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THE Psychomachia OF Prudentius
Text, Commentary, and Glossary

Aaron Pelttari
Text, Commentary, and Glossaryext, Commentary, and Glossary
the Psychomachia of Prudentius

oklahoma series in classical culture

Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture

series editor
Ellen Greene, University of Oklahoma

advisory board
Ronnie Ancona, Hunter College and CUNY Graduate Center
Carolyn J. Dewald, Bard College
Nancy Felson, University of Georgia
Helene P. Foley, Barnard College
Thomas R. Martin, College of the Holy Cross
John F. Miller, University of Virginia
Richard F. Thomas, Harvard University
the Psychomachia of Prudentius
Text, Commentary, and Glossary

Aaron Pelttari

university of oklahoma press : norman

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Prudentius, 348– author. | Pelttari, Aaron, 1982– editor.
Title: The Psychomachia of Prudentius : text, commentary, and glossary / edited by
Aaron Pelttari.
Other titles: Psychomachia | Oklahoma series in classical culture.
Description: Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. | Series: Oklahoma series in
classical culture
Identifiers: LCCN 2018058219 | ISBN 978-0-8061-6402-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Prudentius, 348– Psychomachia.
Classification: LCC PA6648.P6 P73 2019 | DDC 871/.01—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018058219

The Psychomachia of Prudentius: Text, Commentary, and Glossary is Volume 58 in the

Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture.

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the
Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library
Resources, Inc. ∞

Copyright © 2019 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of

the University. Manufactured in the U.S.A.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-
copying, recording, or otherwise—except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the
United States Copyright Act—without the prior written permission of the University of
Oklahoma Press. To request permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to
Permissions, University of Oklahoma Press, 2800 Venture Drive, Norman, OK 73069, or
email [email protected].
For David and Lucas
CONTENTS

List of Illustrations | ix

List of Abbreviations | xi

Preface | xiii

Introduction | 3

Text of Psychomachia | 41

Commentary | 75

Appendix A. On Meter | 225

Appendix B. Glossary of Literary Terms | 231

Bibliography | 235

Glossary | 249
ILLUSTR ATIONS

FIGURES
1. The poet in his study | 8

2. L
 ines 707–21, with illustrations of Discordia being pierced
and her scattered parts | 20

3. The sacrifice of Isaac, with the capture of Lot and Abraham’s

rescue of him | 25

4. The explicit of Amartigenia and incipit of Psychomachia,

with pr. 1 added in the margin | 27

5. From pr. 62 to line 14, with the running head along the
top of the page | 28

6. Lines 1–20, with capital chi, interlinear glosses, marginal

annotations, and the confrontation between Fides
and Veterum cultura deorum | 97

7. Lines 2–22, with illustration of the conflict between

Fides and Veterum cultura deorum | 99

8. Lines 23–36, with punctuation before line 29 | 100

ix
x  Illustrations

9. S
 tatue of Victory, Museo Archeologico Nazionale
(Naples) | 143

10. L
 ines 880–89, with image of Prudentius praying before a
shrine and marginal caption (“gratias agit deo”) | 217

MAP
The western Mediterranean around 400 c.e. | 38–39
 ABBREVIATIONS

For commonly known ancient authors and texts, I follow the abbreviations
of the Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). For books of the Bible, I used
the short abbreviations from the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). Authors
and texts that are less commonly known have not been abbreviated. Other
abbreviations are as follows:

A&G Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar for

Schools and Colleges (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1903)

CC Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina

CIL 
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum

CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum

DGE Diccionario griego-español

F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker
FGrH 
(1923–)
Kühner-Stegmann R. Kühner and C. Stegmann, Ausfürhliche Grammatik
der lateinischen Sprache, zweiter Teil (Leverkusen:
Gottschalk, 1955)

LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae

xi
xii  Abbreviations

MS(S) manuscript(s)

New Pauly Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, ed. Brill’s

New Pauly (Leiden: Brill, 2002–2010)

OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary

RSV Revised Standard Version

SC Sources chrétiennes

TLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (Boston: De Gruyter,

1900–)
 PREFACE

This edition is meant to make the Psychomachia accessible for students.

The commentary is structured so that almost every note begins with what
is most essential for understanding the poem. Where the Latin is difficult
or noteworthy, I include a translation or a comment on the grammatical
construction (usually with reference to Allen and Greenough’s New Latin
Grammar, which is now available in an elegant online edition at http://dcc
.dickinson.edu/allen-greenough/). But some students will want to know
more about the background of the Psychomachia, about the decisions I made
in editing the text, and about the poem’s historical and literary context,
not to mention its reception. They are encouraged to read to the end of
each note. Beyond students, I hope that what I have learned from teaching
the Psychomachia will be useful in some way for more advanced readers
and researchers working on Prudentius. I think there is need for a new
full-scale commentary on the poem, and I expect that the Psychomachia
commentary in progress for the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics will
fill at least most of these gaps. As for previous commentaries, I have made
thorough use of them. In the notes, I acknowledge a commentator by name
when his or her contribution was original or when it seemed at risk of being
overlooked in the future; but throughout I benefited from the work of those
who have gone before me.

