UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN

FACULTY OF ARTS
PERFORMING ARTS

COURSE CODE: PFA 430

COURSE TITLE: AFRO AMERICAN

MUSIC
GROUP 4
TOPIC: GOSPEL MUSIC

LECTURER IN CHARGE: PROF

TAIYE ADEOLA
GROUP MEMBERS

1. Akinsemoyin Aishat Ariyike 19/15cf039

2. Olateju Esther 19/15CF139

3. Ajayi Stephen 19/15cf036

4. Ogunyemi Timilehin 19/15cf124

5. Alashi Ayodele 18/15cf039

6. Abolaji Rihanat 19/15cf004

7. Iyiola queen Sharon. 19/15cf089

8. Adelakun Oluwatomisin Mary 20/15cf179

9. Ojuade Ayomide 19/15cf127

10. Owolabi Mary 19/15cf153

11. Alaleyo Abosede 19/15cf044

12.Olayanju Olamide19/15Cf140

13. Busari Hawannat 19/15CF062

African American Gospel music is a form of euphoric, rhythmic, spiritual music
rooted in the solo and responsive church singing of the African American South.

The History of Gospel Music

The history of gospel music in the United States date back over one hundred years
ago. The term 'gospel' was coined by Thomas Dorsey in 1921 during the National
Baptist Convention. He is known as the father of gospel music and the songwriter of
many songs, including 'Precious Lord.' The 17th century was dominated by psalm-
singing; the hymns were introduced in the 18th century, while the rise of
denominational hymns occurred in the 19th century.
When many African American communities migrated from rural to urban life during
the first half of the twentieth century, they brought their worship culture with them.
the storefront churches of the northern cities became the key setting for the
development of Gospel.

Gospel music was born from the traditional hymns and spiritual songs the Africans
sang during the slave era. The spirituals were songs of hope sung by the enslaved
people before freedom/emancipation. The traditional hymns were introduced in the
United States by the Europeans who had settled in North America.

These hymns were composed in a book, and the white Americans sang them during
their worship, mostly on Sundays. The singing of these hymns was audible to the
enslaved people while on the plantations, and thus they modified them to a call-and-
response format. An individual would sing one line of the hymn, and then the entire
group would harmoniously repeat it. This gave rise to the Negros spirituals, which
later influenced the development of gospel music.
The 'lining out' singing style in Scotland also influenced gospel music. This style was
employed in singing hymns, especially by the early black Christians who attended
churches of the whites. The song leader would sing a portion of the hymn and then
be joined in unison by the members who sang in their natural voices. The black
Christians later adopted this singing style after establishing their churches.

A key figure in the development of Gospel was Thomas A. Dorsey (1899 -1993).
Referred to today as the father of Gospel Music, Dorsey pioneered the form in
Chicago. Before devoting his career to the development of Gospel, Dorsey, the son of
a Georgia Baptist preacher, was a prolific blues and jazz composer and pianist. The
energetic rhythms and primal growls of secular music heavily influenced Dorsey's
sacred composing style.
From its beginnings, Gospel music challenged the existing church establishment.
Black religious leaders originally rejected Dorsey's approach because of its
associations with the widely frowned-upon secular music styles of the era such as
ragtime, blues, and jazz.

