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A Europe of Rights
This page intentionally left blank
A Europe of Rights
The Impact of the ECHR
on National Legal Systems

Edited by
HELEN KELLER and ALEC STONE SWEET


 
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
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without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
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Oxford University Press, at the address above
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence Number
C01P0000148 with the permission of the controller of HMSO
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
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Typeset by Michael Anderau
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
________________
 Contents
Acknowledgments i
Contributors iv
Note on Style and Citations v
Table of Cases vi

I. INTRODUCTION
1. The Reception of the ECHR in National Legal Orders 3
Alec Stone Sweet and Helen Keller

II. NATIONAL REPORTS

2. The Reception Process in Ireland and the United Kingdom 31
Samantha Besson
3. The Reception Process in France and Germany 107
Elisabeth Lambert Abdelgawad and Anne Weber
4. The Reception Process in Sweden and Norway 165
Ola Wiklund
5. The Reception Process in the Netherlands and Belgium 229
Erika de Wet
6. The Reception Process in Austria and Switzerland 311
Daniela Thurnherr
7. The Reception Process in Spain and Italy 393
Mercedes Candela Soriano
8. The Reception Process in Greece and Turkey 451
İbrahim Özden Kaboğlu and Stylianos-Ioannis G. Koutnatzis
9. The Reception Process in Poland and Slovakia 531
Magda Krzyżanowska-Mierzewska
10. The Reception Process in Russia and Ukraine 603
Angelika Nußberger
 III. ASSESSMENT
11. Assessing the Impact of the ECHR on National Legal Systems 677
Helen Keller and Alec Stone Sweet

APPENDIX
Overview of the Activity of the European Court of Human Rights 713
Index 843
 Acknowledgments
This book could not have been published without the active participation of
our “team of experts”, those judges, human rights lawyers, government agents
and academics who generously shared their time and expertise with us. At the
European level, heartfelt thanks are due: to Dr. Andrew Drzemczewski, Head,
Secretariat of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Council of Eu-
rope; to Fredrik Sundberg, European Expert, Deputy to the Head of Depart-
ment for the execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights,
Directorate of Monitoring, Council of Europe; and to Mrs. Nina Vajic, Judge,
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). At the national level, we are grate-
ful to the following experts: for Germany and France to Jens Meyer-Ladewig,
former Agent for Germany before the ECtHR, Germany, to Dr. Hans-Jörg
Behrens, Second Government Agent for Germany before the ECtHR and to
Roger Errera, former Judge of the Cour de Cassation, France, and Conseiller
d’Etat Honoraire, Visiting Professor, Central European University, Budapest; for
Ireland and the United Kingdom to Lia O’Hegarty, Commissioner, Irish Hu-
man Rights Commission, Ireland and to Erik Metcalfe, Human Rights Policy
Director, Justice, United Kindgom; for Sweden and Norway to Dr. Karin Åh-
man, Lecturer, Uppsala University, Sweden and to Njal Hostmaelingen, Re-
search Fellow, PhD Candidate, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, Norway;
for the Netherlands and Belgium to Tom Barkhuysen, Professor of Constitu-
tional and Administrative Law, Leiden University, The Netherlands, to Martin
Kuijer, Senior Legal Adviser Human Rights, Netherlands Ministry of Justice,
Professor of Human Rights Law, Free University, Amsterdam, to Ties Prakken,
former Professor of Criminal Law, University of Maastricht, and defence lawyer
in Amsterdam, to Jan Fermon, Lawyer at the Brussels Bar, Belgium, specialis-
ing in Belgian, European and international criminal law and to Paul Lemmens,
Extraordinary Professor, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium; for Austria and
Switzerland to Dr. Ingrid Siess-Scherz, Head of Division for International
Affairs and General Administrative Affairs at the Austrian Federal Chancellery,
