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New Strategist Publications, Inc.

Ithaca, New York
New Strategist Publications, Inc.
P.O. Box 242, Ithaca, New York 14851
800/848-0842; 607/273-0913
www.newstrategist.com

Copyright 2010. NEW STRATEGIST PUBLICATIONS, INC.

All rights reserved.

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without written permission from the Publisher.

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Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1. The Generations
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The iGeneration: Growing Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Millennial Generation: Another Baby Boom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Generation X: Now in Middle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Baby-Boom Generation: Still Center Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Older Generations: The Wealthiest Retirees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 2. Attitudes
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Daily Newspapers Have Lost the Youngest Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The Internet Is an Important Source of Science News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Religious Beliefs Shape the Perspectives of Older Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Younger Generations Spurn Traditional Sex Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Most Americans Do Not Trust Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Among the Generations, Millennials Are the Most Liberal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Boomers Have Hit Hard Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Millennials Socialize the Most . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 3. Education
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Generation X Is the Most Highly Educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Under Age 50, Women Are Better Educated than Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Asians Are Well Educated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Young Adults Are Much More Likely to Be in School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
More than One in Four Americans Are in School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Millennials Are Boosting College Enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Part-Time Study Is the Norm for Older Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Millennials Will Boost the Number of Older College Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Chapter 4. Health
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Most Americans Feel “Very Good” or “Excellent” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Birth Rate Fell between 2007 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Blacks and Hispanics Have Children at a Younger Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
More than 40 Percent of New Mothers Are Not Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Most First-Time Mothers Are Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Many Women Have Not Had Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Most Adults Are Overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Weight Problems Start Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Most Americans Do Not Get Enough Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
New Drugs Help Lower Cholesterol Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Blood Pressure Is Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Diabetes Is a Growing Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
More than One in Five Americans Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Many Young Adults Are Binge Drinkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Many Adults Have Used Illicit Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

AMERICAN GENERATIONS V
Most Women of Childbearing Age Use Contraceptives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Most Teens Avoid Risky Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Many Older Americans Have Physical Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Health Problems Are Common among Older Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Men Aged 25 to 44 Account for Most AIDS Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Asthma and Allergies Affect Many Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
More People Do Not Have Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
More than One Billion Health Care Visits Occurred in 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
One in 12 Americans Had a Hospital Stay in 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Heart Disease Is the Leading Killer of the Oldest Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Americans Are Living Longer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 5. Housing
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Young Adults Are Most Likely to Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Homeownership Rises with Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Married Couples Are Most Likely to Be Homeowners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Blacks and Hispanics Have Lower Homeownership Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
The Homeownership Rate Is Falling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Homeownership Is Highest in the Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Most Americans Live in a Single-Family Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 6. Income
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Men’s Incomes Are Falling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Many Women Are Losing Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Boomer Men Have the Highest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Gen X and Baby-Boom Women Have the Highest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Incomes of Young Women Nearly Match Those of Young Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Since 1980, Older Householders Have Seen Biggest Gains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Americans Aged 45 to 54 Are Most Likely to Be Affluent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
The Oldest Americans Have the Lowest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Two Earners Mean Higher Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Regardless of Race or Hispanic Origin, Incomes Peak in Middle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Nearly One-Third of the Elderly Receive Pension Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Poverty Has Grown among Adults of Working Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Black and Hispanic Children Are Most Likely to Be Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Many Workers Cannot Keep Their Families Out of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Chapter 7. Labor Force
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Men’s Labor Force Participation Has Declined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Men in Their Thirties Are Most Likely to Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Boomers Are the Largest Share of the Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Millennials Are Most Likely to Be Unemployed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Hispanic Women Are Least Likely to Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
The Middle Aged Are Professionals, Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Most of the Middle Aged Work Full-Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Dual Earners Are in the Majority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Most Mothers Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Job Tenure Has Increased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Union Representation Peaks among Workers Aged 45 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Self-Employment Rise with Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Most Minimum-Wage Workers Are Teens or Young Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
More Older Workers Will Be in the Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

