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vi Essential Skills: Photographic Lighting

Contents
Introduction 1
Process and progress 2
Independent learning 3
Research and resources 4
Visual Diary 5
Record Book 6
Research, presentation and storage 7

Characteristics of Light 9
Introduction 10
Source 12
Intensity 14
Quality 16
Direction 18
Contrast 19
Color 21

Exposure and Light Meters 33

Introduction 34
Intensity and duration 36
Hand-held light meters 40
Taking a hand-held meter reading 41
TTL light meters 44
Interpreting the meter reading 46
Raw format exposure considerations 51

Contrast and Compensation 61

Contrast 62
Exposure compensation 67
Summary of exposure compensation 72

vi
 Exposure and Light Meters vii

Contents

Sensitivity and Image Capture 75

Introduction 76
Choosing a capture medium 78
Positive image capture 79
Image characteristics 80
Noise 81
Limitations of film capture 83
Latitude 84
Pushing and pulling film 85
Cross-processing effect 86
Image preview 87

Color Correction and Filtration 89

Introduction 90
Color accuracy on screen 91
Color profiles 92
Color accuracy in camera 93
Filters for lenses 98
Filter factors 104

vii
viii Essential Skills: Photographic Lighting

Contents

Lighting on Location 109

Introduction 110
Fill 111
Reflectors 112
Flash 113
Choice of flash 114
Guide numbers 116
Flash as the primary light source 118
Diffusion and bounce 119
Fill flash 120
Flash as a key light 121
Slow-sync flash 123
Double exposures 124
High dynamic range 125

The Zone System 129

Introduction 130
Zone placement 131
Contrast control 132
The zones 133
Operating the system 135
Calibration tests 138
Perfecting the system 140
A black and white digital workflow 141

viii
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 Exposure and Light Meters ix

Contents

Studio Lighting 145

Introduction 146
Studio lighting 147
Health and safety 148
Light sources 149
Mixed light sources 152
Working with studio lights 153
Lighting ratios 157
On location 161

Creative Techniques 167

Introduction 168
Illusion of movement 171
Creative post-production 172
Changing the weather in post-production 174
Composite lighting 177

Assignments 183
Introduction 184

Glossary 187
Index 197

ix
Samantha Everton
acquisition module>>
This page intentionally left blank
 Introduction
Lighting is the essential skill in photography. From the captured image of a fleeting moment
using existing light to the highly structured and preconceived advertising image using
introduced lighting. To understand and improve these skills this book deals with working
on location, primarily using the existing light source, and in the studio using artificial light
sources. The information, activities and assignments provide the essential techniques for creative
and competent photography. The study guides offer a comprehensive and highly structured
learning approach, giving both support and guidance in a logical and sequential manner. Basic
theoretical information is included with an emphasis on practical advice that will maximize the
opportunities for creative photography.

Rodrick Bond

Acquisition of technique
This book is designed to help you learn the technical and creative aspects of photography. The
initial chapters provide the framework for the assignment briefs; the other chapters will help
you acquire the skills required to confidently undertake a broad range of lighting situations.
Terminology is kept as simple as possible using only those terms in common usage. Emphasis has
been placed upon a practical approach to the subject and the application of the essential skills.

Application of technique
The book concludes with several chapters devoted to the practical application of the skills
acquired. Assignments can be undertaken allowing the photographer to express themselves and
their ideas through the appropriate application of design and technique. This book offers a
structured learning approach that will give the photographer a framework and solid foundation
for working independently and confidently in a studio or on location.

The essential skills

The essential skills required to become a professional photographer take time and motivation.
Skills should be practised repeatedly so they become practical working knowledge rather than
basic understanding. Practice the skills obtained in one chapter and apply them to each of the
following activities or assignments. Eventually the technical and creative skills can be applied
intuitively or instinctively and you will be able to communicate with clarity and creativity.
essential skills: photographic lighting

Process and progress

This book is intended as an introduction to location and studio photography. The emphasis has
been placed upon a practical approach to the application of essential skills. The activities and
assignments cover a broad range and it is possible to achieve acceptable results without the need
for large amounts of expensive equipment.

A structured learning approach

The study guides contained in this book offer a structured learning approach forming the
framework for working with photographic lighting and the essential skills for personal creativity
and communication. They are intended as an independent learning source to help build design
skills, including the ability to research, plan and execute work in a systematic manner. Adoption
of a thematic approach is encouraged, recording all research and activities in the form of a
Visual Diary and Record Book.

Flexibility and motivation

The assignments contain a degree of flexibility, and allow for the choice of subject matter. This
encourages the pursuit of individual interests whilst still directing work towards answering
specific criteria. This approach allows the maximum opportunity to develop self-motivation.
Emphasis is placed on image design, communication of content and the essential techniques
required for competent and consistent image capture and creation. The practical problems of
contrast are discussed and additional lighting in the form of flash and tungsten is introduced.
Activities and assignments should be undertaken to encourage expression of ideas through the
appropriate application of design and technique. Demonstration of skills learnt in preceding
study guides is a desirable criteria whenever appropriate.