Throughout history, numerous composers have contributed to the development and

evolution of gospel music, infusing it with their unique styles, messages, and faith
expressions. Let’s explore the lives, contributions, and enduring legacies of some of
the most influential historical gospel composers.
Thomas A. Dorsey (1899-1993)
Known as the "Father of Gospel Music," Dorsey pioneered the blending of blues and
spiritual music, creating a new genre that reflected the experiences and struggles of
African Americans.
His compositions, including "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" and "Peace in the Valley,"
became enduring classics and have been covered by countless artists across various
genres.
Dorsey's legacy extends beyond his music; he also played a crucial role in organizing
gospel choirs and promoting gospel music through his work with the National
Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses.
Mahalia Jackson (1911-1972)
Often referred to as the "Queen of Gospel," Jackson's powerful voice and
impassioned performances captivated audiences around the world.
Through her recordings and live performances, Jackson popularized gospel music and
brought it to mainstream audiences, earning her widespread acclaim and
recognition.
Her rendition of songs like "How I Got Over" and "Amazing Grace" not only
showcased her vocal prowess but also conveyed deep spiritual conviction and
emotional resonance.
Charles Albert Tindley (1851-1933)
Reverend Tindley was a pioneering gospel songwriter whose compositions became
staples in African American churches and beyond.
He is best known for songs such as "We'll Understand It Better By and By" and "Stand
By Me," which combined biblical themes with personal testimony and reflection.
Tindley's hymns provided solace, inspiration, and hope to generations of
worshippers, and his influence can still be felt in gospel music today.
James Cleveland (1931-1991)
A prolific composer, arranger, and gospel singer, Cleveland's contributions to gospel
music are immeasurable.
He founded the Gospel Music Workshop of America, an organization dedicated to
preserving and promoting gospel music traditions, and mentored countless aspiring
musicians and singers.
Cleveland's compositions, such as "Peace Be Still" and "God Is," continue to be sung
in churches and concert halls worldwide, testifying to his enduring impact on the
genre.
Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915-1973)
Tharpe was a trailblazing gospel singer, songwriter, and guitarist whose innovative
style paved the way for rock and roll.
Her electrifying performances and genre-bending sound influenced a generation of
musicians, including Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and Johnny Cash.
Tharpe's fusion of gospel, blues, and rockabilly broke down musical barriers and
challenged societal norms, earning her a place in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and
cementing her legacy as a pioneer of American music.
Influence of Gospel music on African American music
Gospel music has had a profound influence on the development of African American
music. Gospel music originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily
among African American churches in the Southern United States. It is a genre that
combines elements of spirituals, hymns, blues, and rhythm and blues, with a focus
on expressing faith, hope, and redemption.
 Influence of Gospel music on African American music
The influence of gospel music on African American music can be seen in several
ways:

1.Blues and Rhythm and Blues: Gospel music's emphasis on emotional expression,
vocal virtuosity, and rhythmic intensity laid the foundation for the development of
blues and rhythm and blues (R&B) music. Many blues and R&B artists, such as B.B.
King, Aretha Franklin, and Ray Charles, began their careers singing in gospel choirs.
2.Soul Music: Gospel music's emphasis on soulful, heartfelt singing and its use of
orchestral arrangements influenced the development of soul music. Artists like Sam
Cooke, James Brown, and Stevie Wonder were all influenced by gospel music.
3.Funk and Rock: Gospel music's rhythmic intensity and energetic vocal
performances also influenced the development of funk and rock music. Artists like
Sly Stone, James Brown, and Aretha Franklin incorporated gospel elements into their
music.
4.Contemporary Christian Music: Gospel music has also influenced the development
of contemporary Christian music (CCM). Many CCM artists, such as Andraé Crouch,
BeBe Winans, and Mary Mary, have been influenced by gospel music.
5.Influence on other genres: Gospel music's influence extends beyond African
American music to other genres, such as country, pop, and classical music.

Some notable examples of African American artists who have been influenced by
gospel music include:

1.Mahalia Jackson: Known as the "Queen of Gospel," Jackson's powerful voice and
emotive performances helped to popularize gospel music.
2.Sam Cooke: A gospel singer who transitioned to R&B and pop, Cooke's smooth
vocals and harmonies were influenced by gospel music.
3.Aretha Franklin: Known as the "Queen of Soul," Franklin's powerful vocals and
energetic performances were influenced by gospel music.
4.Stevie Wonder: A child prodigy who began singing in his church choir, Wonder's
harmonies and soulful vocals were influenced by gospel music.
5.Andraé Crouch: A legendary gospel singer-songwriter, Crouch's songs like "Take Me
Back" and "Through It All" have become staples of African American worship.

In summary, gospel music has had a profound influence on African American music,
shaping the development of blues, R&B, soul, funk, rock, and contemporary Christian
music. The genre's emphasis on emotional expression, vocal virtuosity, and rhythmic
intensity has made it a foundation for many other genres of African American music.

_Female Gospel Artists_

1. _CeCe Winans_ (1964-present): A singer, songwriter, and actress from Detroit,

Michigan, CeCe is a member of the Winans family and has had a successful solo
career, winning numerous awards and accolades.

2. _Yolanda Adams_ (1961-present): A singer, songwriter, and radio host from

Houston, Texas, Yolanda is known for her powerful voice and hits like "Through the
Storm" and "Open My Heart."

3. _Martha Munizzi_ (1968-present): A singer, songwriter, and worship leader from

Lakeland, Florida, Martha has released several successful albums and has been a
popular speaker and author.

4. _Kierra Sheard_ (1987-present): A singer, songwriter, and actress from Detroit,

Michigan, Kierra is a member of the Clark Sisters and has had a successful solo
career, known for her powerful voice and hits like "You Are" and "Indescribable."