VI AMERICAN GENERATIONS
Chapter 8. Living Arrangements
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Boomers Head the Largest Share of Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Young and Old Have the Most Diverse Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Millennials Are Most Diverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Oldest Americans Have the Smallest Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Fewer than One-Third of Households include Children under Age 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Nearly Half of Hispanic Households include Children under Age 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Parents in Their Forties Have Teens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Householders in Their Thirties Have the Most Kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Householders in the Northeast Are Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Many Children Live with Their Mother Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Nearly 7 Million Children Live with a Grandparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Living Arrangements Differ by Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Most Americans Are Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Younger Generations Stay Single Longer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Divorce Is Highest among Men and Women in Their Fifties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Chapter 9. Population
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Social Trends Mirror Changing Age Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Sex Ratio Reverses with Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Greater Diversity among the Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Number of People in Their Sixties to Grow Rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Minorities Are Close to Becoming the Majority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Immigration Contributes to Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
The West Is the Youngest Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Divesity Is Growing in Every Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Young and Old Are Drawn to Different States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Chapter 10. Spending
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
At All Ages, Housing Is the Largest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Under Age 25: Transition to Adulthood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
25-to-34-Year-Olds: Spending on Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
35-to-44-Year-Olds: More Mouths to Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
45-to-54-Year-Olds: Big Spenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
55-to-64-Year-Olds: Spending More than Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
65-to-74-Year-Olds: Average Spenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
75 or Older: Spending on Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Chapter 11. Time Use
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Leisure Activities Rank Second in Time Use among Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Older Adults Spend the Most Time in Leisure Pursuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Older Women Spend the Most Time Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Young Adults Spend the Most Time on the Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Older Americans Are Much Less Likely to Be Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Voting Rate Fell among All but the Youngest Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Chapter 12. Wealth
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Net Worth Climbed Sharply during the Housing Bubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Financial Asset Values Rose between 2004 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

AMERICAN GENERATIONS VII

Nonfinancial Assets Are the Foundation of Household Wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Most Households Are in Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Retirement Plan Participation Peaks in the 45-to-64 Age Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

VIII AMERICAN GENERATIONS

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List of Tables

Chapter 1. The Generations

1.1 Birth of the iGeneration, 1995 to Present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Size of iGeneration, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 iGeneration by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 iGeneration Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Birth of the Millennial Generation, 1977 to 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Size of the Millennial Generation, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Millennial Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 Millennial Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.9 Birth of Generation X, 1965 to 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.10 Size of Generation X, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.11 Generation X by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.12 Generation X Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.13 Birth of the Baby-Boom Generation, 1946 to 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.14 Size of the Baby-Boom Generation, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.15 Baby-Boom Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.16 Baby-Boom Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.17 Birth of the Older Generations, 1910 to 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.18 Size of the Older Generations, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.19 Older Generations by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.20 Older Generations Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 2. Attitudes
2.1 Main Source of News, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Daily Newspaper Readership, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Main Source of Information about Science and Technology, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4 Science Makes Our Way of Life Change Too Fast, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 Human Evolution, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 Religious Preference, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.7 Attendance at Religious Services, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.8 Confidence in the Existence of God, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.9 Degree of Religiosity, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.10 Bible in Public Schools, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.11 Sex Roles, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.12 Mother Worked While You Were Growing Up, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.13 Premarital Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.14 Homosexuality, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.15 Gay Marriage, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.16 Sexual Orientation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.17 Trust in Others, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.18 Life Exciting or Dull, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.19 General Happiness, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.20 Political Leanings, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.21 Political Party Affiliation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.22 Government Should Help Pay for Medical Care, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.23 Family Income Relative to Others, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.24 Change in Financial Situation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.25 Satisfaction with Financial Situation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.26 Standard of Living Will Improve, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

