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Encyclopedia of American
Race Riots, Volumes 1 & 2

Edited by
Walter Rucker
James Nathaniel Upton

Greenwood Press
 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
AMERICAN RACE RIOTS
Greenwood Milestones in African American History

Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition

Edited by Peter Hinks and John McKivigan
Encyclopedia of the Great Black Migration
Edited by Steven A. Reich
Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
Edited by Junius P. Rodriguez
Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era
Edited by Richard Zuczek
 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
AMERICAN RACE RIOTS
Volume 1, A–M
Edited by
Walter Rucker and
James Nathaniel Upton

Foreword by
Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.

Greenwood Milestones in African American History

GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut  London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of American race riots : Greenwood milestones in African
American history / edited by Walter Rucker and James Nathaniel Upton ;
foreword by Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–313–33300–9 (set : alk. paper)—ISBN 0–313–33301–7 (vol. 1 : alk.
paper)—ISBN 0–313–33302–5 (vol. 2 : alk. paper) 1. United States—Race
relations—Encyclopedias. 2. Riots—United States—History—Encyclopedias. 3.
Ethnic conflict—United States—History—Encyclopedias. I. Rucker, Walter C., 1970–
II. Upton, James N.
E184.A1E573 2007
305.80 009730 03—dc22 2006026195
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright ' 2007 by Walter Rucker and James Nathaniel Upton
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.

This book is included in the African American Experience database

from Greenwood Electronic Media. For more information,
visit www.africanamericanexperience.com.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006026195
ISBN–10: 0–313–33300–9 (set) ISBN–13: 978–0–313–33300–2 (set)
0–313–33301–7 (vol. 1) 978–0–313–33301–9 (vol. 1)
0–313–33302–5 (vol. 2) 978–0–313–33302–6 (vol. 2)
First published in 2007
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the

Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 CONTENTS

List of Entries vii

List of Primary Documents xi
Guide to Related Topics xiii
Foreword: American Race Rioting in Historical Perspective
by Dominic J. Capeci, Jr. xix
Preface xliii
Introduction xlv
Chronology of American Race Riots and Racial Violence lv
Encyclopedia of American Race Riots 1
Primary Documents 731
Appendix: A Select Historiography of Race Riots 863
Bibliography 869
Index 899
About the Editors and Contributors 927
 LIST OF ENTRIES

Accommodationism Boston (Massachusetts) Riots of Civil Rights Organizations and

An American Dilemma: The 1975 and 1976 Their Responses to Race Riots
Negro Problem and Modern Brooklyn (New York) Riot of The Clansman (Dixon, 1905)
Democracy (Myrdal, 1944) 1964 Cleaver, Eldridge (1935–1998)
Anti-Lynching Bureau Brown, Benjamin (d. 1967) Cleveland (Ohio) Riot of 1966
Anti-Lynching League Brown, H. Rap (1943– ) COINTELPRO (Counter
Anti-Lynching Legislation Brownsville (Texas) Riot of Intelligence Program)
Antiwar Protests 1906 Congress of Racial Equality
Asbury Park (New Jersey) Riot Buffalo (New York) Riot of (CORE)
of 1970 1967 Connor, T. Eugene ‘‘Bull’’
Atlanta Civic League Byrd, James, Jr. (1949–1998), (1897–1973)
Atlanta (Georgia) Riot of 1906 Murder of (1998) Conyers, John, Jr. (1929– )
Atlanta (Georgia) Riot of 1967 The Cotton States and
Augusta (Georgia) Riot of Carmichael, Stokely (1941– International Exposition
1970 1998) (Atlanta, 1895)
Castration The Crisis
Beaumont (Texas) Riot of 1943 Charles, Robert (d. 1900)
Bensonhurst (New York) Charleston (South Carolina) Dallas (Texas) Disturbance of 1973
Incident (1989) Riot of 1919 Dayton (Ohio) Riot of 1966
Biloxi Beach (Mississippi) Riot Chattanooga (Tennessee) Riot Deacons for Defense and
of 1960 of 1906 Justice
The Birth of a Nation (1915) Chester and Philadelphia Democratic National
Black Church Arsons (Pennsylvania) Riots of Convention of 1968,
Black Codes 1918 Violence at
Black Manifesto Chicago Commission on Race Desegregation
Black Nadir Relations Detroit (Michigan) Riot of 1943
Black Nationalism Chicago Defender Detroit (Michigan) Riot of 1967
Black Panther Party (BPP) Chicago (Illinois) Riot of 1919 Diallo, Amadou (1975–1999)
Black Power Cincinnati (Ohio) Riots of 1967 Disenfranchisement
Black Self-Defense and 1968 Do the Right Thing (1989)
Black Soldiers and Lynching Cincinnati (Ohio) Riot of Double V Campaign
Black Women and Lynching 2001 Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)
Bloody Sunday (1965) Civil Rights Act of 1957 Dyer, Leonidas C. (1871–1952)
‘‘Bombingham’’ Civil Rights Act of 1964
Boston (Massachusetts) Riot of Civil Rights Act of 1968 East St. Louis (Illinois) Riot of
1967 Civil Rights Movement 1917
viii LIST OF ENTRIES

