International Journal of Modelling and Simulation

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A review of optimization techniques for hybrid

renewable energy systems

Mohammad Shariz Ansari, Mohd. Faisal Jalil & R.C. Bansal

To cite this article: Mohammad Shariz Ansari, Mohd. Faisal Jalil & R.C. Bansal (2023) A review
of optimization techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems, International Journal of
Modelling and Simulation, 43:5, 722-735, DOI: 10.1080/02286203.2022.2119524

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODELLING AND SIMULATION
2023, VOL. 43, NO. 5, 722–735
https://doi.org/10.1080/02286203.2022.2119524

A review of optimization techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems

Mohammad Shariz Ansaria, Mohd. Faisal Jalilb and R.C. Bansal c,d

a
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India; bDepartment of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; cDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; dDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Solar photovoltaic and wind power systems are very much dependent on climate variations. Wind Received 14 June 2022
and solar photovoltaic systems are unreliable without storage units like batteries and diesel Accepted 28 August 2022
generators as a backup. The addition of storage devices increases the reliability of the hybrid KEYWORDS
system consisting of solar photovoltaic and wind turbines. During cloudy and slow windy days, Optimization techniques;
sufficient battery bank capacity is required to meet the load demand. This review paper gives new Hybrid renewable energy
ways of hybrid energy generation. It discusses several optimization approaches and ideas for systems (HRES); Solar
hybrid networks. Hybrid systems are gaining more popularity and fame in the current energy crisis photovoltaic systems; Wind
scenario and environmental pollution. This research has provided a comprehensive assessment of turbine system; Artificial
existing optimization strategies, particularly those associated with the isolated microgrid in the intelligence
literature. Artificial intelligence offers noteworthy optimization for microgrid operation without
long-term weather data, as evidenced by the current optimization pattern for hybrid renewable
sources.

1 Introduction Almost all the RES like WTG and SPV are environ­
Energy plays an innovative role in economic and social ment-friendly and clean. The hybrid microgrid, com­
progress everywhere. These days, almost everywhere bined with WTG and SPV, has been analyzed by many
globally, energy demand is being supplied by fossil researchers. It is clear from the analysis that HRES
fuels considering increasing population, increasing performance is better and less expensive than individual
load requirements, and exhaustion of diesel. WTG or SPV systems [7–10]. If hybrid WTG and SPV
Generations of electrical energy have gone into another are not correctly designed, there are fewer disadvantages
phase of progress, which deeply portrays the develop­ than conventional sources. For example, the heteroge­
ment of climate change; the economy based on hydro­ neous nature of solar radiation and wind speed, which
carbon changes the effective organization of the energies fluctuate in power generation, can be compensated
[1–4]. using the storage battery bank. These batteries can
Petroleum products that represent natural gas, coal, store the extra power, and the load is supplied when
and oil are the world’s primary energy sources. The there is a shortage of electricity [11]. The overseeing
twentieth century’s reliance on non-renewable energy problem of WTG and SPV avoids using the battery
sources depleted the natural reserve of these resources. storage system. If the battery is at its maximum charging
Primarily utilized renewable energy sources (RES) state and there is still some extra power available, it
mainly are wind turbine generators (WTG), solar should be avoided if the unit loses generation. The
photovoltaic (SPV), and hydropower. RES is cost of energy (COE) can be reduced by decreasing
a significant alternative source, so these are considered this unutilized excess power. The use of a storage battery
in various countries. Hybrid renewable energy systems system also reduces the oversizing problem of WTG and
(HRES) can combine WTG, hydropower, and SPV. In SPV sources [12]. However, when the battery has
such scenarios, there are storage batteries and diesel charged to its extreme value and is still lost with the
generators in the form of a backup unit to meet the additional power generation units, which is to be
demand for the peak hour. Optimizing the proposed avoided sometimes. Lowering this unused extra energy
design is necessary to make good use of electrical energy can reduce the cost of energy (COE) [13]. Therefore, the
by using energy sources such as WTG, SPV, and build­ optimum size of all renewable energy sources (RES) is
ing management systems [5,6]. essential to confirm the genuine load.