AMERICAN GENERATIONS IX
2.27 Spend Evening with Relatives, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.28 Spend Evening with Friends, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.29 Have Gun in Home, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.30 Should Marijuana Be Made Legal, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Chapter 3. Education
3.1 Educational Attainment by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2 Educational Attainment by Generation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3 Educational Attainment of Men by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4 Educational Attainment of Men by Generation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5 Educational Attainment of Women by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6 Educational Attainment of Women by Generation, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.7 High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin, 2009: Total People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.8 High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin, 2009: Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.9 High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin, 2009: Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.10 School Enrollment by Age, 2000 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.11 School Enrollment by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.12 College Students by Age, 2000 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.13 College Students by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.14 College Students by Type of School, Age, and Attendance Status, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.15 Projections of College Students by Sex and Age, 2008 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 4. Health
4.1 Health Status of Adults by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 Health Status, 1995 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3 Mental Health Status in Past Month, 1995 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.4 Health Status of Children by Age, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.5 Birth Rate by Age, 2000 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.6 Births by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.7 Births to Unmarried Women by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.8 Births by Age of Mother and Birth Order, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.9 Childless Women by Age, 1990 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.10 Average Measured Weight by Sex and Age, 1976–80 to 2003–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.11 Adults Measured as Overweight and Obese by Sex and Age, 1976–80 to 2003–06 . . . . . . . 99
4.12 Children Measured as Overweight by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 2003–06 . . . 101
4.13 Weight Problems and Dieting Behavior of 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.14 Physical Activity Status of People Aged 18 or Older, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.15 High Cholesterol by Sex and Age, 1988–94 and 2003–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.16 Hypertension by Sex and Age, 1988–94 and 2003–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.17 Diabetes by Age, 1988–94 and 2003–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.18 Cigarette Smoking by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.19 Tobacco Use among 9th to 12th Graders, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.20 Alcohol Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.21 Alcohol Use by 9th to 12th Graders, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.22 Illicit Drug Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.23 Lifetime Marijuana Use by People Aged 12 to 25, 1965 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.24 Marijuana Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.25 Marijuana Use by 9th to 12th Graders, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.26 Contraceptive Use by Age, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.27 Sexual Behavior of 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.28 Risk Behavior among 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.29 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

X AMERICAN GENERATIONS
4.30 Number of Adults with Health Conditions by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.31 Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.32 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.33 AIDS Cases by Sex and Age, through 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.34 Health Conditions among Children by Selected Characteristics, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.35 Distribution of Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics of Children, 2008 . . . . . . . 135
4.36 Percent of Children with Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics, 2008 . . . . . . . . . 136
4.37 Children with a Learning Disability or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 2008 . . . 137
4.38 Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2008: Private Health Insurance Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.39 Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2008: Government Health Insurance Type. . . . . . . . . 140
4.40 People without Health Insurance by Age, 2000 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.41 Reason for Lack of Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.42 Health Care Visits by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.43 Physician Office Visits by Sex and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.44 Overnight Hospital Stays by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.45 Deaths from the 10 Leading Causes by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.46 Leading Causes of Death for Infants, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.47 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 1 to 4, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.48 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 5 to 14, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.49 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 15 to 24, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.50 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 25 to 44, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.51 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 45 to 64, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.52 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 65 or Older, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.53 Life Expectancy by Age and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 5. Housing
5.1 Geographic Mobility by Age, 2008–09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.2 Movers by Age and Destination, 2008–09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.3 Owners and Renters by Age of Householder, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.4 Homeownership Rate by Age of Householder and Type of Household, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.5 Black and Hispanic Homeownership Rate by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.6 Homeownership Rate by Age, 2000 to 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.7 Number of Homeowners by Age, 2000 to 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.8 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 2000 to 2009: Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.9 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 2000 to 2009: Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.10 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 2000 to 2009: South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.11 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 2000 to 2009: West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.12 Number of Units in Structure by Age of Householder, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Chapter 6. Income
6.1 Median Income of Men by Age, 1980 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2 Median Income of Women by Age, 1980 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.3 Men by Income and Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.4 Men by Income and Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.5 Women by Income and Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.6 Women by Income and Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.7 Median Income of Full-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.8 Median Income of Households by Age of Householder, 1980 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.9 Households by Age of Householder and Income Quintile, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.10 Households by Income and Age of Householder, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.11 Households by Income and Generation of Householder, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.12 Median Household Income by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2008 . . . . . . . . 194
6.13 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 15 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.14 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.15 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . 197