Economic Opportunity Act of ‘‘If We Must Die’’ (McKay, 1919) Marshall, Thurgood (1908–
1964 Imperium in Imperio (Griggs, 1993)
Elaine (Arkansas) Riot of 1919 1899) McKay, Claude (1890–1948)
Election Riots of the 1880s and Integration Memphis (Tennessee) Riot of
1890s International Responses to 1866
Equal Rights League Race Riots Meredith, James (1933– )
Evers, Medgar, Assassination of Miami (Florida) Riot of 1980
(1963) Jackson, Jesse (1941– ) Miami (Florida) Riot of 1982
Exodusters Jackson, Jimmie Lee (1938– Mitchell, Arthur Wergs (1883–
1965) 1968)
Farrakhan, Louis Haleem Abdul Jackson State University Mobile (Alabama) Riot of 1943
(1933– ) Incident (1970) Moore v. Dempsey (1923)
Federal Bureau of Investigation Jersey City (New Jersey) Riot Moynihan, Daniel Patrick
(FBI) of 1964 (1927–2003)
Federal Records on Race Riots Jim Crow Muhammad, Elijah (1897–1975)
Fifteenth Amendment (1870) Johnson, James Weldon (1871– Myrdal, Gunnar Karl (1898–1987)
The Fire Next Time (Baldwin, 1938)
1963) Johnson–Jeffries Fight of 1910, Nation of Islam
Forman, James (1928–2005) Riots Following National Association for the
Fortune, T. Thomas (1856– Journey of Reconciliation (1947) Advancement of Colored
1928) People (NAACP)
Fourteenth Amendment (1868) Kennedy, John F. (1917–1963)
National Association of Colored
Freedom Rides Kennedy, Robert F. (1925–
Women (NACW)
Freedom Summer (Mississippi) 1968)
National Urban League
of 1964 Kerner Commission Report
The Negro Family: The Case
Frontier Justice (1968)
for National Action
Kerner, Otto (1908–1976)
Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940) (Moynihan, 1965)
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–
Gentrification Negroes with Guns (Williams,
1968)
Ghettos 1962)
King, Martin Luther, Jr.,
Government Responses to U.S. Newark (New Jersey) Riot of
Assassination of (1968)
Race Riots 1967
Knights of Labor
The Great Migration New Bedford (Massachusetts)
Knoxville (Tennessee) Riot of
Greensburg (Indiana) Riot of 1906 Riot of 1970
1919
Greenwood Community (Tulsa, New Orleans (Louisiana) Riot
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Oklahoma) of 1866
Griffith, D.W. (1875–1948) Labor Violence New Orleans (Louisiana) Riot
Griggs, Sutton (1872–1933) Locke, Alain LeRoy (1886–1954) of 1900
Long Hot Summer Riots, 1965– Newton, Huey P. (1942–1989)
Harlem (New York) Riot of 1967 New York City Draft Riot of
1935 Longview (Texas) Riot of 1919 1863
Harlem Youth Opportunities Los Angeles (California) Riot of New York City Riot of 1900
Unlimited (HARYOU) 1965 New York City Riot of 1943
Harlins, Latasha (1976–1991) Los Angeles (California) Riots New York City Riot of 1964
Hawkins, Yusef (1973–1989) of 1992 New York City Silent March of
Holiday, Billie (1915–1959) Louima, Abner (c. 1964– ) 1917
Hoover, J. Edgar (1895–1972) Lowndes County Freedom Niagara Movement
Hose, Sam (c. 1877–1899), Organization (LCFO) Nonviolence
Lynching of Lynching
Houston (Texas) Mutiny of Omaha (Nebraska) Riot of
1917 Malcolm X (1925–1965) 1919
Howard Beach (New York) The Marrow of Tradition Orangeburg (South Carolina)
Incident (1986) (Chesnutt, 1901) Massacre of 1968
 LIST OF ENTRIES ix