CONTACT R.C. Bansal [email protected] Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
© 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODELLING AND SIMULATION 723

Electrical energy production has attracted more and solar insolation speeds. The WTG-SPV and hydro­
attention to alternative energy sources such as WTG power hybrid systems were used by references [22,23] in
and SPV. Since the 1970s, electrical energy has been the remote villages of Nepal. Reference [24] gives fea­
widely used to replace fossil fuels due to the crisis of tures for a separate microgrid HRES and their effect,
oil. Still, such alternate energy sources are slow to which are related to the consistency of the microgrid.
develop, and transformation to another development HRES is exceptionally dependent on its element. So, the
phase appears to be difficult due to the various acumens accurate modeling of each component for HRES pro­
of the problems [14]. Environment and cost-effective vides a tool to identify the model’s operation better and
issues are not only pleasing but also other factors like helps optimize HRES [25]. This paper reviews the opti­
societal and emotional impact on people’s behavior mal sizes for hybrid power systems on large-scale opti­
[15]. Apart from this, new approaches for energy pro­ mization criteria and small WTG, SPV, hydropower,
duction from alternate energy sources have tested the and battery storage devices. Tables have shown optimal
improvement in the efficiency of microgrid generation design and numerous optimization ways to help you
and the reliability of electric energy production nets in understand easily [26]. Wherever necessary, flow charts,
alternate sources, including communication and infor­ mathematical models, and figures have been included.
mation technology practices. That is why an electrical Using appropriate references will show a new trend in
firm is developed as a more flexible and dynamic and the global energy situation and develop restraint on
supports distributed units of storage [16]. However, in future energy demand of the load. Various mathemati­
some alternate energy like WTG and SPV, as cal models such as probabilistic approaches [27–29],
a stochastic nature, the transition to squat carbon civi­ genetic algorithms (GAs) [30,31], artificial neural net­
lization will need a multi-solution [17]. works (ANN), and particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels can be [32,33] suggested dealing with multi-OF.
replaced by renewable energy sources, which will
require specialist forecasting. It will be combined and
required for multi-HRES, such as WTG, SPV, Hydro,
1.1 Architectures of hybrid RES
Geothermal, Biomass (BM), nuclear, and Hydrogen at
the central part of power generation and customer level The standard HRES model is represented by Figure 1.
in reorganized RES [9,10,18]. HRES is a term used to These energy systems are referred to as ‘hybrid’ because
describe a power system with two or more energy they include the required electrical load and two or
sources. Compared to techniques that employ only one more renewable energy sources (RESs) to feed the AC
energy source, these systems occasionally have the best or DC load or both at the same time. Energy can come
reliability and lowest cost. As a result, the adoption of from non-renewable, renewable, or energy storage
HRES in the power market is contingent on the primary sources [34]. In this methodology, the lack of some
technique that may be used to optimize the design of energy units is augmented by firming other units in
various types of HERS [19]. The optimization difficul­ a controlled or natural manner. It can be displayed
ties are explored to choose the ‘best’ collection of system that despite some alternate sources (such as WTG and
elements from a search space or set of feasible solutions. SPV), they have unexpected availability, and they pre­
It includes a selection of one or more optimization sent supplementary designs [35,36]. HRES can be oper­
problems and problem constraints and an Objective ated in grid-connected and standalone mode.
Function (OF). One or more optimization variables HRES can be used as grid-connected to meet the local
should drive the limitations and the OF [20]. energy demand, and if excess energy is available, it can
Furthermore, due to the non-linear behavior of the be supplied to the grid [37]. However, in rural areas,
system components, the problem becomes even more a standalone system can be used to generate energy
challenging in a few RES (for example, WTG and SPV), independently. Auxiliary power sources such as fuel
the stochastic obtained ability, the optimization vari­ cells, battery units, and a backup diesel engine can be
ables, and considered constraints. Electric energy has considered for the HRES, which consists of WTG or
an essential role in the personal and economic HRES SPV. As a result, it is indicated to avoid random access
[21]. A well modeled HRES has a good result in various to these energy supplies [38]. Accessibility to energy
parameters such as it reduces cost, improving the qual­ sources is crucial to reaching balance. There are several
ity of life, and high reliability. In maximum cases, WTG indices used in the past years to evaluate the perfor­
and SPV supplement each other; though, both systems mance of HRES. Some of them have been presented in
are very unorthodox in terms of rapid variation of wind the section ahead [39].
724 M. S. ANSARI ET AL.

