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Local Remedies in International Law
Second Edition
Established in 1946, this series produces high quality scholarship in the fields of
public and private international law and comparative law. Although these are dis-
tinct legal sub-disciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelation.
Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at na-
tional, regional and international levels. Private international law is now often
affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts
rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law under in-
ternational auspices. Mixed international arbitrations, especially those involving
state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and private international
law, while in many fields (such as the protection of human rights and democratic
standards, investment guarantees and international criminal law) international
and national systems interact. National constitutional arrangements relating to
‘foreign affairs’, and to the implementation of international norms, are a focus
of attention.
Professor Sir Robert Jennings edited the series from 1981. Following his re-
tirement as General Editor, an editorial board has been created and Cambridge
University Press has recommitted itself to the series, affirming its broad scope.
The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, and
those focusing on new approaches to international or comparative law or con-
flicts of law. Studies of particular institutions or problems are equally welcome,
as are translations of the best work published in other languages.
A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume.
Local Remedies in International Law
Second Edition
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Part I Prolegomena
1 Introduction 3
The subject 3
Scheme and method 13
2 The evolution of the law relating to local remedies 22
3 Basis of the rule 43
The basis of diplomatic protection 43
The interests of the state of nationality 48
The interests of the defendant state, competing national
states and entities other than the injured alien 49
The interests and position of the injured alien 52
Choices among competing interests and essentials 53
The interests behind the rule of local remedies 56
The interest of the host or respondent state 59
The interest of the alien 61
The interest of the alien’s national state 61
The interest of the international community 61
Choices among competing interests 62
The rule in human rights protection 64
The context of human rights protection 68
The basis of the local remedies rule in human rights
protection 71
The formulation of the rule in human rights instruments 74
vii
viii contents
Part V Epilogue
16 A concluding appraisal 425
Balancing of interests 425
The rule in human rights protection and its impact 430
Relevance of theory 436
Undue ‘strictnesss’ as a problem 436
Analogous applications 437
Index 438
Preface
In the introductory chapter of this book I have attempted to justify its publica-
tion in spite of the apparently vast literature that already exists on the subject.
It is hoped that it will not be regarded as yet another book on local remedies.
The primary intention was to bring some element of clarification to and fresh
insight into a rather confused but inviting area of the law of State Responsibility.
This is all the more important now, particularly in view of the great increase
of the flow of investment across national frontiers and the ease with which
international travel is possible.
This still remains true for this second edition of the work. It must be
emphasized that individuals as aliens, because of the ease of travel, are
as much affected by the rule of local remedies as foreign legal persons.
The second edition, like the first, is concerned with the rule of exhaus-
tion of local remedies which came into existence in the context of diplo-
matic protection of aliens. Like the first, again, therefore, this edition
does not deal in general with the place of remedies given by national
courts in settling disputes involving breaches of international law but is
confined to investigating specifically the rule of exhaustion of local remedies
as it has developed, first, in connection with the diplomatic protection
of aliens and, secondly, by extension peripherally to other areas of in-
ternational law, such as human rights protection and the law relating
to international organizations.
Not only has there been updating and revision in the second edition
in the light of developments since the publication of the first, but the
format has been changed, as will be seen from a reading of the contents
pages. Notably, (i) a new Chapter 5 has been introduced dealing with
the all important subject of contracts involving aliens, (ii) the application
xiii
xiv preface
of the rule to human rights protection, as updated and revised, has been
included in a single chapter (Chapter 13) rather than spread throughout
the book, and (iii) the former Appendix, as updated and revised, dealing
with international organizations in the context of the rule has been
converted into Chapter 14. Moreover, the book has been divided into
five parts, which makes the analysis and discussion more systematic
and easier to understand. Further, comments made by some reviewers
which were thought to be in need of treatment have been taken into
account in this second edition.
The bibliography which appeared in the first edition has been omitted.
As has been pointed out, a bibliography is unnecessary in a treatise of
this nature which to a large extent did break and does break new ground.
The references in the footnotes to other material is completely adequate.
Indeed, the bibliography was unnecessary for the first edition. It is not
proposed to continue to publish what is superfluous.
My thanks go to my friends, Laura and Emily Crow, who typed
Chapters 5 and 13 and part of Chapter 10.
Table of cases
xv
xvi table of cases
B.D.B., 321
Barbaro, 319, 339
Barbato, G., v. Uruguay: see G. Barbato v. Uruguay
Barcelona Traction Co. Case (1964), 10, 16, 37, 62, 64, 75, 285, 295,
297--8, 403
Barcelona Traction Co. Case (1970), 16, 37, 46--7, 51, 64, 87, 90, 180,
181, 186--8, 190--1, 193--4, 197, 206, 404--5
Barcelona Traction Co. Case (Preliminary Objection): see Barcelona
Traction Co. Case (1964)
Beale, Nobles and Garrison Case, 87, 118--19
Becker v. Denmark, 209, 336
Belgian Linguistics Case, 69
Bleir v. Uruguay, 326
Board of Trade v. ‘Ambatielos’ etc., 232
Bode, 380
Boeckmans v. Belgium, 190, 314, 358, 418
Borchgrave Case, 36
Boulton, Bliss and Dallett’s Case, 113
Bozano v. France, 349, 350
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