Palestine (Texas) Riot of 1910 Rope and Faggot: A Biography Tulsa (Oklahoma) Riot of
Parker, Mack Charles (1936– of Judge Lynch (White, 1921
1959), Lynching of 1929) Tulsa Race Riot Commission
The Passing of the Great Race Rosewood (1997) Turner, Henry McNeal (1834–
(Grant, 1916) Rosewood (Florida) Riot of 1923 1915)
Peekskill (New York) Riots of Rumors Turner, Mary (d. 1918),
1949 Lynching of
Pensacola (Florida) Riot of 1976 Sainte Genevieve (Missouri)
Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Riot of 1930 Urbanization
Riot of 1964 San Francisco (California) Riot
Police Brutality of 1966 Vietnam War and Race Riots
Poverty Scottsboro Case (1931) Vigilante Organizations
Powell v. Alabama (1932) Segregation Vigilantism
Press Coverage of Racial Sellers, Cleveland (1944– ) Villard, Oswald Garrison
Violence Sharecropping (1872–1949)
Press Instigation of Racial Sharpton, Al (1954– ) Virden, Pana, and Carterville
Violence Shotgun Policy (Illinois) Mine Riots (1898–
Progressive Era (1890–1930) Simmons, William J. (1882–1945) 1899)
Southern Christian Leadership
Racial Consciousness Conference (SCLC) War on Poverty
Racial Etiquette Southwest Missouri Riots Washington, Booker T. (1856–
Racial Stereotypes (1894–1906) 1915)
Racism Springfield (Illinois) Riot of 1908 Washington (D.C.) Riot of
Racist Organizations Springfield (Massachusetts) Riot 1919
Radio Free Dixie of 1965 Washington (D.C.) Riots of
Randolph, A. Philip (1889– Springfield (Ohio) Riot of 1904 1968
1979) Strange Fruit (Allan, c. 1937) Washington, Jesse (d. 1916),
Randolph, Benjamin Franklin Student Nonviolent Lynching of
(c. 1820–1868) Coordinating Committee Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862–
Rape, as Provocation for (SNCC) 1931)
Lynching Sweet, Ossian H. (1894–1960) White Capping
Reconstruction (1865–1877) White Citizens’ Council
Redlining Tampa (Florida) Riots of 1987 White Flight
Red Scare and Race Riots Terrell, Mary Church (1863– White League
Red Summer Race Riots of 1954) White Mobs
1919 Texas Southern University Riot White Supremacy
Reparations of 1967 White, Walter (1893–1955)
Returning Soldiers (World War I) Thirty Years of Lynching in Whiteness
Revolutionary Action the United States: 1889– Wilkins, Roy (1901–1981)
Movement (RAM) 1918 (Gruening and Williams, Robert F. (1925–
Richardson, George (dates Boardman, 1919) 1996)
unknown) Till, Emmett (1941–1955), Wilmington (North Carolina)
Rochester (New York) Riot of Lynching of Riot of 1898
1964 Triggs, Clarence (1942–1966)
Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884– Trotter, William Monroe (1872– York (Pennsylvania) Riots of
1962) 1934) 1969
 LIST OF PRIMARY DOCUMENTS