Constitutional Service, to Dr. Ilse Freiwirth, Head of Division, Registry of EC-
tHR, to MMag. Andreas Th. Müller, Research Associate at the Department of
European Law and Public International Law at the Leopold-Franzens University
in Innsbruck, Austria, to Dr. iur. Heinz Aemisegger, Judge of the Swiss Federal
Supreme Court, to Adrian Scheidegger, Second Government Agent for Swit-
zerland, Ministry of Justice, and to Ludwig A. Minelli, Attorney, Zurich; for
Spain and Italy to Pedro Cruz Villalón, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, to
Antonio Bultrini, Associate Professor of International Law and Human Rights,
Florence University, to Angel Arozamena Laso, Magistrate, technical commit-
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ii A Europe of Rights
tee, Supreme Court, Spain, to Manuel Campos Sanchez Bordona, Judge of
the Supreme Court, Spain, to Michele de Salvia, Professor of Human rights at
Catholic University of Milan, to Bruno Nascimbene, Professor of International
and European Union Law at the University Statale of Milan, to Pietro Pusto-
rino, Associate Professor of international organisations, Siena University, Faculty
of Political Sciences, and of International Protection of human rights, LUISS
Guido Carli Univerisity, Faculty of Law, Rome and to Sivia Mirate, lecturer
in administrative law at the University of Turin; for Greece and Turkey to Dr.
Christian Rumpf, attorney and lecturer at the University of Bamberg and the
Yeditepe University in Istanbul, to Fatos Araci, Deputy Registrar of the Fourth
Section, ECtHR, to Dr. Kemal Baslar, Associate Professor of International Law,
Baskent University Law Faculty, Ankara and to Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas,
Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Athens, Faculty of Law; for Poland
and Slovakia to Ewa Łtowska, Judge, Polish Constitutional Court, to Łukasz
Bojarski, Access to Justice Project Coordinator, Helsinki Foundation for Hu-
man Rights, Warsaw, to Ryszarda Stasiak, the President of the Płońsk District
Court, Poland, to Ewa Bokowska-Konca, Judge of the Plock Regional Court,
Poland, to Milan Blaško, Head of Division, Registry of the ECtHR, to Michal
Kuera, Registry of the ECtHR, to Vanda Durbakovà, Lawyer, Center for Civil
and Human Rights, Slovakia, to Adriana Lamakovà, legal consultant with Pro
Choice Slovakia, Bratislava and to Marica Pirosikovà, Agent of the Slovak Re-
public before the ECtHR; for Russia and Ukraine to Serhiy Holovaty, Member
of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commis-
sion), Chairman of the Sub-Committee of the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of
Ukraine on Implementation of the Judgements of the ECtHR, President of the
Ukrainian Legal Foundation, to Dr. Alexei Trochev, Research Associate, Insti-
tute of Intergovernmental Relations School of Policy Studies, Queen‘s University,
Kingston, Canada, and to Anton Burkov, PhD candidate in law, University of
Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Over the past three years, the Group met in workshops held at the Universities
of Lucerne and Zurich, and at a conference sponsored by the Columbia Law
School, New York. These meetings proved to be invaluable. For support of these
meetings and of the Project, we deeply appreciate the generous support provided
by: The University of Lucerne; the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Direc-
torate of International Law, Switzerland; the Swiss National Science Foundation;
the Ebnet-Foundation; the Swiss Academy of Human and Social Sciences; the
Zurich University Association; the Hermann und Marianne Straniak-Founda-
tion; and the F.F. Randolph Jr. Speakers Fund, Columbia Law School.
We also benefited enormously from the research and editing assistance of
an extraordinary group of young scholars: Markus Lanter, Daniela Kühne,
Magdalena Forowicz, Andreas Fischer and David Suter (all assistants from
the Law School of the University of Zurich). Finally, the manuscript benefited
 Acknowledgments iii
greatly from the work of Morgan McCurdy (editing assistant) and Michael
Anderau (InDesign expert).