5. _Tasha Lockhart_ (1983-present): A singer, songwriter, and worship leader from

Charlotte, North Carolina, Tasha was a contestant on Season 6 of BET's "Sunday Best"
and has released several successful albums.

_Male Gospel Artists_

1. _Marvin Sapp_ (1967-present): A singer, songwriter, and pastor from Grand

Rapids, Michigan, Marvin is known for his powerful voice and hits like "Never Would
Have Made It" and "I Win."

2. _Donnie McClurkin_ (1959-present): A singer, songwriter, and pastor from

Amityville, New York, Donnie is known for his soulful voice and hits like "Stand" and
"We Fall Down."

3. _David and Nicole Binion_ (1968-present): A husband-and-wife team from Dallas,

Texas, David and Nicole are singers, songwriters, and worship leaders who have
released several successful albums and have been featured on several popular
Gospel compilations.

4. _Jonathan McReynolds_ (1989-present): A singer, songwriter, and producer from

Chicago, Illinois, Jonathan has released several successful albums and has been
nominated for numerous awards, including multiple Grammy Awards.

5. _Todd Dulaney_ (1970-present): A singer, songwriter, and producer from

Maywood, Illinois, Todd is a former professional baseball player who has released
several successful albums and has been featured on several popular Gospel
compilations.

Gospel Artists
*Traditional Gospel*
1. *Mahalia Jackson* (1911-1972): Known as the "Queen of Gospel Music," Mahalia
was born in New Orleans and grew up singing in church choirs. She became a popular
solo artist, known for her powerful voice and classic songs like "Move On Up a Little
Higher" and "How Great Thou Art."

2. *The Clark Sisters*: This Detroit-based group was formed in the 1960s by sisters
Jacky, Jean, Dorinda, and Karen Clark. They are known for their harmonious vocals
and hits like "Is My Living in Vain" and "You Brought the Sunshine."

3. *Shirley Caesar* (1938-present): Born in Durham, North Carolina, Shirley is a

legendary singer, songwriter, and pastor. She has won numerous awards and has
been inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.

4. *The Winans Family*: This family of singers from Detroit has been a major force in
Gospel music for decades. Members include CeCe, BeBe, Marvin, and Vickie, among
others.

5. *Andraé Crouch* (1942-2015): A pioneering singer, songwriter, and musician,

Andraé was known for his soulful voice and hits like "Take Me Back" and "Through It
All."

*Contemporary Gospel*

1. *Kirk Franklin* (1968-present): Born in Fort Worth, Texas, Kirk is a singer,

songwriter, and producer who has been a major force in Contemporary Gospel. He's
known for hits like "Why We Sing" and "Brighter Day."

2. *Tasha Cobbs Leonard* (1981-present): A singer, songwriter, and worship leader

from Jesup, Georgia, Tasha has become a leading voice in Contemporary Gospel. Her
hits include "Break Every Chain" and "This Is a Move."

3. *Travis Greene* (1984-present): A singer, songwriter, and producer from Charlotte,

North Carolina, Travis is known for his energetic live performances and hits like
"Intentional" and "Made a Way."

4. *Koryn Hawthorne* (1997-present): A singer and songwriter from Abbeville,

Louisiana, Koryn was a finalist on Season 8 of NBC's "The Voice." She has released
several successful albums and singles.

5. *Tye Tribbett* (1976-present): A singer, songwriter, and producer from Camden,

New Jersey, Tye has been a major force in Contemporary Gospel. His hits include
"Victory" and "Work It Out."

*Urban Gospel*

1. *Lecrae* (1979-present): A rapper, singer, and songwriter from Houston, Texas,

Lecrae is a pioneer of Christian hip-hop. He has won numerous awards and has
collaborated with artists like Kendrick Lamar and DJ Premier.

2. *for KING & COUNTRY* (2011-present): This Australian duo, composed of brothers
Joel and Luke Smallbone, combines pop, rock, and hip-hop influences with Gospel
lyrics.

3. *Mali Music* (1984-present): A singer, songwriter, and producer from Phoenix,

Arizona, Mali has released several successful albums and has collaborated with
artists like Kirk Franklin and Lecrae.

4. *GAWVI* (1981-present): A singer, songwriter, and producer from Miami, Florida,

GAWVI (formerly known as G-Styles) has worked with artists like Lecrae and Trip Lee.
5. *WHATUPRG* (1994-present): A rapper and singer from Atlanta, Georgia,
WHATUPRG (pronounced "what up Reg") has gained a following for his energetic live
performances and thought-provoking lyrics.

