(Ebook) Moving Beyond Assessment: A Practical Guide For Beginning Helping Professionals by Dombo, Eileen A. Grady, Melissa D ISBN 9780199367016, 0199367019 Updated 2025
(Ebook) Moving Beyond Assessment: A Practical Guide For Beginning Helping Professionals by Dombo, Eileen A. Grady, Melissa D ISBN 9780199367016, 0199367019 Updated 2025
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MOVING BEYOND ASSESSMENT
MOVING BEYOND
ASSESSMENT
A PR ACTICAL GUIDE FOR BEGINNING
HELPING PRO FESSIONAL S
Melissa D. Grady
and
Eileen A. Dombo
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Oxford University Press 2016
First Edition published in 2016
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-i n-P ublication Data
Grady, Melissa D.
Moving beyond assessment : a practical guide for beginning helping professionals /Melissa D. Grady
and Eileen A. Dombo.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0 –19–936701–6 (alk. paper)
1. Social service—Practice. 2. Social service. 3. Counselor and client. I. Dombo, Eileen A. II. Title.
HV10.5.G695 2016
361—dc23
2015030193
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by Sheridan, USA
We dedicate this book to our students and our clients, past, present,
and future. We have learned and continue to learn a great deal from
them, and are honored to be part of their learning and growing
experiences. Thank you to our families, without whose unwavering
support over the years our work would not be possible. And finally,
to our colleagues who continue to inspire us with their dedication to
improving our world around us.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
PART I BEGINNINGS
6. Assessment 50
References 205
Index 217
viii • Contents
MOVING BEYOND ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A client walks into the room. He looks sad, disheveled, and hopeless.
He has come to you for help—to “fix the problem.” He states he wants you to help him
“make his life better and to feel better.” Your job, or so you feel, is to alleviate his struggles
and instill in him hope and a sense of empowerment, right? Or so you ask yourself.
Most new practitioners feel an overwhelming sense of pressure to know what to do
in every practice situation. Whether it is meeting with an individual client in an agency
setting, engaging with a family for a home visit, or working in the community, new prac-
titioners often feel that they ought to know exactly what to do, even at the beginning of
their training. People choose to enter professions like social work, psychology, counseling,
nursing, medicine, and other helping professions because they want to help people and, in
turn, make the world better and more just. Yet, the feeling of being at a loss regarding how
exactly to accomplish those goals comes quickly, often right at the beginning of graduate
school. Good intentions only go so far. In addition to having good intentions and a pas-
sion for and commitment to the work, practitioners need to have skills and knowledge and
be able to use them appropriately and discriminately depending on the situation at hand.
We want to emphasize from the start of this book that you will develop the capacities
described through a lifelong learning process. We know you have heard that before, and
that does not help you now as you are starting out and need some tools to succeed today.
Yet, we feel compelled to mention it here because often beginning practitioners feel frus-
trated by the pace of this learning process and want to gain knowledge more quickly. Part
of what makes working with people so engaging is their complexities. When these com-
plexities are then paired with individual, family, group, or community circumstances, it
can feel overwhelming to believe that you will ever have adequate skills and knowledge to
help create a change in someone’s life or community. However, with each iteration of your
training, you will continue to gain more knowledge. By pairing your knowledge with an
increased understanding of how to mobilize and utilize this ever-g rowing set of skills, you
will feel more confident in your professional capacities.
This book was designed to be part of the beginning phase of this lifelong learning pro-
cess. It is written to assist new helping practitioners feel less anxious and more prepared to
approach and work with the clients and communities they desire to help. It is not designed
to be a comprehensive guide to your training as a practitioner but rather to help you take
the initial steps in your own journey.
As practitioners and professors, we have received numerous requests from students
and novice practitioners to find a book that is clear and easy to understand and helps them
feel more prepared for the initial stages of working with clients. As such, we have written
each chapter to be a reference guide that is easily readable and accessible. Combined, we
have over 30 years of practice experience plus over 15 years of teaching social work gradu-
ate students about practice, theory, and research. In writing this book, we used knowledge
from our own practice experiences in conjunction with years of working with graduate
students to address here what beginning practitioners need at the initial stages of working
with clients. The book is meant to be user friendly and to address many of the issues of
concern for beginning practitioners, as well as address other practice-related issues that
they have yet to ponder. This book is primarily intended to help practitioners who will be
working in direct practice settings rather than in communities or macro practice. While
some of the concepts and principles may apply, this book is aimed at helping those begin-
ning practitioners who will be working with individuals, families, or groups. In addition,
although we include a chapter on the diagnosis of mental health disorders, this book is
meant to extend beyond mental health or clinical practice. We hope that the book will be
applicable to multiple practice settings.