 Contributors
Samantha Besson, Professor of Public International Law and European Law, University
of Fribourg, Switzerland.
Mercedes Candela Soriano, Assistant Professor of European and International Public
Law, University of Tilburg, The Netherlands.
Ibrahim Özden Kaboğlu, Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Marmara, Istan-
bul, and former President of the National Advisory Board on Human Rights, Turkey.
Helen Keller, Professor of Public Law, International Law and European Law, University
of Zurich, Switzerland.
Stylianos-Ioannis G. Koutnatzis, Ph.D. Candidate, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany;
Alexander S. Onassis Foundation Scholar, and Attorney at Law, Athens, Greece.
Elisabeth Lambert Abdelgawad, Junior Researcher, Institute of Comparative Law (Uni-
versity of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, National Centre for scientific research), France.
Magda Krzyżanowska-Mierzewska, Lawyer at the Registry of the European Court of
Human Rights, France.
Angelika Nußberger, Professor of Public Law, International Law and Eastern European
Law and Director of the Institute for Eastern European Law of the University of Cologne,
Germany.
Alec Stone Sweet, Leitner Professor of Law, Politics, and International Studies, Yale Law
School, United States.
Daniela Thurnherr, Assistant Professor of Public Law, University of Basel, Switzerland.
Ola Wiklund, Associate Professor, University of Stockholm and Lawyer, Stockholm, Swe-
den.
Anne Weber, Clemens Heller Scholar (Clemens Heller Program, Fondation Maison des
Sciences de l’Homme / Fritz Thyssen Stiftung), Max Planck Institute for Comparative
Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, Germany.
Erika de Wet, Professor of International Constitutional Law, University of Amsterdam,
The Netherlands; Extraordinary Professor, Northwest University (Potchefstroom cam-
pus), South Africa.
 Note on Style and Citations
This book covers the ECHR and eighteen different national legal systems. There
exists wide variance in scientific traditions and citation styles. While we did not
seek to eliminate these differences, we have sought to make them comprehensible
to both interested foreign readers and national specialists.
The European Commission on Human Rights and the European Court of Hu-
man Rights have changed its citation practices several times since the 1960s. We
based our citation of the Court’s case law on the current guidelines. All the judge-
ments and decisions are available on the Court’s site (http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int),
although not all cases are reported in printed form. The remark “not reported”
indicates that a given decision or judgment has not been published in the official
publication series (Reports of Judgments and Decisions). Judgements issued after
1 January 2005 will be referred to as “not yet reported”, unless they have already
been published in the official publication series.
The material for the research project is comprehensive through December
2006, and the statistics reported in the annex cover periods from accession to 31
December 2006. Vital developments that took place in 2007 are addressed in
the reports.