*Gospel Groups*

1. *Take 6*: Formed in 1980 at Oakwood University in Huntsville, Alabama, this a

cappella group is known for their harmonious vocals and hits like "Get Away, Jordan"
and "Mary."

2. *The Gaither Vocal Band*: Founded by Bill Gaither in the 1980s, this group has
featured various members over the years and is known for their harmonious vocals
and classic Gospel songs.

3. *The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir*: This choir from Brooklyn, New York, has been a
major force in Gospel music for decades, known for their powerful vocals and classic
songs like "Praise Him" and "Order My Steps."

4. *The Mississippi Mass Choir*: Formed in the 1980s, this choir from Jackson,
Mississippi, has been a major force in Traditional Gospel, known for their powerful
vocals and classic songs like "Revive Us Again" and "Your Grace and Mercy."

5. *The Rance Allen Group*: Formed in the 1960s in Monroe, Michigan, this group
is known for their soulful vocals and classic songs like "

Features of Gospel music

Lyrics: Gospel music often features lyrics that convey Christian beliefs, teachings, and

experiences. These lyrics can range from expressions of faith and devotion to reflections on

salvation, redemption, and the power of God.

Musical Styles: Gospel music incorporates a variety of musical styles, including traditional hymns,

soul, blues, jazz, and contemporary Christian music. This diversity allows for a range of

expressions and interpretations within the genre.

Vocal Emphasis: Gospel music places a strong emphasis on vocals, with powerful and emotive

performances being central to its sound. Singers often use techniques such as melisma,

improvisation, and vocal runs to convey emotion and passion in their delivery.

Call-and-Response: A common feature of gospel music is the use of call-and-response singing,

where a lead vocalist or choir sings a phrase or line, and the congregation or another group

responds in kind. This creates a sense of community and participation in the music.

Harmonies: Gospel music is known for its rich vocal harmonies, which can include tight, close

harmonies as well as more expansive arrangements with multiple vocal parts. These harmonies

add depth and texture to the music, enhancing its emotional impact.

Instrumentation: While vocals are central to gospel music, it also incorporates a variety of

instruments, including piano, organ, guitar, drums, and sometimes brass or string sections. These

instruments provide accompaniment and rhythm to support the vocals.

Emotional Expression: Gospel music is often characterized by its emotional intensity and

sincerity. Singers and musicians pour their hearts into their performances, aiming to evoke

feelings of joy, hope, reverence, and awe in listeners.

Performance Context: Gospel music is commonly performed in churches, especially during

worship services, revivals, and special events. It also has a strong presence in concert settings,

recordings, and other forms of media, where it reaches a wider audience beyond the church

community.

Gospel music instruments

Gospel music often features a rich array of instruments that
contribute to its powerful and uplifting sound. Here's an analysis of
some commonly used instruments:

Piano/Organ: Often the backbone of gospel music, providing

harmonies, melodies, and rhythmic support. The organ, especially,
adds a soulful and traditional feel.

Guitar: Acoustic or electric guitars are used to provide rhythm,

accompaniment, and sometimes lead lines. They add a
contemporary touch to gospel music.

Drums: Drum kits or percussion instruments like tambourines and

congas provide the rhythmic foundation, adding energy and drive to
the music.

Bass Guitar: Provides the low-end groove and rhythmic foundation,

often working in tandem with the drums to create a solid backbone
for the music.

Choir/Vocal Ensemble: Human voices are crucial in gospel music,

whether in solo performances or as part of a choir. They convey
emotion, harmony, and deliver the message of the song.

Brass Instruments: Trumpets, trombones, and saxophones are

commonly used to add a vibrant, celebratory sound to gospel music,
especially in larger ensembles or during climactic moments.

Strings: Violins, cellos, and occasionally other string instruments are

used to add depth and richness to arrangements, particularly in
orchestral or more elaborate productions.

Keyboards/Synthesizers: Besides piano and organ, keyboards and

synthesizers are used to create a wide range of sounds, from
traditional to modern, adding texture and atmosphere to the music.
Horns: Brass sections, including trumpets, trombones, and
saxophones, are often used in gospel music to add powerful, soul-
stirring melodies and harmonies.

Harmonica: Though less common, harmonicas are occasionally used

in gospel music, particularly in blues-influenced styles, to add a
soulful, earthy quality to the sound.

Each instrument contributes its unique timbre and role to create the
dynamic, spiritually uplifting sound of gospel music.