1. Excerpts from the Report of the Select House Committee on the Memphis Riots of May
1866, July 25, 1866
2. Report of the Federal Grand Jury on the Activities of the Ku Klux Klan in South Carolina,
1871
3. Excerpts from Ida B. Wells’ Exposé on Lynching, The Red Record, 1895
4. Thomas Dixon’s Preface to His Novel, The Clansman, 1905
5. Excerpts from Various Newspaper Accounts of Disorders Following the Jack Johnson–James
Jeffries Fight, July 4, 1910
6. Account of the Riots in East St. Louis, Illinois, July 1917
7. A Southern Black Woman’s Letter Regarding the Recent Riots in Chicago and Washington,
November 1919
8. Excerpts from the NAACP Report Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States: 1889–
1918, 1919
9. Excerpts from the ‘‘Anti-Lynching’’ Hearings Held before the House Judiciary Committee,
January 1920
10. Excerpt from the Cook County Coroner’s Report Regarding the 1919 Chicago Race Riots, 1920
11. Final Report of the Grand Jury on the Tulsa Race Riot, June 25, 1921
12. Excerpts from the Transcripts of Bee Publishing Company v. State of Nebraska Regarding
a Lynching That Occurred in Omaha in September 1919, November 17, 1921
13. Excerpts of Testimony from Laney v. United States Describing Events During the Washing-
ton, D.C., Riot of July 1919, December 3, 1923
14. Excerpts on ‘‘Sex and Lynching’’ from Walter White’s Rope and Faggot, 1929
15. Excerpts from the Mayor’s Commission on Conditions in Harlem, 1935
16. Lyrics to Billie Holiday’s Anti-Lynching Song Strange Fruit—First Performed 1939
17. Excerpts from the Moynihan Report, March 1965
18. Excerpt from the Governor’s Commission Report on the Watts Riots, December 1965
19. Excerpts from Cyrus R. Vance’s Report on the Riots in Detroit, July–August 1967
20. Excerpts from the Kerner Commission Report, 1968
21. Progress Report of the Presidential Task Force on Los Angeles Recovery, May 1992
22. Excerpts from the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Oklahoma Commission to Study the
Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, 2000, and 2001
23. Excerpt from the Draft Report of the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission, December 2005
 GUIDE TO RELATED TOPICS