We believe that before individuals can even start to think about working with clients
in a direct practice way, the first step is to think about developing their professional style
and way of working. Therefore, Chapter 2 addresses the working alliance as well as the
professional self and issues related to taking care of the self in doing this work. Chapter 3
focuses on exploring and understanding the role of cultural and identity issues in practice.
Chapter 4 addresses the context in which practice occurs and understanding how the set-
ting guides your role. Following Chapter 4, the book is divided into three sections. The
first section focuses on assessment and the beginning stages of working with clients. The
chapters in this section address the first session, assessment, the importance of asking
difficult questions, and safety assessment for both the client and others involved with the
client, including the worker.
The second section focuses on issues related to preparing for and implementing inter-
ventions with clients. It is designed to help you prepare thoughtfully for your work with
clients, including the use of the evidence-based practice process, the role of theory in
treatment planning, preparation of a treatment plan, preparation for termination, and how
to create an ongoing assessment process of your work with clients. In other words, how
will you know whether what you are doing with your client is working? This section also
includes chapters on how to work with clients in the “middle phase” of an intervention.
It is not designed to be a toolkit on how to work with every client, and it will not provide
examples of practice models. These issues are beyond the scope of this book. This section
is meant to provide some guiding principles and to address some basic issues related to
intervention.
Finally, in the third section we address the changing landscape of practice. The chap-
ters in this section address finding a supervisor and getting the most out of your supervi-
sion; provide considerations related to the use of technology and social media; and provide
a beginning understanding of some of the biological, medical, and neurobiological issues
Introduction • 3
CHAPTER 2
It is the first day of your internship or the first day of your new job in social
work or a related helping profession. You are getting ready to begin a new stage of your
career. You may have a number of questions about what you should wear or how you
should introduce yourself. You may also have a number of concerns about what others
will think of you or how you will answer tough or personal questions from your clients.
In addition, there may be other issues that you may not have even thought of that are
important to consider, such as how this work will have an impact on you or change you
in some way. This chapter is designed to help you think through some important pre-
liminary issues so that you are as prepared as possible when you start this new phase of
your career.
Guideline Explanation
Clean clothes—not clothes that May communicate to the client that you cannot take care
are stained or have marked holes of your own clothes, so how will you take care of them?
For women: skirts that are at least This is especially if you will be sitting down on the
to the knees floor, such as with young children.
For women: ensure that the tops Many social workers will be bending over paperwork or
you wear do not show inside doing other related activities, and you should wear a
your shirts when you bend over camisole or closer-fi tting clothing if this applies.
Be cognizant of the setting with Professional does not have to mean fancy or
regard to the expense of the expensive. Be conscious of what message it sends
clothing or other accessories to clients in your setting to appear in expensive
clothing or jewelry.
Wear clothes that consider safety In some settings, safety may be a factor. Consider
shoes that allow for easy running or clothes that are
not too loose and could be grabbed.
Avoid clothing with messages Clothes that communicate your affiliation with a
on them particular group other than the agency should be
avoided, as it is a form of self-disclosure and could
send unintended messages to the client(s).
Avoid clothing inappropriately Tight-fi tting clothes can be distracting and too
tight revealing.
Wear clothing that is consistent Use your colleagues as your guide in terms of
with those of the other workers appropriate clothing. Observe others and try to
follow their lead as much as possible.
COMMUNICATION
One of the ways of expressing and presenting the professional self is through oral and
written communication. With written communication, social workers may use multiple
methods to communicate with colleagues, other professionals, clients, and family mem-
bers, such as paper or electronic means. We spend more time in Chapter 17 discussing
social media and other issues related to technology, but we want to discuss a few issues
here concerning communication in general and to offer some general guidelines to follow
with regard to how to communicate in a professional manner.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
What is essential to remember about written communication is that once you write it, it is
available for everyone to see. Check with a supervisor about rules concerning communi-
cation. Otherwise, remember the following:
ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Be sure that with oral communication you ask others to repeat back to you what
they have heard because often your meaning can be misunderstood.
• It is often prudent to follow up on oral communication with a written note in the
file or email to document that the communication took place and the message that
was conveyed.
• Speak clearly and avoid fillers such as “um” and “like” as they detract from the
message and the professionalism of the communication.
• Use formal communication unless instructed to address the person informally.
• Be aware of your nonverbal communication, which may contradict your message.
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