Gospel instrumentalists

We have a lot of gospel instrumentalist which some of them are;

1. Israel Houghton
2. Kirk Franklin
3. Fred Hammond
4. Tasha Cobbs Leonard
5. Jonathan Butler
6. CeCe Winans
7. Donnie McClurkin
8. Marvin Sapp
9. Tamela Mann
10. William McDowell

1-isreal houghton: Israel Houghton is a well-known Gospel instrumentalist who has

made a significant impact in the music industry. He was born on May 19, 1971, in
Oceanside, California. Israel Houghton is not only a talented musician but also a
prolific songwriter and worship leader. He is known for his unique style that blends
Gospel, Christian rock, and worship music, creating a powerful and uplifting sound.
Israel Houghton has won multiple Grammy Awards and has released many successful
albums that have touched the hearts of listeners worldwide. His dedication to
spreading the message of faith and love through his music has earned him a special
place in the Gospel music community. Israel Houghton's works are characterized by a
unique blend of Gospel, Christian rock, and worship music, creating a powerful and
uplifting sound that resonates with listeners. His techniques often involve
incorporating diverse musical styles to convey messages of faith and love effectively.

2-kirk Franklin Kirk Franklin is a well-known Gospel instrumentalist who has had a
significant impact in the music industry. He was born on January 26, 1970, in Fort
Worth, Texas. Kirk Franklin is not only a talented musician but also a prolific
songwriter and choir director. His music style combines Gospel, R&B, and hip-hop,
creating a unique and dynamic sound. Kirk Franklin has won numerous awards for his
contributions to Gospel music and is known for his energetic performances and
uplifting lyrics that inspire listeners worldwide. His dedication to spreading messages
of faith and hope through his music has made him a respected figure in the Gospel
music community. Kirk Franklin's works are known for blending Gospel, R&B, and hip-
hop, creating a unique and dynamic sound that resonates with audiences. His
techniques often involve energetic performances and uplifting lyrics that inspire
listeners worldwide.

3-Fred Hammond Fred Hammond is a respected Gospel instrumentalist who has

made a significant impact in the music industry. He is known for his soulful music
that combines Gospel, R&B, and contemporary styles. Fred Hammond's works often
feature powerful lyrics and heartfelt performances that touch the hearts of his
listeners. His dedication to spreading messages of faith and hope through his music
has earned him a special place in the Gospel music community. Fred Hammond's
works are characterized by soulful music that blends Gospel, R&B, and contemporary
styles. His techniques often involve powerful lyrics and heartfelt performances that
resonate with his listeners, showcasing his dedication to spreading messages of faith
and hope through his music.

4-Tasha Cobbs Leonard-Tasha Cobbs Leonard is a renowned Gospel instrumentalist

known for her powerful and soul-stirring music. Her background and life are marked
by a deep commitment to spreading messages of faith and hope through her
inspiring lyrics and heartfelt performances. Tasha Cobbs Leonard's works often touch
the hearts of listeners and showcase her dedication to Gospel music. Tasha Cobbs
Leonard's works are known for their powerful and soul-stirring music, which touches
the hearts of listeners with inspiring lyrics and heartfelt performances, showcasing
her dedication to Gospel music.

5-Jonathan Butler-Jonathan Butler is a talented Gospel instrumentalist with a

remarkable background and life dedicated to creating soulful and inspiring music. His
works often showcase his passion for Gospel music through his unique style and
heartfelt performances that resonate with audiences. Jonathan Butler's works are
characterized by his unique style and heartfelt performances that showcase his
passion for Gospel music. His techniques often involve soulful and inspiring music
that resonates with audiences, making him a respected figure in the Gospel
instrumentalist community.

6-CeCe Winans-CeCe Winans is a talented Gospel instrumentalist with a remarkable

background and life dedicated to creating soulful and inspiring music. Her works
often showcase her passion for Gospel music through her unique style and heartfelt
performances that resonate with audiences. CeCe Winans' works are characterized
by her unique style and heartfelt performances that showcase her passion for Gospel
music. Her techniques often involve soulful and inspiring music that resonates with
audiences, making her a respected figure in the Gospel instrumentalist community.

7- Donnie McClurkin-Donnie McClurkin is a talented Gospel instrumentalist with a

remarkable background and life dedicated to creating soulful and inspiring music. His
works often showcase his passion for Gospel music through his unique style and
heartfelt performances that resonate with audiences. Donnie McClurkin's works are
characterized by his unique style and heartfelt performances that showcase his
passion for Gospel music. His techniques often involve soulful and inspiring music
that resonates with audiences, making him a respected figure in the Gospel
instrumentalist community.