Anti-Lynching Movements and Brown, Benjamin (d. 1967) Revolutionary Action

Activists Brown, H. Rap (1943– ) Movement (RAM)
Anti-Lynching Bureau Carmichael, Stokely (1941–1998) Segregation
Anti-Lynching League Civil Rights Movement Sellers, Cleveland (1944– )
Black Soldiers and Lynching Civil Rights Organizations and Southern Christian Leadership
Black Women and Lynching Their Responses to Race Riots Conference (SCLC)
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963) Cleaver, Eldridge (1935–1998) Student Nonviolent
Dyer, Leonidas C. (1871–1952) Congress of Racial Equality Coordinating Committee
Holiday, Billie (1915–1959) (CORE) (SNCC)
Lynching Deacons for Defense and
National Association for the Justice Civil Rights Movement,
Advancement of Colored Desegregation Leaders of
People (NAACP) Freedom Rides
Brown, H. Rap (1943– )
Niagara Movement Freedom Summer (Mississippi)
Carmichael, Stokely (1941–
Rape, as Provocation for of 1964
1998)
Lynching Integration
Cleaver, Eldridge (1935–1998)
Rope and Faggot: A Biography Journey of Reconciliation (1947)
Forman, James (1928–2005)
of Judge Lynch (White, 1929) Kennedy, John F. (1917–1963)
Jackson, Jesse (1941– )
Strange Fruit (Allan, c. 1937) Kennedy, Robert F. (1925–
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–
Terrell, Mary Church (1863–1954) 1968)
1968)
Thirty Years of Lynching in King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–
Malcolm X (1925–1965)
the United States: 1889- 1968)
Marshall, Thurgood (1908–
1918 (Gruening and Lowndes County Freedom
1993)
Boardman, 1919) Organization (LCFO)
Meredith, James (1933– )
Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862–1931) Malcolm X (1925–1965)
Newton, Huey P. (1942–1989)
White, Walter (1893–1955) Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993)
Randolph, A. Philip (1889–
Meredith, James (1933– )
1979)
National Association for the
Civil Rights Movement Sellers, Cleveland (1944– )
Advancement of Colored
Wilkins, Roy (1901–1981)
Antiwar Protests People (NAACP)
Black Church Arsons National Urban League
Newton, Huey P. (1942–1989) Films
Black Power
Black Self-Defense Radio Free Dixie The Birth of a Nation (1915)
Bloody Sunday (1965) Randolph, A. Philip (1889– Do the Right Thing (1989)
‘‘Bombingham’’ 1979) Griffith, D.W. (1875–1948)
xiv GUIDE TO RELATED TOPICS

Negroes with Guns: Rob Legislation, Constitutional/Legal Rape, as Provocation for

Williams and Black Power Issues, and Court Cases Lynching
(2004) Anti-Lynching Legislation Till, Emmett (1941–1955),
Rosewood (1997) Black Codes Lynching of
Civil Rights Act of 1957 Triggs, Clarence (1942–1966)
Government Agencies, Civil Rights Act of 1964 Turner, Mary (d. 1918),
Commissions, Departments, and Civil Rights Act of 1968 Lynching of
Officials Disenfranchisement Washington, Jesse (d. 1916),
Chicago Commission on Race Economic Opportunity Act of Lynching of
Relations 1964 White Mobs
COINTELPRO (Counter Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
Intelligence Program) Fourteenth Amendment Movements, Campaigns,
Federal Bureau of Investigation (1868) Migrations, and Conventions
(FBI) Frontier Justice
Black Nationalism
Federal Records on Race Riots Jim Crow
Black Power
Government Responses to U.S. Moore v. Dempsey (1923)
Black Self-Defense
Race Riots Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Civil Rights Movement
Hoover, J. Edgar (1895–1972) Redlining
Cotton States and International
Kennedy, John F. (1917–1963) Scottsboro Case (1931)
Exposition (Atlanta,
Kennedy, Robert F. (1925–1968) 1895)
Kerner, Otto (1908–1976) Lynchings, Murders, and
Assassinations Desegregation
Kerner Commission Report Double V Campaign
Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993) Bensonhurst (New York) Exodusters
Mitchell, Arthur Wergs (1883– Incident (1989) Freedom Rides
1968) Black Church Arsons Freedom Summer (Mississippi)
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick Black Soldiers and Lynching of 1964
(1927–2003) Black Women and Lynching Gentrification
Police Brutality Bloody Sunday (1965) The Great Migration
Red Scare and Race Riots ‘‘Bombingham’’ Harlem Renaissance
Tulsa Race Riot Commission Brown, Benjamin (d. 1967) Integration
War on Poverty Byrd, James, Jr. (1949–1998), Journey of Reconciliation
Murder of (1998) (1947)
Ideologies, Philosophies, and Charles, Robert (d. 1900) Niagara Movement
Policies Diallo, Amadou (1975–1999) Reparations
Accommodationism Evers, Medgar, Assassination of
Black Manifesto (1963)
Frontier Justice Newspapers and Reporting
Black Nationalism
Black Power Hose, Sam (c. 1877–1899), Chicago Defender
Black Self-Defense Lynching of The Crisis
Desegregation Howard Beach (New York) Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)
Frontier Justice Incident (1986) Forman, James (1928–2005)
Integration Jackson, Jimmie Lee (1938– Fortune, T. Thomas (1856–
Jim Crow 1965) 1928)
Nonviolence King, Martin Luther, Jr., Press Coverage of Racial
Racism Assassination of (1968) Violence
Redlining Lynching Press Instigation of Racial
Reparations Malcolm X (1925–1965) Violence
Segregation Parker, Mack Charles (1936– Trotter, William Monroe (1872–
Shotgun Policy 1959), Lynching of 1934)
White Supremacy Randolph, Benjamin Franklin Villard, Oswald Garrison
Whiteness (c. 1820–1868) (1872–1949)
 GUIDE TO RELATED TOPICS xv

Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862– Kennedy, John F. (1917–1963) Charleston (South Carolina) of

1931) Kennedy, Robert F. (1925– 1919
White, Walter (1893–1955) 1968) Chattanooga (Tennessee) Riot
Kerner, Otto (1908–1976) of 1906
Organizations, Civil Rights King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929– Chester and Philadelphia
1968) (Pennsylvania) Riots of 1918
Anti-Lynching Bureau
Malcolm X (1925–1965) Chicago (Illinois) Riot of 1919
Anti-Lynching League
Mitchell, Arthur Wergs (1883– Cincinnati (Ohio) Riots of 1966
Atlanta Civic League
1968) and 1967
Black Panther Party (BPP)
Muhammad, Elijah (1897–1975) Cincinnati (Ohio) Riot of 2001
Civil Rights Organizations and
Nation of Islam Cleveland (Ohio) Riot of 1966
Their Responses to Race
Radio Free Dixie Dallas (Texas) Disturbance of
Riots
Randolph, Benjamin Franklin 1973
Congress of Racial Equality
(c. 1820–1868) Dayton (Ohio) Riot of 1966
(CORE) Revolutionary Action Democratic National
Deacons for Defense and
Movement (RAM) Convention of 1968,
Justice Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884–1962) Violence at
Equal Rights League Sharpton, Al (1954– ) Detroit (Michigan) Riot of
Harlem Youth Opportunities Southern Christian Leadership 1943
Unlimited (HARYOU) Conference (SCLC) Detroit (Michigan) Riot of
Lowndes County Freedom Trotter, William Monroe (1872– 1967
Organization (LCFO) 1934) East St. Louis (Illinois) Riot of
National Association for the Turner, Henry McNeal (1834– 1917
Advancement of Colored 1915) Elaine (Arkansas) Riot of 1919
People (NAACP) Villard, Oswald Garrison Election Riots of the 1880s and
National Association of Colored (1872–1949) 1890s
Women (NACW) Washington, Booker T. (1856– Greensburg (Indiana) Riot of
National Urban League 1915) 1906
Niagara Movement Wilkins, Roy (1901–1981) Greenwood Community (Tulsa,
Revolutionary Action Williams, Robert F. (1925–1996) Oklahoma)
Movement (RAM)
Harlem (New York) Riot of 1935
Southern Christian Leadership
Jackson State University
Conference (SCLC) Race Riots Incident (1970)
Student Nonviolent
Asbury Park (New Jersey) Riot Jersey City (New Jersey) Riot
Coordinating Committee
of 1970 of 1964
(SNCC)
Atlanta (Georgia) Riot of 1906 Johnson–Jeffries Fight of 1910,
Atlanta (Georgia) Riot of 1967 Riots Following
Political and Religious Groups Augusta (Georgia) Riot of 1970 Knoxville (Tennessee) Riot of
and Leaders Beaumont (Texas) Riot of 1943 1919
Black Panther Party (BPP) Biloxi Beach (Mississippi) Riot Long Hot Summer Riots, 1965–
Black Power of 1960 1967
Conyers, John, Jr. (1929– ) Boston (Massachusetts) Riot of Longview (Texas) Riot of 1919
Deacons for Defense and 1967 Los Angeles (California) Riot of
Justice Boston (Massachusetts) Riots of 1965
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963) 1975 and 1976 Los Angeles (California) Riots
Dyer, Leonidas C. (1871–1952) Brooklyn (New York) Riot of of 1992
Farrakhan, Louis Haleem Abdul 1964 Memphis (Tennessee) Riot of
(1933– ) Brownsville (Texas) Riot of 1866
Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940) 1906 Miami (Florida) Riot of 1980
Hoover, J. Edgar (1895–1972) Buffalo (New York) Riot of Miami (Florida) Riot of 1982
Jackson, Jesse (1941– ) 1967 Mobile (Alabama) Riot of 1943
xvi GUIDE TO RELATED TOPICS