Energy storage
components

DC loads

Alternative source 1

DC/AC
Control Unit
Alternative source 2 inverter

Alternative source N
AC loads

Conventional source
Continuous line - Energy flow of energy
Dotted line - Communication line

Figure 1. General HRES architecture.

1.2 World energy status In Figure 2, it is seen that even though the share of RE
will increase by a few percent, conventional fuels such as
According to the Energy Information Administration,
coal and natural gas are still dominated. The whole
energy utilization worldwide rises by 2.3% every year
[40]. About 20% of the total electricity in Denmark is economic development depends on the variations of
supplied from WTGs. In contrast, less than 1% of the the climate and whether the increasing demands of
total electricity is provided from WTG, but WTs are energy can be fed or not [41]. Fossil fuels throughout
very fast diffusing energy sources. From 2008 to 2035, it the world are not evenly dispersed, and if the worldwide
is expected that global energy use will increase by 53 per­ economy is reliant on them, then local or global strug­
cent [40]. Figure 2 depicts the most rapid increase in gles can cause an energy crisis. Nowadays, the global
international energy use. environment has been harmfully affected due to

Figure 2. Consumption of world energy, 1990–2040.

 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODELLING AND SIMULATION 725

Figure 3. Generation of renewable electricity by fuel type, 2000–2040.

conventional fuels, and the atmosphere of estimated 2.1 Off-grid power system (Stand-alone)
areas has been severely damaged [42]. From 2000 to
All SPSs planned for isolated rural areas are separate
2040, SPV and WTG variations development is depicted
grid systems based on the electricity demand. The stan­
in Figure 3. Hydroelectric RE was virtually equal to dalone system is not connected to the power grid. In
hydroelectric production in 2013 because of the rural locations, standalone systems vary significantly in
increased output of SPV and WTGs sources. size and use.
Hydroelectric RES production will account for more
than two-thirds of overall RES production by 2040.
The share of total RE in all power generation increased 2.2 Grid-tied power systems
from 13% in 2013 to 18% in 2040 [43]. The percentage
Grid-tied or grid-connected systems are power systems
of RE production in entire power generation has
that are connected to large independent networks,
increased due to lower natural gas prices and higher usually a utility grid, and supply energy directly to the
diesel prices. However, it is predicted that RE will grid. An inverter is needed to convert DC electricity into
expand slowly to 15% of total generation in 2040. AC to supply power to a grid [16].

2. Types of small power systems (SPS) 3. Hybrid renewable energy system

In remote areas, SPS is utilized to provide power. Small In the United States, the first distant village HRES with
grid growth has accelerated with decreased costs of SPV, a diesel generator and SPV was erected in 1978. Until
WTG, and Power Inverter systems. The SPS can be the electrical grid was installed in 1983, the power gen­
classified as a network connected to the grid or erated by this microgrid was used to supply the com­
a separate power system called as off grid power system munity refrigerators, washing machines, lights, and
or standalone system. Figure 4 shows the types of power pumps [44]. Nowadays, in HRES, a combination of
networks and Figure 5 shows the schematic diagram of RES is used. With or without storage units, SPV, Micro-
small HRES system. Hydro, and small WTG sources are used in rural areas

Small power systems

Power systems connected to the grid Off-grid power systems (Standalone)

Single energy Hybrid energy Single energy Hybrid energy

DG Mini-grid

Figure 4. Classification of small power systems.