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XI
6.16 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.17 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.18 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 65 or Older . . . . . . . . 200
6.19 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 65 to 74 . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.20 Household Income by Household Type, 2008: Householders Aged 75 or Older . . . . . . . . 202
6.21 Median Household Income by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2008 . . . 204
6.22 Households by Income and Age of Householder, 2008: Asian Households . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.23 Households by Income and Age of Householder, 2008: Black Households . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.24 Households by Income and Age of Householder, 2008: Hispanic Households. . . . . . . . . . 207
6.25 Households by Income and Age of Householder, 2008:
Non-Hispanic White Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.26 Sources of Income by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.27 Relative Importance of Income Sources among the
Population Aged 55 or Older, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.28 Number and Percent of People below Poverty Level by Age, 1980 to 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.29 People below Poverty Level by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
6.30 People below Poverty Level by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.31 Number and Percent of Workers below Poverty Level by
Sex, Age, and Work Status, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Chapter 7. Labor Force
7.1 Labor Force Participation Rate by Sex and Age, 1950 to 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.2 Employment Status by Sex and Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.3 Distribution of the Labor Force by Age, Generation, and Sex, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.4 Unemployment Rate by Age and Generation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
7.5 Distribution of the Unemployed by Age and Generation, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
7.6 Labor Force Participation Rate by Race, Hispanic Origin, Age, and Sex, 2009 . . . . . . . . . 231
7.7 Unemployment Rate by Race, Hispanic Origin, Age, and Sex, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.8 Occupations by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9 Distribution of Workers by Occupation and Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.10 Age Distribution of Workers by Occupation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.11 Full-Time and Part-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.12 Part-Time Work for Economic Reasons by Age and Sex, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.13 Labor Force Status of Married-Couple Family Groups, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.14 Labor Force Status of Women by Presence of Children, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.15 Employed Parents by Age of Child, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7.16 Tenure with Current Employer by Sex and Age, 2000 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.17 Long-Term Employment by Sex and Age, 2000 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.18 Union Representation by Sex and Age, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.19 Self-Employed Workers by Sex and Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.20 Minimum Wage Workers, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.21 Labor Force Projections by Sex and Age, 2008 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Chapter 8. Living Arrangements
8.1 Households by Age of Householder, 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.2 Households by Age and Generation of Householder, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.3 Households by Age of Householder and Type of Household, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.4 Households by Type and Generation of Householder, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.5 Households by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.6 Households by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.7 Average Household Size by Age of Householder, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.8 People Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.9 Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children under Age 18, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.10 Households by Generation of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children of any Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

XII AMERICAN GENERATIONS

8.11 Households by Generation of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children under Age 18, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
8.12 Households by Generation of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children of Any Age, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8.13 Households by Age of Householder and Presence of Children, 2009:
Asian Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8.14 Households by Age of Householder and Presence of Children, 2009:
Black Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
8.15 Households by Age of Householder and Presence of Children, 2009:
Hispanic Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.16 Households by Age of Householder and Presence of Children, 2009:
Non-Hispanic White Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8.17 Households by Age of Householder and Age of Children, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.18 Households by Age of Householder and Number of Children, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.19 Households by Age of Householder and Region of Residence, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.20 Households by Generation of Householder and Region of Residence, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . 285
8.21 Living Arrangements of Children by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.22 Children Who Live with Biological, Step, or Adoptive Parents, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.23 Children Living with Grandparents by Presence of Parents, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.24 Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.25 Men by Living Arrangement and Generation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.26 Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.27 Women by Living Arrangement and Generation, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.28 Marital Status of Men by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
8.29 Marital Status of Women by Age, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.30 Never-Married People by Sex and Age, 1970 to 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
8.31 Marital History of Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.32 Marital History of Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Chapter 9. Population
9.1 Population by Age, 1920 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.2 Population by Age and Generation, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
9.3 Population by Age, Generation, and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
9.4 Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
9.5 Population by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
9.6 Population by Age, 2010 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
9.7 Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
9.8 Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
9.9 Population Change by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2010 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
9.10 Population by Age and Place of Birth, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
9.11 Legal Immigrants by Age, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
9.12 Regional Populations by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9.13 Regional Populations by Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
9.14 Population of the Northeast by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
9.15 Population of the Northeast by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . 329
9.16 Population of the Midwest by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
9.17 Population of the Midwest by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 331
9.18 Population of the South by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
9.19 Population of the South by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
9.20 Population of the West by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.21 Population of the West by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
9.22 State Populations by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
9.23 Distribution of State Populations by Age, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
9.24 State Populations by Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.25 Distribution of State Populations by Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XIII