Newark (New Jersey) Riot of Washington (D.C.) Riot of 1919 Howard Beach (New York)
1967 Washington (D.C.) Riots of Incident (1986)
New Bedford (Massachusetts) 1968 Jackson, Jimmie Lee (1938–
Riot of 1970 Wilmington (North Carolina) 1965)
New Orleans (Louisiana) Riot Riot of 1898 King, Martin Luther, Jr.,
of 1866 York (Pennsylvania) Riots of Assassination of (1968)
New Orleans (Louisiana) Riot 1969 Louima, Abner (c. 1964– )
of 1900 Meredith, James (1933– )
New York City Draft Riot of Parker, Mack Charles (1936–
1863 Racial Violence and 1959), Lynching of
Discrimination, Forms of Red Scare and Race Riots
New York City Riot of 1900
New York City Riot of 1943 Antiwar Protests Richardson, George (dates
New York City Riot of 1964 ‘‘Bombingham’’ unknown)
New York City Silent March of Castration Scottsboro Case (1931)
1917 Disenfranchisement Sweet, Ossian H. (1894–1960)
Omaha (Nebraska) Riot of Frontier Justice Till, Emmett, (1941–1955)
1919 Jim Crow Lynching of
Orangeburg (South Carolina) Labor Violence Triggs, Clarence (1942–1966)
Massacre of 1968 Lynching Turner, Mary (d. 1918)
Palestine (Texas) Riot of 1910 Racial Stereotypes Lynching of
Peekskill (New York) Riots of Racism Washington, Jesse (d. 1916)
1949 Rape, as Provocation for Lynching of
Pensacola (Florida) Riot of Lynching
1976 Redlining Racist Organizations and
Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Rumors Leaders
Riot of 1964 Segregation Connor, T. Eugene ‘‘Bull’’
Red Summer Race Riots of White Capping
(1897–1973)
1919 White Mobs
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Rochester (New York) Riot of White Supremacy
Racist Organizations
1964 Simmons, William J. (1882–
Rosewood (Florida) Riot of Racial Violence, Incidents and 1945)
1923 Victims of Vigilante Organizations
Sainte Genevieve (Missouri) Bensonhurst (New York) Vigilantism
Riot of 1930 Incident (1989) White Capping
San Francisco (California) Riot Black Church Arsons White Citizens’ Councils
of 1966 Bloody Sunday (1965) White League
Southwest Missouri Riots ‘‘Bombingham’’ White Mobs
(1894–1906) Brown, Benjamin (d. 1967)
Springfield (Illinois) Riot of Byrd, James, Jr. (1949–1998), Reports, Books, Poems, Songs,
1908 Murder of (1998) and Documents
Springfield (Massachusetts) Riot Charles, Robert (d. 1900) An American Dilemma: The
of 1965 Diallo, Amadou (1975–1999) Negro Problem and
Springfield (Ohio) Riot of 1904 Evers, Medgar, Assassination of Modern Democracy
Tampa (Florida) Riots of 1987 (1963) (Myrdal, 1944)
Texas Southern University Riot Greenwood Community (Tulsa, Black Manifesto
of 1967 Oklahoma) Black Nadir
Tulsa (Oklahoma) Riot of 1921 Harlins, Latasha (1976–1991) The Clansman (Dixon, 1905)
Virden, Pana, and Carterville Hawkins, Yusef (1973–1989) Federal Records on Race Riots
(Illinois) Mine Riots (1898– Hose, Sam (c. 1877–1899), The Fire Next Time (Baldwin,
1899) Lynching of 1963)
 GUIDE TO RELATED TOPICS xvii