726 M. S. ANSARI ET AL.

Figure 5. HRE systems schematic diagram.

to supply electrical power to the loads. The benefit of in [7] shows the strategy for making optimal mainte­
many alternative sources with different generation char­ nance of multi-SPV-based distributed generators. In
acteristics is the water flow in a river that fluctuates [48], the author presented mathematical modeling to
depending on the weather. Summer solar insolation is Hybrid SPV units to consider the loss of load probability
higher than winter, with intense daytime radiation and (LOLP). If SPV contributes 75% of the required energy
no nighttime radiation [45]. At the same time, airspeed in this context, an optimal solution can be obtained.
is similar, with WT speed being high in a few regions in A comparison of the reliability effects of SPV and
the summer. Depending on local renewable energy WTG on a microgrid in a rural area of Egypt is con­
environments, two renewable energy sources or more ducted [10]. In this work, WTG is shown, which helps
can be added to a system. Many HRES such as WTG, microgrid so that its energy does not have a deficiency of
SPV, and Hydro systems results in no emissions. Small 2.92% and some obstructions to 1.57% each year
hybrid reactors are less expensive than large, compli­ improve, but SPV power is modeled by 1.46% per year
cated nuclear reactors. For HRES, fuel is abundant, improves the interruption period. With the usage of
accessible, and endless [46]. As a result, the power gen­ HOMER, it is possible to reduce the consumption of
erated by small hybrid units is not dependent on local fossil fuels to feed the demand of the GSM base station
fuel prices. The high-cost battery capacity and diesel at Ikwerre, as shown in [49]. Context [50] tested the
requirement can be decreased by combining the benefits reduction in fuel usage by using diesel engines and
of SPV and WTG. In addition, for the best performance batteries in the SPV hybrid microgrid using the
of the SPV-WTG system, the conditions are intense HOMER software. The use of PSO technology in [51]
solar radiation and WTG energy. The environment, creates uncertainty when assessing the economics of
WTG capacity, SPV capacity, location, loads, storage operating a microgrid with WTG, SPV Generation,
device capacity, and generation site are all part of the Diesel Engines, and Storage Units. The impacts of
hybrid WTG/SPV/diesel system’s operation and cost. changes in the SPV array area, battery units, and HERS
According to the authors [47], the overall performance WTG capacity were studied in [52]. In [40], the author
of the WTG/SPV/hybrid microgrid can be analyzed developed a decision-making tool for policymakers to
using the computer-modeling method in the decide on a practical element in a grid-connected SPV-
MATLAB/ Simulink software package. The microgrid WTG system plan. The parameters were calculated
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODELLING AND SIMULATION 727