8-Marvin Sapp-Marvin Sapp is a talented Gospel instrumentalist with a remarkable

background and life dedicated to creating soulful and inspiring music. His works often
showcase his passion for Gospel music through his unique style and heartfelt
performances that resonate with audiences. Marvin Sapp's works are characterized
by his unique style and heartfelt performances that showcase his passion for Gospel
music. His techniques often involve soulful and inspiring music that resonates with
audiences, making him a respected figure in the Gospel instrumentalist community.

9-Tamela Mann-Tamela Mann is a talented Gospel instrumentalist with a remarkable

background and life dedicated to creating soulful and inspiring music. Her works
often showcase her passion for Gospel music through her unique style and heartfelt
performan ces that resonate with audiences. Tamela Mann's works are characterized
by her unique style and heartfelt performances that showcase her passion for Gospel
music. Her techniques often involve soulful and inspiring music that resonates with
audiences, making her a respected figure in the Gospel instrumentalist community.

10-William McDowell-William McDowell is a talented Gospel instrumentalist with a

remarkable background and life dedicated to creating soulful and inspiring music. His
works often showcase his passion for Gospel music through his unique style and
heartfelt performances that resonate with audiences. William McDowell's works are
characterized by his unique style and heartfelt performances that showcase his
passion for Gospel music. His techniques often involve soulful and inspiring music
that resonates with audiences, making him a respected figure in the Gospel
instrumentalist community.
Gospel music has undergone significant evolution over the years, shaped by various
cultural, social, and musical influences. Here's a brief overview of its evolution:

1. *Early Roots (1800s-1900s)*: Gospel music originated in African-American

churches, emerging from spirituals, hymns, and folk music.
2. *Traditional Gospel (1900s-1940s)*: Characterized by a cappella singing, simple
harmonies, and a focus on spiritual themes.
3. *Golden Age (1940s-1960s)*: Artists like Mahalia Jackson, Sam Cooke, and the
Golden Gate Quartet popularized gospel music, introducing new styles and
instruments.
4. ** Contemporary Gospel (1960s-1980s)**: This era saw the rise of modern gospel,
incorporating elements of R&B, soul, and rock. Artists like Andraé Crouch, James
Cleveland, and the Clark Sisters gained popularity.
5. *Urban Contemporary Gospel (1980s-1990s)*: This subgenre emerged, blending
gospel with urban music styles like hip-hop and R&B. Artists like Commissioned, Take
6, and the Winans family achieved success.
6. *Praise and Worship (1990s-2000s)*: A focus on congregational singing and
worship-oriented music became prominent, led by artists like Hillsong, Don Moen,
and Ron Kenoly.
7. *Modern Gospel (2000s-present)*: The genre continues to evolve, incorporating
various styles like pop, rock, and electronic music. Artists like Kirk Franklin, Tasha
Cobbs Leonard, and Travis Greene are popular today.
Throughout its evolution, gospel music has maintained its core mission: to express
faith, hope, and inspiration through music.

Instrumentation in the Afro American Gospel Music

African American Gospel music is a rich and dynamic genre that has been a
cornerstone of Black cultural expression and spiritual practice for over a century.
Emerging from the intersection of African American spirituals, hymns, and blues,
Gospel music has evolved into a unique and powerful art form that has played a
significant role in shaping American music and culture as a whole. Characterized by
its soulful melodies, driving rhythms, and heartfelt lyrics, Gospel music has been a
source of comfort, inspiration, and empowerment for generations of African
Americans, and its influence can be heard in a wide range of musical genres, from
R&B and soul to rock and roll and hip-hop.
At the heart of this genre is a unique instrumental ensemble that brings together a
diverse range of instruments to create a distinctive and captivating sound. The piano,
organ, drums, bass guitar, electric guitar, trumpet, saxophone, tambourine, and
harmonica each play a vital role in creating the dynamic and emotive sound that
defines African American Gospel music. These instruments are more than just tools
for creating music; they are an integral part of the Gospel tradition, and their sounds
and rhythms have become synonymous with the genre's emotional intensity and
spiritual power.
The significance of these instruments extends beyond their musical function,
however. They are also imbued with cultural and historical significance, reflecting the
experiences, struggles, and triumphs of the African American community. The piano,
for example, has long been a symbol of middle-class respectability and cultural
aspiration, while the drums and bass guitar have their roots in African American
vernacular traditions and the blues. The electric guitar, trumpet, and saxophone,
meanwhile, have been used to add a touch of modernity and sophistication to the
Gospel sound. By examining the instruments used in African American Gospel music,
we can gain a deeper understanding of the genre's cultural significance, its historical
development, and its continued influence on American music and culture.