‘‘If We Must Die’’ (McKay, Nonviolence Reconstruction

1919) Police Brutality Red Scare and Race Riots
Imperium in Imperio (Griggs, Radio Free Dixie Returning Soldiers
1899) Revolutionary Action Vietnam War and Race Riots
Kerner, Otto (1908–1976) Movement (RAM)
Kerner Commission Report Tulsa Race Riot Commission Writers, Performers, and
The Marrow of Tradition Commentators
(Chesnutt, 1901) Social Issues
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick Brown, H. Rap (1943– )
(1927–2003) Accommodationism Carmichael, Stokely (1941–
Myrdal, Gunnar Karl (1898– Black Codes 1998)
Black Manifesto Cleaver, Eldridge (1935–1998)
1987)
Black Nadir Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)
The Negro Family: The Case
Desegregation Forman, James (1928–2005)
for National Action
Disenfranchisement Fortune, Thomas T. (1856–
(Moynihan, 1965)
Gentrification 1928)
The Passing of the Great Race
Ghettos Griggs, Sutton (1872–1933)
(Grant, 1916)
Harlem Renaissance Holiday, Billie (1915–1959)
Rope and Faggot: A Biography
Integration Johnson, James Weldon (1871–
of Judge Lynch (White, Knights of Labor 1938)
1929) Labor Violence Lock, Alain LeRoy (1886–1954)
Strange Fruit (Allan, c. 1937) Lynching McKay, Claude (1890–1948)
Thirty Years of Lynching in Nonviolence Moynihan, Daniel Patrick
the United States: 1889– Police Brutality (1927–2003)
1918 (Gruening and Poverty Myrdal, Gunnar Karl (1898–
Boardman, 1919) Progressive Era (1890–1930) 1987)
Racial Consciousness Terrell, Mary Church (1863–
Responses to Racial Violence Racial Etiquette 1954)
Black Panther Party (BPP) Racial Stereotypes Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862–
Black Power Racism 1931)
Black Self-Defense Rape, as Provocation for White, Walter (1893–1955)
Chicago Commission on Race Lynching Williams, Robert F. (1925–
Relations Reconstruction 1996)
Civil Rights Organizations and Redlining
Their Responses to Race Reparations
Rumors Women
Riots
Segregation Black Women and Lynching
Deacons for Defense and
Sharecropping Harlins, Latasha (1976–1991)
Justice
Urbanization Holiday, Billie (1915–1959)
Freedom Rides
War on Poverty National Association of Colored
Freedom Summer (Mississippi)
White Capping Women (NACW)
of 1964
White Flight Rape, as Provocation for
Government Responses to U.S.
White Supremacy
Race Riots Lynching
Whiteness
International Responses to Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884–
Race Riots 1962)
Journey of Reconciliation War, the Military, and Racial Terrell, Mary Church (1863–
Violence 1954)
(1947)
Kerner Commission Report Antiwar Protests Turner, Mary (d. 1918),
The Negro Family: The Case Black Soldiers and Lynching Lynching of
for National Action Houston (Texas) Mutiny of Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862–
(Moynihan, 1965) 1917 1931)
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