using an analytical technique in this reference, which on reliable sources by using iterative optimization of the
confused the HPS planning. The research was based on hybrid solar photovoltaic system. For analysis of the
social, economic, and political factors [53]. capacity of batteries, WTG and SPV array technique
Figure 5 shows a block diagram for HRE. The hybrid with minimum price has been proposed in [61].
converter connects two sources in this diagram (WTG- Evaluation of the powers of a battery in a grid-tied SPV
SPV). If the hybrid microgrid’s power supply is insuffi­ system is presented in [62].
cient, battery storage units are employed to store extra
power and feed it to the load. The inverter converts the
power supply from DC to AC to meet the load require­ 3.2 Wind turbine system
ment. The variance in energy production is caused by the
Novel ways are now being developed to harness the
immediate difference in solar radiation and wind speed,
required energy using WTG. WTG was previously
which necessitates an appropriate design for a reliable
used to maneuver the boat and pump water. In
hybrid microgrid to supply the load under changing
1887 windmill was built in Scotland to produce elec­
weather circumstances. A detailed procedure should be
tricity. The design of WTG is often customized to
performed to reduce the cost of a microgrid [54].
specific characteristics of the place. Low wind speed
locations are ideal for oversized rotors, while high
3.1 Solar photovoltaic system wind speed locations are designed for small rotors
[63]. Many WTGs are designed in variable pitch or
Solar energy directly from the sun is converted to elec­
variable speed mode to control loads. In 1887 during
trical power by solar panels. The largest SPV power­
the winter season, Charles was the first person who
houses are located in California Valley Photovoltaic
produced electricity by using a wind-powered gen­
Ranch (USA) and Agua Caliente Photovoltaic Project
(Arizona, USA), which produce electrical power over erator [64]. The chosen area must have significant
250 MWP [40]. Due to the high price of solar panels, wind energy potential throughout the year to exploit
their use is limited to 1% of the global electricity genera­ the hybrid WTG more effectively and economically.
tion. SPV can’t produce electricity 24 hr a day, and there­ WTG is now associated with large and small WTG
fore due to its intermittent nature, battery storage is for various constructions. Unlike solar energy, the
needed. Amongst systems fixed in 2011, the average operating time of WTGs is extended due to which
stated cost for applications in small commercial establish­ they generate power throughout the day and night
ments upto10 kW was approximately 6.13 $ per Watt, and on cloudy days [65,66]. The electricity produc­
and for applications in commercial establishments higher tion from wind power in Europe is approximately
than 100 kW was about 4.87 USD/W [55]. The econom­ only about 35,000 MW. Due to low wind speed
ical solution is the SPV system to provide energy in the speeds, WTGs can’t produce electrical power; there­
rural sector. In a decentralized generation, the SPV sys­ fore, other sources are required to feed the load. As
tem’s economic feasibility has been checked and verified a result, both wind and solar systems require energy
for its electiveness for villages with about 100 families. An storage devices to store extra energy and use it when
SPV-hybrid microgrid consists of a diesel generator as there is a lower supply of power to meet load
backup is shown in [56]. Concerning the unit capacity of demand without load shedding [67].
the battery, the threshold of starting and then stopping In contrast, encouraging probabilities are that con­
for the backup diesel generator considering the diesel sumers who can produce their energy by building small
unit’s pre-operating time was evaluated using SPVs and WTG farms can meet the daily load demand.
FORTRAN in the model for hybrid SPV in [57]. Based on speed data of wind turbines on an extended
A technique has been established to feed the load demand period basis, the authors presented the windmill effect
to attain the optimal combinations of the battery unit and as constraints on a capacity factor (CF) in [68]. CF is an
SP [58]. A statistical model has been used to find the load essential component of the hybrid WT system for select­
and insulation. In [59], a solution approach based on the ing a specific WTG at a particular location. In
closed procedure of the disconnected (SPV-battery sto­ a standalone WTG, for the calculation of LPSP along
rage) hybrid microgrid was used to compute the losses of with storage units, a closed procedure solution method
power supply probability (LPSP). Based on the cost of was proposed in [69,70]. A Monte Carlo simulation-
electricity production, the optimal combinations are based method for generating probability index, which
necessary for expansion from the nearby power line, tilt, helped in the appropriate determination of penetration
and azimuth angle [60]. Under extensively fluctuating in WTG for the current system considering economic
load conditions, performance calculation is done based aspects and reliability, is proposed in [71].
728 M. S. ANSARI ET AL.