Chapter 10. Spending
10.1 Average Spending by Age of Householder, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
10.2 Percent Distribution of Spending by Product Category and Age, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
10.3 Spending by Householders under Age 25, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
10.4 Spending by Householders Aged 25 to 34, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
10.5 Spending by Householders Aged 35 to 44, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
10.6 Spending by Householders Aged 45 to 54, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
10.7 Spending by Householders Aged 55 to 64, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
10.8 Spending by Householders Aged 65 to 74, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
10.9 Spending by Householders Aged 75 or Older, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Chapter 11. Time Use
11.1 Time Use by Primary Activity and Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
11.2 Time Spent Sleeping by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
11.3 Time Spent Watching Television by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
11.4 Time Spent Socializing and Communicating by Age and Sex, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
11.5 Time Spent Reading by Age and Sex, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
11.6 Time Spent Participating in Sports, Exercise, or Recreation by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . 389
11.7 Time Spent Relaxing and Thinking by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
11.8 Time Spent Playing Games and Using the Computer for
Leisure by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
11.9 Time Spent Housecleaning by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
11.10 Time Spent Doing the Laundry by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
11.11 Time Spent Cooking by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
11.12 Time Spent Cleaning Up in the Kitchen by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
11.13 Time Spent on Lawn, Garden, and Houseplant Care by Age and Sex, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . 397
11.14 Time Spent Caring for Household Children by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
11.15 Time Spent on Pet Care by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
11.16 Time Spent Shopping for Groceries by Age and Sex, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
11.17 Time Spent Shopping (Except for Food or Gas) by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
11.18 Time Spent Participating in Religious Activities by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
11.19 Time Spent Volunteering by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
11.20 Time Spent Talking on the Telephone by Age and Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
11.21 Time Spent Traveling by Age and Sex, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
11.22 Internet Use by Age, 2000 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
11.23 Voting Rate in Presidential Elections by Age, 1964 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Chapter 12. Wealth
12.1 Net Worth of Households by Age of Householder, 2004 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
12.2 Financial Assets of Households by Age of Householder, 2004 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
12.3 Financial Assets of Households by Type of Asset and Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . 416
12.4 Stock Ownership of Households by Age of Householder, 2004 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
12.5 Nonfinancial Assets of Households by Age of Householder, 2004 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . 419
12.6 Nonfinancial Assets of Households by Type of Asset and Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . 420
12.7 Household Ownership of Primary Residence by Age of Householder, 2004 and 2007 . . . 421
12.8 Debt of Households by Age of Householder, 2004 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
12.9 Debt of Households by Type of Debt and Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
12.10 Retirement Plan Coverage by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
12.11 Ownership and Value of Individual Retirement Accounts by Age, 2007 and 2009 . . . . . . . 427
12.12 Participation in and Value of Employer-Based Defined-Contribution
Retirement Plans by Age, 2007 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
12.13 Retirement Planning by Age, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
12.14 Expected Age of Retirement by Age, 2000 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