 Table of Cases

I. EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1

Belkacem v. Federal Republic of Germany (appl. no. 6877/75), Decision (Plenary),
Commission, 4 October 1976, DR 6, 77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 133
Bonzi v. Switzerland (appl. no. 7854/77), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 12 July 1978,
DR 12, 185. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Brežny and Brežny v. Slovakia (appl. no. 23131/93), Decision (Plenary), Commission,
4 March 1996, DR 85, 65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535, 572
Cyprus v. Turkey (appl. no. 8007/77), Report, Commission, 4 October 1983, EHRR 15, 509. 456
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands v. Greece (appl. nos 3321–3323/67; 3344/67),
Decision (Plenary), Commission, 24 January 1968, YB 11, 690. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands v. Greece (appl. nos 3321–3323/67; 3344/67),
Report (Plenary), Commission, 5 November 1969, YB 12, 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Dierckx and Others v. Belgium (appl. no. 11966/86), Report (Plenary), Commission,
6 March 1990 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Dunshirn v. Austria (appl. no. 789/60), Report, Commission, 28 March 1963, YB 6, 718. . . 344
D. v. France (appl. no. 10127/82), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 4 July 1984, DR 39,
210. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Eggs v. Switzerland (appl. no 7431/76), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 4 March 1978,
DR 15, 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands v. Turkey (appl. nos 9940–9944/82),
Decision, Commission (Plenary), 6 December 1983, YB 26, 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands v. Turkey (appl. nos 9940–9944/82),
Report, Commission, 7 December 1985, YB 28, 150. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Fredriksen and Others v. Denmark (appl. no. 12719/87), Decision, Commission,
3 May 1988, DR 56, 237. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
G.K. v. Switzerland (appl. no. 21084/92), Decision (Second Chamber), Commission,
5 April 1995 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Greece v. the United Kingdom (appl. no. 176/56), Report (Plenary), Commission,
2 June 1956, 26 September 1958 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 56
Gussenbauer v. Austria (appl. no. 4897/71; 5219/71), Decision (Plenary), Commission,
14 July 1972, YB 15, 448. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Hakkar v. France (appl. no. 19033/91), Decision (Second Chamber), Commission,
31 August 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Hurtado v. Switzerland (appl. no. 17549/90), Report (Plenary), Commission, 8 July 1993
(not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
J.-A. v. Switzerland (app. No. 19959/92), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 23 May 1996
(not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

1
The Decisions and Reports of the Commission were published until 1 November 1999 (Article
5(3) of the Protocol no. 11 to the ECHR (entered into force on 1 November 1998)).
Abbreviations:
EHRR = European Human Rights Reports; DR = Decisions and Reports; YB = Yearbook of the
European Convention of Human Rights.
 A Europe of Rights vii
Koç v. Federal Republic of Germany (appl. no. 7132/75), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 4
October 1976, DR 6, 135. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 133
Kröcher and Möller v. Switzerland (appl. no. 8463/78), Decision (Plenary), Commission,
9 July 1981, DR 26, 40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Luedicke v. Federal Republic of Germany (appl. no. 6210/73), Decision (Plenary),
Commission, 11 March 1976, DR 4, 200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 133
Lynas v. Switzerland (appl. no. 7317/75), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 6 October
1976, DR 6, 141. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Nemanova v. the Slovak Republic (appl. no. 32683/96), Decision (Second Chamber),
Commission, 14 January 1998 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Pataki v. Austria (appl. no. 596/59), Report (Plenary), Commission, 28 March 1963, YB 6,
718. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Santschi v. Switzerland (appl. nos 7468/76; 7938/77; 8018/77; 8106/77; 8325/78;
8778/79), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 13 October 1981, DR 31, 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Seidlova v. the Slovak Republic (appl. no. 25461/94), Decision (Second Chamber),
Commission, 6 September 1995 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Simon-Herold v. Austria (appl. no. 4340/69), Report (Plenary), Commission,