xiii
xiv  Preface

The commentary includes citations and sometimes quotations of parallels

and intertexts, mainly from earlier Latin poetry but also from prose and
from some texts later than Prudentius. No two readers will agree in every
case (or even most cases) on which are the important comparisons to make.
Although I have had to depend on my own competence as a reader of later
Latin poetry, I sought to enable rather than forestall interpretation. When
I say that Prudentius borrowed from and emulated Claudian (see the com-
mentary on line 23), I mean that a reasonable reader might recall Claudian’s
poetry at this point and conclude from the resemblance that Prudentius
meant to surpass his contemporary. The text of the Psychomachia cannot
guarantee any such interpretation, and we might discover tomorrow a new
manuscript or papyrus that reveals a more convincing intertext. Despite
these precautions, we talk about the author as a convenient shorthand for
the entire complex of systems that determine how texts are interpreted.
The beauty of human communication is that you (often enough) know
what I mean. And, every now and then, we might even agree about what
Prudentius meant, even though there is ambiguity all the way down. In the
same way, tables and chairs seem to be solid and permanent objects even
though their particles are in constant and random motion.
I have tried to strike a good balance between offering parallels and pro-
viding interpretation for passages cited. Non-referential allusions (see the
note on line 31) are those that include a precise verbal repetition without any
apparent similarity between the contexts of the two passages concerned.
With most intertexts that I cite, it is easy to make connections. Therefore,
whenever a little information would allow the reader to make up his or her
own mind, I have sought not to belabor an interpretation. For example, on
line 678, I cite the intertext “tenui . . . puncto” from Ausonius, and I explain
that the line refers in the Cupido cruciatus to the stylus used by outraged
women to torment Cupid. This is enough information to demonstrate that
there might be a meaningful allusion, and I have no interest in removing
any likely interpretation.
Parallel texts are those less obviously relevant to the Psychomachia.
Sometimes they are cited to illustrate a common philosophical or theological
background, sometimes for what they reveal about the regular context in
 Preface   xv

which a word or phrase was used. I have been selective with parallels that
are cited and even more selective with those that are quoted. I assume that
readers can use a website such as the currently available Musisque deoque
(http://mizar.unive.it/mqdq/public/) to access intertexts in verse. For
example, if you want to know which Latin poets use tonans in reference
to Jupiter (see the note on line 640), you can use the search function on
Musisque deoque to search for tonans and tonant* across essentially all
extant Latin poetry. Being selective in this way allowed me to keep the
notes to a sensible length. When I cite multiple parallels with little or no
interpretation, this means that I could not find any very plausible reason to
interpret one of them as a meaningful intertext. Most often, when I cite such
parallels, it is to demonstrate the tone or ordinary context of a given word
or phrase—for example, if it occurs primarily in prose, poetry, Christian
writings, or in some other linguistic register. Thus, in the note on line 279,
I suggest that the phrase ultor gladius sounds legal or religious and cite the
parallel texts that lead me to such a conclusion. Of course, I might be wrong
about this or many other points; but in such cases the evidence cited should
be enough to suggest the kind of argument that could be drawn out. For
reasons of economy, I do not cite imprecise intertexts or other parallels that
seemed irrelevant for understanding the poem. Surely I have missed some
highly interpretable intertexts in this way, although I think that most readers
will be thankful that the commentary is not cluttered with the detritus of
earlier indices of imitations.
In citations of ancient texts, I name a particular edition only when the
passage in question is more difficult to locate or modern editors use different
systems of reference (for example, Paulinus of Nola). Citations of the Bible
are complicated. All English translations are from the Revised Standard
Version. For the Latin, I have consulted the editions of the Vetus latina
(Beuron) where possible or the Vetus latina database produced by Brepols
where those editions are not yet available. Wherever there is a good reason
to think that one of the pre-Vulgate translations is closest to that used by
Prudentius, I cite it using the sigla of the Beuron editions. Where there is
no relevant difference in extant Latin translations, I quote from the Vulgate
version, on the grounds that it is more readily accessible. In the commentary,
xvi  Preface

when I quote an intertext or a passage for comparison, sometimes I provide

my own literal English translation and sometimes only the Latin; hopefully,
some students will be adventurous enough to read snippets of Servius and
company in Latin. Words printed in small caps in the Commentary are
explained in appendix B, the glossary of literary terms.
I expended a considerable amount of time and energy on the Latin-to-
English glossary because I expect that students will find it to be even more
helpful than the simple electronic parsing tools or the shorter lexica now
openly accessible to them. Each entry was carefully written so as to provide
only the information that is essential for understanding the Psychomachia.
My last task is the most pleasant: to express my gratitude to the many
people who have helped make this book a reality. I am thankful to the
friends and colleagues who provided assistance at many points, including
Judy Barringer, Glenys Davies, Andreas Gavrielatos, Ben Harriman, Gavin
Kelly, Erik Kenyon, Calum Maciver, Keith Rutter, and Justin Stover. I
am also thankful to the two reviewers for the University of Oklahoma
Press; I only wish that I could have followed all of their suggestions. For
images and the permission to use them, I am thankful especially to Hans
Goette, to Federico Gallo, and to the several librarians and archivists who
responded to my requests with unfailing professionalism. The library staff
at the University of Edinburgh deserve credit because they managed my
interlibrary loan requests without fail. The map was made quickly and with
expertise by Erin Greb. Everyone working for the University of Oklahoma
Press met my requests with constant diligence, including Brian Bowles,
Stephanie Evans, Amy Hernandez, and Alessandra Tamulevich. The School
of History, Classics and Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh pro-
vided several small grants to cover some research and publication costs;
in particular, they made it possible to hire Anna-Sofia Alitalo to help with
proofreading and formatting the bibliography. I am happiest to say that
students in several classes at the University of Edinburgh challenged me
to improve my understanding and explanation of the Psychomachia, and I
am most thankful to them. On an even more personal note, I am grateful
for the support and good humor of my family, which is why I dedicate this
book to David and Lucas.
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