The Role of Instruments in Shaping the Gospel Sound

Each instrument in the Gospel ensemble plays a unique role in shaping the genre's
distinctive sound. Here, we'll explore the specific contributions of each instrument
and how they interact to create the characteristic Gospel sound.

Piano and Organ

The piano and organ provide the harmonic foundation and rhythmic drive for Gospel
music. They often play chord progressions, arpeggios, and melodic lines that support
the vocal performance. The piano, in particular, has a long history in Gospel music,
dating back to the early days of African American spirituals.

Drums and Bass Guitar

The drums and bass guitar add a dynamic, driving rhythm to Gospel music. They
provide the backbeat and rhythmic foundation, which is essential for the genre's
emotional intensity and energy. The drums, in particular, have become a central
instrument in modern Gospel music, with many drummers incorporating complex
rhythms and techniques.

Electric Guitar
The electric guitar adds a bright, piercing sound to Gospel music, often playing chord
progressions, arpeggios, and melodic lines. It has become a popular instrument in
modern Gospel music, particularly in the Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) and
Urban Gospel genres.
Horns (Trumpet, Trombone, Saxophone)
The horns add a rich, full sound to Gospel music, often playing melodic lines and
harmonies. They are commonly used in traditional and contemporary Gospel music,
particularly in the Golden Age and modern eras.

Tambourine and Harmonica

The tambourine and harmonica add a percussive flavor and texture to Gospel music.
They are often used to accentuate rhythms and add emotional intensity to the music.

Vocal Ensemble
The vocal ensemble is, of course, the central element of Gospel music. The
harmonies, melodies, and lyrics come together to create a powerful and emotive
sound that is characteristic of the genre.

Interaction and Interplay

The instruments in the Gospel ensemble interact and interplay in complex ways,
creating a rich and dynamic sound. The piano and organ provide a harmonic
foundation, while the drums and bass guitar add a rhythmic drive. The electric guitar
and horns add melodic lines and harmonies, while the tambourine and harmonica
add percussive flavor. The vocal ensemble brings it all together, creating a powerful
and emotive sound that is characteristic of Gospel music.

The Cultural Significance of Instruments in Gospel Music

The instruments used in Gospel music hold significant cultural and historical
meaning, reflecting the experiences and traditions of the African American
community. Each instrument has its own unique history and symbolism, which is
deeply rooted in the cultural and social context of African American music-making.
Piano and Organ: Respectability and Aspiration
The piano and organ are often seen as symbols of middle-class respectability and
cultural aspiration. They were instruments of choice for many African American
families, who saw them as a means of upward mobility and social status.

Drums and Bass Guitar: Vernacular Traditions and Resistance

The drums and bass guitar, on the other hand, have their roots in African American
vernacular traditions and the blues. They represent the cultural and musical heritage
of African Americans, and their use in Gospel music is a testament to the enduring
power of these traditions.

Electric Guitar: Modernity and Innovation

The electric guitar represents modernity and innovation in Gospel music. Its use
reflects the genre's ability to adapt and evolve, incorporating new sounds and styles
while remaining true to its cultural and musical heritage.

Horns: Celebration and Joy

The horns (trumpet, trombone, saxophone) are often used to add a celebratory and
joyful sound to Gospel music. They represent the triumph and victory that are central
themes in the genre.

Tambourine and Harmonica: Percussive Flavor and Emotional Intensity

The tambourine and harmonica add a percussive flavor and emotional intensity to
Gospel music. They represent the dynamic and expressive nature of African
American music-making.

Vocal Ensemble: Community and Unity

The vocal ensemble is the heart and soul of Gospel music, representing the
community and unity that are central to the genre. The harmonies and melodies
come together to create a powerful and emotive sound that is greater than the sum
of its parts.
In conclusion, the instruments used in Gospel music hold significant cultural and
historical meaning, reflecting the experiences and traditions of the African American
community. Each instrument has its own unique history and symbolism, which is
deeply rooted in the cultural and social context of African American music-making.
FEATURES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN GOSPEL MUSIC.
1. African American music contained a more syncopated (off-beat) feel that would
have come from the Blues or early Jazz.
2. African American Gospel music was born out of the desire to make Christian music
accessible to the whole congregation. Dr. Isaac Watts, (a composer of hundreds of
Hymns), made good use of repetition in his gospel music to help the participants
learn the music. Also, ‘call and response’ was utilized in worship music to reinforce
the learning of the tune and to reflect one of the characteristics inherent in
traditional African music.
3. African American gained in popularity with the spiritual theme.
4. Crowd participation
5. Deliberate use of performers
6. Straight forward and clear lyrics
7. It's heavy on piano
8. The strophic form was a common characteristic of this genre of music
9. The dominant chords in any given key (I, IV, V). Some songs included more
sophisticated four-part vocal arrangements and this paralleled in African American
Gospel music.