19 December 1972 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Stürm v. Switzerland (appl. no. 22686/93), Report (Second Chamber), Commission,
17 May 1995 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Sydow v. Sweden (appl. no. 11464/85), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 12 May 1987, DR
53, 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Tauira and Others v. France (appl. no. 28204/95), Decision (Plenary), Commission,
4 December 1995, DR 83-B, 112. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Temeltasch v. Switzerland (appl. no. 9116/80), Report (Plenary), Commission, 5 May 1982,
DR 31, 120. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Verband der Besatzungsgeschädigten v. Austria (appl. no. 473/59), Report, Commission,
29 August 1959, YB 2, 400. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314, 315
X. v. Austria (appl. no. 1452/62), Report (Plenary), Commission, 18 December 1963, YB
6, 268. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
X. v. Austria (appl. no. 5591/72), Decision, Commission, 2 April 1973, Collection 43, 161. . 549
X. v. Austria (appl. no. 7529/76), Report (Plenary), Commission, 4 October 1976, DR 7,
159. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
X. v. Austria (appl. no. 8289/78), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 5 March 1980, DR 18,
160. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
X. v. Federal Republic of Germany (appl. no. 7705/76), Decision (Plenary), Commission,
5 July 1977, DR 9, 201. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
X. v. Federal Republic of Germany (appl. no. 8499/79), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 7
October 1980, DR 21, 176. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
X. v. Switzerland (appl. no. 7754/77), Decision (Plenary), Commission, 9 May 1977, DR
11, 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
X., Y. and Z. v. Austria (appl. no. 5049/71), Decision (Plenary), Commission,
5 February 1973, Collection 43, 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
X., Y. and Z. v. the United Kingdom (appl. no. 9285/81), Decision (Plenary), Commission,
6 July 1982, DR 29, 205. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

II. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Abdoella v. the Netherlands (appl. no. 12728/87), Judgement (Chamber),
25 November 1992, Series A, Vol. 248-A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
viii Table of Cases
Abdulaziz, Cabales, and Balkandali v. the United Kingdom (appl. nos 9214/80; 9473/81;
9474/81), Judgement (Plenary), 28 May 1985, Series A, Vol. 94. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 273
Abdulsamet Yaman v. Turkey (appl. no. 32446/96), Judgement (Second Section),
2 November 2004 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
A.B. v. the Netherlands (appl. no. 37328/97), Judgement (Second Section), 29 January 2002
(not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Aerts v. Belgium (appl. no. 25357/94), Judgement (Chamber) 30 July 1998,
Reports 1998-V, 1939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Afanasyev v. Ukraine (appl. no. 38722/02), Judgement (Second Section), 5 April 2005 (not
yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647, 659
Affaire Stratégies et Communications et Dumoulin v. Belgique (appl. no. 37370/97),
Judgement (Third Section), 15 July 2002 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Ahmet Sadik v. Greece (appl. no. 18877/91), Judgement (Chamber), 15 November 1996,
Reports 1996-V, 1638. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Ahmut v. the Netherlands (appl. no. 21702/93), Judgement (Chamber), 28 November 1996,
Reports 1996-VI, 2017. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Aiouaz v. France (appl. no. 23101/03), Judgement (Third Section), 28 June 2007 (not yet
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Airey v. Ireland (appl. no. 6289/73), Judgement (Chamber), 9 October 1979, Series A,
Vol. 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 70, 77, 94, 423, 565
Akdivar and Others v. Turkey (appl. no. 21893/93), Judgement (Grand Chamber),
16 September 1996, Reports 1996-IV, 1192. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483, 511, 559, 702
Akkuş v. Turkey (appl. no. 19263/92), Judgement (Chamber), 9 July 1997,
Reports 1997-IV, 1300. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Aksoy v. Turkey (appl. no. 21987/93), Judgement (Chamber), 18 December 1996,
Reports 1996-VI, 2260. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371, 480, 483, 708
Al-Adsani v. the United Kingdom (appl. no. 35763/97), Judgement (Grand Chamber),
21 November 2001, Reports 2001-XI, 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Albert and Le Compte v. Belgium (appl. nos 7299/75; 7496/76), Judgement (Plenary),
10 February 1983, Series A, Vol. 58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 276