Implementation of the curriculum

This book provides a suitable adjunct to Essential Skills: Studio Photography, Essential Skills:
Digital Photography in Available Light and Essential Skills: Photoshop.

Website
A dedicated website exists to assist with the use of this book. Revision exercises are included on
the site as are numerous links and up to date advice and references. The revision exercises should
be viewed as another activity which the user resources and completes independently. This will
encourage the demonstration of the skills and knowledge acquired in the process of working
through the activities and revision exercises by completion of a self-directed series of projects
and assignments in the books Essential Skills: Studio Photography and Essential Skills: Digital
Photography on Location. The address for the website is: www.photographyessentialskills.com

2
 introduction

Independent learning
The study guides are designed to help you learn both the technical and creative aspects of
photography. You will be asked to complete various tasks including research activities, revision
activities and practical assignments. The information and experience you gain will provide you
with a framework for all your future photographic work.

Activities and assignments

By completing all the activities, assignments and revision exercises you will learn how other
images were created, how to create your own and how to communicate visually. The images
you produce will be a means of expressing your ideas and recording your observations.
Photography is a process best learnt in a series of steps. Once you apply these steps you will
learn how to be creative and produce effective images. The study guides also explain many of
the key issues which are confusing and often misunderstood - an understanding of which will
reinforce and facilitate creative expression.

Using the study guides

The study guides have been designed to give you support during your photographic learning.
On the first page of each is a list of aims and objectives identifying the skills covered and
how they can be achieved. The activities are to be started only after you have first read and
understood the supporting section on the preceding pages. At the end of each chapter the
relevant revision exercise from the supporting website should be undertaken to determine the
extent to which the information has been assimilated. After completion of the activities and
revision exercises the ‘Assignments’ should be undertaken.

Equipment needed
The course has been designed to teach you photographic lighting with the minimum amount of
equipment. You will need a camera with manual controls or manual override. However, large
amounts of expensive equipment are not necessary to gain an understanding of the use of light.
Observation of daylight, ambient light, normal household light globes, desk lamps, outdoor
lighting, torches and small flash units can be adapted and utilized to produce acceptable results.
Supplemented with various reflectors (mirrors, foil, white card) and assorted diffusion material
(netting, cheesecloth, tracing paper, Perspex) a degree of lighting control can be achieved. Many
of the best photographs have been taken with very simple equipment. Photography is more
about understanding and observing light, and then recreating lighting situations to achieve
form, perspective and contrast when working with a two-dimensional medium.

Gallery
At the end of each study guide is a collection of work produced with varying combinations of
daylight, ambient light, flash and tungsten light sources.

3
essential skills: photographic lighting

Research and resources

To gain the maximum benefit from each assignment use the activities contained in the study
guide as a starting point for your research. You will only realize your full creative potential by
looking at a variety of images from different sources. Artists and designers find inspiration for
their work in different ways, but most find that they are influenced by other people’s work
they have seen and admired. Furthermore, it is essential that anyone undertaking any creative
endeavor has some understanding of the context of their art. Researching relevant artists and
practitioners is an essential element of this process.

Getting started
Collect images relevant to the activity you have been asked to complete. This collection
of images will act as valuable resource for your future work. Do not limit your search to
photographs. Explore all forms of the visual arts. By using elements of different images you
are not copying but using the information as inspiration for your own creative output. Talking
through ideas with friends, family, or anyone willing to listen will help you clarify your thinking
and develop your ideas.

Daniel Tückmantel
Choosing resources
When looking for images, be selective. Use only high quality sources. Not all photographs are
well designed or appropriate. Good sources may include high quality magazines and journals,
photographic books, exhibitions and the web. You may have to try many various sources to find
suitable material. In addition, be aware of exhibitions coming to your local galleries.

4
 introduction

Visual Diary
A Visual Diary is a record of all visual and written stimuli influencing or forming the basis of an
idea for the photographic assignments and practical work to be completed.
In its most basic form this could be a scrapbook full of tear sheets (examples) and personal
scribbles. It would, however, be of far more value if your Visual Diary contained more detail
relating to an increasing awareness of your visual development in discriminating between good
and bad examples of location and studio lighting. This should include design, composition,
form and light applicable to any visual art form.

Joanne Gamvros

The Visual Diary should contain:

~ A collection of work by photographers, artists, writers, filmmakers relevant to your
photographic studies.
~ Website addresses and links.
~ Sketches of ideas for photographs.
~ A collection of images illustrating specific lighting and camera techniques.
~ Brief written notes supporting each entry in the diary.

5
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