Evolution of gospel music from 18 century to 21st century

Gospel music has a history which can be traced to the

18th century. During this time, hymns were lined and
repeated in a call and response fashion and the Negro
spirituals and work songs came on the scene. Because
the enslaved Africans attended their masters’ worship
services, the seventeenth century influences on Negro
spirituals and work songs were traditional hymns the
enslaved Africans heard in worship. Worship services
served several purposes; not only were they a means by
which the Africans could be monitored, but they also
served as a reinforcement of the slavery indoctrination.
Quite often readings were from St. Paul where made to
being good servants and loving, obeying, and trusting
one’s master. At this time it was also illegal for more than
a handful of blacks to congregate without supervision.
This meant that the blacks were not free to worship on
their own they had to attend worship services with their
master. At these services they would grow closer in their
understanding of Christian doctrine and role that music
played in that experience. The worship music (hymns) of
the whites masters became the backdrop for the music the
enslaved Africans would use at their eventual worship
meetings.
 In the late 1800s a new faith, the Holiness Church, was
developing and rapidly spreading among African
Americans. Its theology and practice better reflected an
African ethos. Music played, and continues to play, a
central role; it is seen as an extension of the highly
dramatic preaching style.At the same time as the rise of
this new gospel music, the spirituals moved away from
their rural folk roots, rejected as a functional music form,
and were being adapted for concert audiences. These
musical arrangements were known as the ‘concert
spiritual’. This new form resulted in the proliferation of
Black American religious music worldwide, as well as
having an influence in the classical music world.
Educational establishments were set up for the recently
freed African-Americans. With little money to operate,
these institutions would fundraise through touring groups
performing spirituals and folk songs to regular concert
audiences. The most notable of these were the Jubilee
Singers of Fisk University, Tennessee, who travelled the
world, captivating audiences and even monarchs including
Britain’s Queen Victoria. In order to relate to the largely
European audiences, their sound was adapted to merge
the sounds of western choral art singing with the pathos
and practices of the African-American expression. This
distinct type of choral sound and repertoire continues
today with Black American collegiate choirs; in the UK, the
repertoire has been proliferated by the London Adventist
Chorale.From its humble roots in the 18th century as an
expression of the oppressed people of America’s Deep
South, gospel music, with its rich history and unique
sound, has grown into an international phenomenon. Such
is its popularity that, in the US, gospel and contemporary
Christian recordings continue to outsell jazz and classical
ones combined.Following emancipation in the 19th
century, there was a migration northwards to find work in
places such as Chicago and New York. A new music was
required, and given the shift from rural to urban life, its
creation was facilitated by the presence of instruments in
a church. Drawing from existing songs, particularly those
of hymn writers Charles Wesley and Isaac Watts and the
growing number of new songs by evangelical songwriters
(whose music was the first to be called ‘gospel’), a new
music was being created. There arose a number of
African-American hymn writers, among them Charles
Tindley (1851-1933). Their music maintained the deep
pathos of the Southern spirituals, yet took on a new joy,
and followed the mandates of the Psalms to celebrate with
all one’s energy – and instruments. Lack of demonstrable
participation in worship was seen as a sign of lack of
genuine connection with the divine.

References
Darden, R. (2016). People get ready: A new history of Black gospel music. Continuum
International Publishing Group. (Chapter 8: "The Instruments of Gospel")
Young, A. (2015). The Cambridge companion to gospel music. Cambridge University
Press. (Chapter 9: "Instrumental Music in Gospel")

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-gospel-music-definition-history-
artists.html#:~:text=Gospel%20music%20was%20born%20from,had%20settled%20in%20North
%20America

Vincent .E (2023) Gospel musicians guide,Danny A (2016) real love no drama,Nathan A Rooks
(2018) the praise break

- "Gospel History Timeline" by University of Southern California

- "African American Review" by Joyce Marie Jackson
- "The English Hymn: Its Development and Use in Worship" by Louis F. Benson
- "Biography of Gospel Song and Hymn Writers" by Jacob Henry Hall
- "American Hymns Old and New" by Albert Christ-Janer, Charles W. Hughes and Carleton Sprague
Smith
- "Encyclopedia of Religion in the South" by Bill C. Malone
- "British Black Gospel: Foundations of this vibrant UK sound" by Steve Alexander Smith