Alberto Sanchez v. Spain (appl. no. 72773/01), Judgement (Fourth Section),
16 November 2004 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Aliev v. Ukraine (appl. no. 41220/98), Judgement (Fourth Section), 29 April 2003 (not
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Allan Jacobsson v. Sweden (appl. no. 10842/84), Judgement (Chamber), 25 October 1989,
Series A, Vol. 163. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190, 361
Allan v. the United Kingdom (appl. no. 48539/99), Judgement (Fourth Section),
5 November 2002, Reports 2002-IX, 420. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 68
Alsayed Allaham v. Greece (appl. no. 25771/03), Judgement (First Section), 18 January 2007
(not yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Amann v. Switzerland (appl. no. 27798/95), Judgement (Grand Chamber),
16 February 2000, Reports 2000-II, 245. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Ambruosi v. Italy (appl. no. 31227/96), Judgement (Second Section), 19 October 2000 (not
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Andandovskiy v. Russia (appl. no. 24015/02), Judgement (Third Section),
28 September 2006 (not yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Andersen v. Denmark (appl. no. 12860/87), Decision (Plenary), 3 May 1988 (not reported). . 563
Andrasik and Others v. Slovakia (appl. nos 57984/99; 60237/00; 60242/00; 60679/00;
60680/00; 68563/01; 60226/00), Decision (Fourth Section), 22 October 2002,
Reports 2002-IX, 357. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557, 563, 571
 A Europe of Rights ix
André v. France (appl. no. 63313/00), Judgement (Second Section), 28 February 2006 (not
yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Antonenkov and Others v. Ukraine (appl. no. 14183/02), Judgement (Second Section),
21 November 2005 (not yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Appolonov v. Russia (appl. no. 47578/01), Judgement (First Section), 29 August 2002 (not
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Artico v. Italy (appl. no. 6694/74), Judgement (Chamber), 13 May 1980, Series A, Vol. 37. . . 423
Association Ekin v. France (appl. no. 39288/98), Judgement (Third Section), 17 July 2001,
Reports 2001-VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Auerbach v. the Netherlands (appl. no. 45600/99), Judgement, 29 January 2002 (not
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242, 287
Autronic AG v. Switzerland (appl. no. 12726/87), Judgement (Plenary), 22 Mai 1990
Series A, Vol.178. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341, 357
A. v. the United Kingdom (appl. no. 25599/94), Judgement (Chamber), 23 September 1998,
Reports 1998-VI, 2692. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Aydin v. Turkey (appl. no. 23178/94), Judgement (Grand Chamber), 25 September 1997,
Reports 1997-VI, 1866. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Ayşe Oztürk v. Turkey (appl. no. 24914/94), Judgement (Second Section), 15 October 2002
(not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Baischer v. Austria (appl. no. 32381/96), Judgement (First Section), 20 December 2001
(not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Bakan v. Turkey (appl. no. 50939/99), Judgement (Second Section), 12 June 2007 (not yet
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Baklanov v. Russia (appl. no. 68443/01), Judgement (First Section), 9 June 2005 (not yet
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642, 653
Bako v. Slovakia (appl. no. 60227/00), Decision (Fourth Section), 15 March 2005 (not
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Bánošová v. the Slovak Republic (appl. no. 38798/97), Decision (Second Section),
27 April 2000 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Barberà, Messegue and Jabardo v. Spain (appl. nos 10588/83; 10589/83; 10590/83),
Judgement (Plenary), 6 December 1988, Series A, Vol. 146. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409, 419, 435
Barfod v. Denmark (appl. no. 11508/85), Judgement (Chamber), 22 February 1989,
Series A, Vol. 149. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Barry v. Ireland (appl. no. 18273/04), Judgement (Third Section), 15 December 2005 (not
yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 71
Basic v. Austria (appl. no. 29800/96), Judgement (Third Section), 30 January 2001 (not
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Bati and Others v. Turkey (appl. nos 33097/96; 57834/00), Judgement (First Section),
3 June 2004, Reports 2004-IV, 249. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480, 483
Bazorkina v. Russia (appl. no. 69481/01), Judgement (First Section), 27 July 2006 (not yet
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Beck v. Norway (appl. no. 26390/95), Judgement (Third Section), 26 June 2001 (not