XIV AMERICAN GENERATIONS

List of Charts

Chapter 1. The Generations

Birth of the iGeneration, 1995 to Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
iGeneration Share of the Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Birth of the Millennial Generation, 1977 to 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Millennial Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Birth of Generation X, 1965 to 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Generation X Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Birth of the Baby-Boom Generation, 1946 to 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Baby-Boom Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Older Generations Share of Population, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 2. Attitudes
Media use varies sharply by generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Millennials are most likely to believe in evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Older Americans are the most religious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Millennials support gay marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Older Americans are the happiest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Older Americans are least likely to think the government should help with medical care. . . . . . . . . . 50
Older Americans are most satisfied with their financial situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Millennials are most supportive of legalizing marijuana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 3. Education
The Swing and World War II generations are the least educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Among Millennials and Generation X, women are better educated than men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Among 30-to-34-year-olds, educational attainment varies sharply by race and Hispanic origin. . . . . 68
The majority of 20-to-21-year-olds are now in school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Many young adults are in school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Most students on college campuses are aged 22 or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Full-time attendance falls with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
College students are projected to increase in almost every age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Chapter 4. Health
Adults of prime working age do not feel as good as they once did . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Birth rate has fluctuated among women aged 25 to 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Most Asian women delay childbearing until their thirties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Women in their late thirties are most likely to be married when they give birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Three out of four first-borns have a mother under age 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
More women aged 40 to 44 are childless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The average woman weighs 165 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Most high school girls are trying to lose weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Young adults are most likely to get regular exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Older women are most likely to have high cholesterol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
High blood pressure is more likely with increasing age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
The percentage of people with diabetes rises with age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Many high school students smoke regularly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Most young adults do not wait for legal drinking age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Marijuana use became common among young adults in the 1970s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
The pill is popular among young women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Many teens say they rode with a driver who had been drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Physical difficulties rise with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Most people aged 75 or older have arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XV
Men aged 25 to 44 dominate AIDS cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Asthma is a big problem for black children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Twenty-nine percent of 18-to-24-year-olds do not have health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Emergency rooms account for a large share of health care visits by young adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Hospitalization is least likely among teenagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Most deaths occur among people aged 65 or older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Life expectancy is now nearly 78 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 5. Housing
Older people are least likely to move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Homeownership reaches the majority in the 30-to-34 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Fifty-nine percent of women who live alone own their home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Homeownership rate varies by race and Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
All but one age group is losing ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
People in their early thirties are losing ground in every region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
The youngest homeowners are most likely to live in a multi-unit dwelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 6. Income
Older men have gained ground since 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Women’s incomes have made big gains since 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Boomers are in their peak earning years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Generation X and Boomer women are in their peak earning years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Earnings gap is narrower among the young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Since 2000, householders aged 45 to 54 have lost the most. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Few of the affluent are aged 65 or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Generation Xers are entering peak earning years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Among married couples, the oldest have the lowest incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Asian households have the highest incomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
The percentage of people who receive wage and salary income
falls sharply in the older age groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Poverty has increased among people aged 18 to 64 since 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Poverty is higher for black and Hispanic children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Many men who work full-time cannot support a family of four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Chapter 7. Labor Force
The labor force participation rate of older men has increased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Women’s labor force participation peaks in the 40-to-49 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Swing and World War II generations account for few workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Unemployment falls with advancing age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
In most age groups, unemployment is highest among black men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Most managers and professionals are aged 35 to 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Teenagers are most likely to work part-time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Most couples under age 55 are dual earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Most mothers with infants are in the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Long-term employment has increased sharply among men aged 65 or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Few workers are represented by unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Older workers are most likely to be self-employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Teens and young adults are most likely to be minimum wage workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
The number of workers aged 65 or older will grow rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Chapter 8. Living Arrangements
The Swing and WW II generations head the smallest share of households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
The married-couple share of households peaks among Generation Xers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Older householders are more likely to be non-Hispanic white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Women’s chances of living alone rise steeply with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

XVI AMERICAN GENERATIONS

Most Generation X households include children under age 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Non-Hispanic white households are least likely to include children under age 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Householders aged 30 to 34 are most likely to have preschoolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Many one-child families are the result of an emptying nest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
The Northeast has the largest share of older householders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Most children still live with two parents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Few children who live with both parents also live with a grandparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Women are much more likely than men to live alone in old age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
The marital status of men and women differs greatly in old age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Young people today are more likely to be single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
More than one in five adults have experienced divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Chapter 9. Population
Children and young adults represent a shrinking share of the population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Males are scarce in the World War II generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Among the young, Hispanics are the largest minority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Declines are projected for the 45-to-54 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
The generation gap will be a racial and ethnic divide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Most Americans live in their state of birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
The Northeast is the oldest region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
More diversity among the young in every region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Old and young are concentrated in different states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Chapter 10. Spending
Health care spending rises sharply with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Young adults are not big spenders on restaurant meals, entertainment, or clothes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Householders aged 25 to 34 spend more than average on clothes for infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Householders aged 35 to 44 spend more than average on most things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Householders aged 45 to 54 spend more than average on most items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Householders aged 55 to 65 spend more than average on alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Householders aged 65 to 74 are big spenders on maintenance and repairs for owned homes . . . . . . 373
The oldest householders are big spenders on health insurance (Medicare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Chapter 11. Time Use
Teens spend the most time sleeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Older adults spend the most time reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Older Americans devote the most time to pet care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
People aged 65 or older spend the most time involved in religious activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
The oldest Americans are least likely to use the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Fewer than half of young adults vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Chapter 12. Wealth
Net worth has fallen since reaching a peak in 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Retirement accounts are modest, even among those approaching retirement age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Median housing value peaks in the 45-to-54 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Debt declines with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Most workers aged 55 or older expect to retire at age 66 or later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XVII

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