herbal medicine was considered the leading treatment for
diabetes. In the "Canon" of Ibn Sina and in a number of other treatises
of the scientist, a total of 84 names of potential antidiabetic, including
thirst-relieving agents, are described, among which there are 75
herbal products, which is 89.3 %. Gums and resins (gum resins)
among herbal remedies make up 9 units, or 14.3 % of the total
number of herbal products.
From the composition of 75 thirst-quenching or thirst-calming
herbal remedies, Ibn Sina, by simple technological processing, could
obtain from 75 to 250 or more simple phytopreparations (infusions,
decoctions, powders, oil or alcohol extracts, etc.).
The classic antidiabetic drugs described in the writings of Ibn
Sina, as a thirst-calming agent, include: marshmallow, aloe, common
anise, acacia, artichoke, common barberry and other types of it, mad
cucumber, camel thorn, grape clove, galega tree, common
pomegranate, oregano dikmamp and its other types, iris iris,
evergreen cypress, Chinese cinnamon and its other types, coriander,
white water lily and its other types, incense, creeping cinquefoil,
lettuce, field mint and its other types, plantain flea, purslane garden,
Kazanlak rose and its other types, medicinal chamomile, tannic
sumac, naked licorice, white beans, common beans, fragrant violet,
saffron, thyme, etc.
In the 11th – 12th centuries, universities in Salerno, Bologna,
Paris, Padua, Oxford, and others were the centers of medieval
medicine in Europe. Around 1480, the first edition of the Salerno Code
of Health by Arnold of Villanova appeared. In it you can quite often
find certain phytocompositions that alleviate the condition in diseases
of the stomach and intestines. “There is an opinion that saffron gives
both comfort and vigor; he pours strength into the members and
renews our liver. "
In 1485, the herbalist Apuleius Platonist Herbarium was
published in Latin and only later was translated into national
languages, which made a great contribution to the popularization of
knowledge about herbs.
During the late Middle Ages, the teaching of the doctor
Paracelsus had a great influence on the development of the science
of medicinal plants. He viewed life as a certain chemical process, the
course of which depends on the composition of the substances
involved in it. The disease, in his opinion, occurs in the absence of the
necessary substances, therefore the essence of the treatment
consists in the introduction of the missing chemicals into the body.
In the choice of medicinal plants, Paracelsus adhered to the
doctrine of signatures that arose in antiquity. According to this
teaching, signs of appearance (color, shape, smell, taste, thorns)
indirectly indicate the disease in which it should be applied. So, if the
plant has a yellow color (celandine, tansy, goldenrod, etc.), then it was
considered (and even now) a remedy for diseases of the liver and
biliary tract. The doctrine of Paracelsus about the active "principles" of
plants later served as a stimulus to the study of the chemical
composition of plants.
For the first time, the rationale for the use of medicinal plants for
liver disease was given at the end of the 15th century. Later, starting
from the XVI-XVII centuries, immortelle flowers began to be attributed
to choleretic agents (L. S. Levinson, 1930).
In medieval medicine, a number of herbal remedies are
mentioned that relieved the condition of patients. Among them, you
can find those that have not lost their practical significance at the
present time. In the book by A. Amasiatsi "Unnecessary for the
Ignorant" (1990), it is said about the pharmacy chamomile: "... It helps
with colic and swelling of the intestines and liver, softens solid tumors
and soothes pain. And also helps with all inflammatory, mucous and
black-bile fevers ... "
Avicenna, an outstanding representative of Arab and Central
Asian medicine, wrote about forty works on medicine. His work
"Canon of Medicine" has been used by doctors in many countries for
centuries. And now it contains a storehouse of information about
medicinal plants.
In the Old Russian language, "belly" - the receptacle of the
digestive organs - is a synonym for the word "life", and it is quite
understandable why. Indeed, in Russia, as in other peoples, the
healing properties of plants have been known since ancient times. The
pagan worldview that prevailed in Ancient Russia gave the treatment a
supernatural character. Therefore, treatment with a small set of
medicinal herbs was carried out by healers, sorcerers, wise men, that
is, people, according to folk concepts, who know how to act on evil
spirits.
In Russian traditional medicine, the inflorescences of St. John's
wort, immortelle, tansy in the form of a decoction were used for
various inflammatory diseases of the liver, bladder and urinary tract,
as well as an antihelminthic agent (ascariasis) and as a hemostatic
factor.
 In the encyclopedia of traditional medicine of Russia "The Verb
Book Cool Vertograd" (1997), field grass (mint), St. John's wort,
sorokobratov (tansy), timon (thyme), ramon color (chamomile),
svoroborina (wild rose), pelyn, chernobyl ( wormwood), popava
(dandelion), fenkula (dill), etc., which were widely used and are now
used in modern hepatology. It quite often mentioned such diseases as
"baked pains, icteric infections, stitches, baked edema", which
belonged to various liver diseases. "Rhubarb is pleasant, black torpor
from bile, as well as harmful wetness, and it will cleanse the stomas,
and the liver, and will take away the stinging that happens in the
heart."
The word "vertiograd" means "garden", here - a garden of
medicinal herbs. This book is a translation of a medical book popular
in the 15th century in Western Europe with extensive additions
included by Russian scribes.
After the overthrow of the Tatar yoke, Russia resumes contacts
with Western Europe. Scientists, architects and doctors are invited to
the royal service. The study of medicinal plants in Russia began to
develop noticeably after the reforms of Peter I. By his order, state
pharmacies and bases for them, the so-called pharmaceutical
gardens, were opened. One of them, the St. Petersburg Apothecary
Garden, has turned into a botanical garden, now transformed into the
Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Academy
of Sciences, created by Peter I, organized expeditions to study and
procure plant resources in Siberia.
The traveler and naturalist, student of M. V. Lomonosov, member
of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences I. I. Lepekhin studied the
flora of Russia for about six years. In his essay "Reflections on the
need to test the power of one's own growth," he described many
plants that have medicinal properties. The scientist urged doctors to
study plants, "endowed with healing power." "A new light would
illuminate the art of medicine, - wrote II Lepekhin, - if we knew the
power and action of plants."
Many naturalists strove to generalize and analyze the folk
experience of using medicinal plants and saw this as a great scientific
feasibility and perspective. NI Annenkov's "Botanical Dictionary"
included 3500 medicinal plants.
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