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Bekir-Ousta and Others v. Greece (appl. no. 35151/05), Judgement (First Section), 11
October 2007 (not yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479, 491
Bekos and Koutropoulos v. Greece (appl. no. 15250/02), Judgement (Fourth Section),
13 December 2005 (not yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Beldjoudi v. France (appl. no. 12083/86), Judgement (Chamber), 26 March 1992, Series A,
Vol. 234-A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Belilos v. Switzerland (appl. no. 10328/83), Judgement (Plenary), 29 April 1988, Series A,
Vol. 132. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315, 319–321, 353, 679
x Table of Cases
Beljoudi v. France (appl. no. 12083/86), Judgement (Chamber), 26 March 1992, Series A,
Vol. 234-A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Belvedere Alberghiera s.r.l. v. Italy (appl. no. 31524/1996), Judgement (Second Section),
30 May 2000, Reports 2000-VI, 135. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417, 438
Belziuk v. Poland (appl. no. 23103/93), Judgement (Chamber), 25 March 1998,
Reports 1998-II, 558. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Benthem v. the Netherlands (appl. no. 8848/80), Judgement (Plenary), 23 October 1985,
Series A, Vol. 97. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238–239, 257, 259–260, 268, 302, 347, 361
Berdzenishvili v. Russia (appl. no. 31697/03), Decision (First Section), 29 January 2004,
Reports 2004-II, 317. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Berrehab v. the Netherlands (appl. no. 10730/84), Judgement (Chamber), 21 June 1988,
Series A, Vol. 138. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260, 272–273
Bertin v. France (appl. no. 55917/00), Judgement (First Section), 24 May 2006 (not yet
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Bianchi v. Switzerland (appl. no. 7548/04), Judgement (Fifth Section), 22 June 2006 (not
yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Boca v. Belgium (appl. no. 50615/99), Judgement (First Section), 15 July 2002,
Reports 2002-IX, 255. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Boddaert v. Belgium (appl. no. 12919/87), Judgement (Chamber), 12 October 1992,
Reports 1996-III, 915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Boden v. Sweden (appl. no. 10930/84), Judgement (Chamber), 27 October 1987, Series A,
Vol. 125-B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Bolat v. Russia (appl. no. 14139/03), Judgement (First Section), 5 October 2006 (not yet
reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Bordovskiy v. Russia (appl. no. 49491/99), Judgement (Second Section), 8 February 2005
(not yet reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Borgers v. Belgium (appl. no. 12005/86), Judgement (Plenary), 30 October 1991, Series A,
Vol. 214-B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262–263, 281
Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm Ve Ticares AS v. Ireland (appl. no. 45036/98), Decision
(Fourth Section), 13 September 2001 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm Ve Ticaret AS v. Ireland (appl. no. 45036/98), Judgement
(Grand Chamber), 30 June 2005, Reports 2005-VI, 107. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Bottazzi v. Italia (appl. no. 34884/97), Judgement (Grand Chamber), 28 July 1999,
Reports 1999-V, 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416, 426
Bouamar v. Belgium (appl. no. 9106/80), Judgement (Chamber), 29 February 1988,
Series A, Vol. 129. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Boultif v. Switzerland (appl. no. 54273/00), Judgement (Second Section), 2 August 2001,
Reports 2001-IX, 119. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341, 356
Bowman v. the United Kingdom (appl. no. 24839/94), Judgement (Grand Chamber),
19 February 1998, Reports 1998-I, 175. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Boyle and Rice v. the United Kingdom (appl. nos 9659/82; 9658/82), Judgement (Plenary)
27 April 1988, Series A, Vol.131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Bozano v. France (appl. no. 9990/82), Judgement (Chamber), 18 December 1986, Series A,
Vol. 111. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 121
Brannigan and McBride v. the United Kingdom (appl. nos 14553/89; 14553/89), Judgement
(Plenary), 26 May 1993, Series A, Vol. 258-B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
British American Tobacco Company Ltd. v. the Netherlands (appl. no. 19589/92), Judgement
(Chamber), 20 November 1995, Series A, Vol. 331. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Broca et Texier-Micault v. France (appl. nos 27928/02; 31694/02), Judgement (Second
Section), 21 October 2003 (not reported). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
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