3.3 Hydropower system technology price, especially SPV and WTGs, has gradu­
ally become competitive with traditional technologies.
The forerunner of the current turbine is the water wheel,
In a hybrid system unit, reliability during environmen­
which converts hydraulic power to mechanical power,
tally changing conditions and the network’s cost are the
which is then converted to electrical energy by
main concerns that need attention. Several authors
a generator. In 1882, the first hydroelectric station was
endeavored to optimize one or all these concerns.
placed in Wisconsin, producing 12.5 kW. Hydroelectric
A bubble diagram for the field of this article is shown
power generation has gradually increased by roughly 3%
in Figure 6 [73].
per year over the previous four decades worldwide. In
2011, in more than 160 countries, about 16% of global
electrical energy had been developed from hydropower. 5. HRES optimization techniques
Most energy production in Paraguay, Venezuela, Nepal,
Ethiopia, Norway, Bhutan, and Egypt is through hydro­ The optimal size of the SPV array, battery banks, WTG,
power [34]. power from hydroelectric generators, and alternative
In contrast to the quickly fluctuating and unpredict­ systems for a standalone or grid-tied hybrid renewable
able nature of SPV and WTG, hydropower has an energy system to the essential load and the perfect LPSP
unlimited seasonal cycle. Based on the season of based on many factors are provided by the well-made
the year, water streams vary slowly. Therefore, the simulation of the system. The electrical loads which are
requirement for energy storage units is absent. In 2010 supplied have a measurable probability called LPSP. The
the greatest utilized RESs was hydropower accounting electrical loads will be fed when the generation of elec­
for 16% of the total electrical energy production [72]. trical energy from renewable energy and the energy
provided from battery storage is more than the energy
needed to supply the electrical loads [74]. LPSP equals
4. Future of HRE systems zero in an ideal power system where the complete loads
are fulfilled by the supply and one in a power system
Distributed hybrid networks reduce the cost of energy where electrical loads are not fed. A portion of these
and power loss in a distribution and transmission net­ criteria is named system capacities, minimum system
work. As a result, there is a need to identify places for price, LOLPs, LPSPs, the quantity of battery storage
WTGs and SPVs before connecting them to the utility units, and maximum generation of electrical power gen­
grid to lower electric power rates without disrupting the eration. The numerous optimization methods like gra­
network’s current state. phical construction [51,75–79], probabilistic
Worldwide the role of RESs is essential in meeting methodology, iterative method, artificial intelligence,
energy demands. The continuous fall of the RES linear programming (LP), dynamic programming

Figure 6. Diagram showing the different steps used in the literature review.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODELLING AND SIMULATION 729

Table 1. Types of optimization techniques.

Methods of
optimization Energy Sources Ref. Comments
A Graphical Battery storage and SPV [80–84] Two parameters are used in this method.
Construction
B Probabilistic Performance of hybrid-system [85–87] Data collecting is based on a statistical technique.
approach
C Deterministic Stand-alone SPV with battery [88–90] Equations are used to determine specific values based on constant
Approach storage parameters.
D Alternative Approach Based on LPSP, a plausible solar-wind combination was discovered.
1 Hill Climbing [35, 83, 91–93]
2 Dynamic Programming Hybrid SPV with WTG [94, 95]
3 Linear Programming [96, 97]
4 Multi-objective [85, 96]
E Artificial Intelligence Hybrid SPV-WTG with battery Based on the evolution Technique
1 GA storage [98–102]
2 PSO [103, 104]
3 FL [105, 106]
4 ANN [107–110]
5 Hybrid of AI [109–112]
F Homer Software All RE element [61, 73, 75, 113–115] An input file containing all relevant data is provided. The software
handles other tasks.

(DP), and multi-objective were considered for improve­ sizing of the SPV/WTG hybrid system. Every month
ment of the hybrid WTG/SPV model by the many during which minimum solar radiation exists for solar
researchers. Table 1 gives the various techniques that PV and lower electricity is available from the wind,
utilize various methods of optimization. a Hybrid SPV /WTG evaluation can be carried out. In
this technique, two benefits are lower system cost and
minimal collection of electrical load data.
5.1 Graphical construction method
A challenge of two plan variables is graphically solved in
5.3 Deterministic approach method
a graphical construction method that shows how it
changes from one to the other. On the same chart, the In this technique, the evaluation of parameters in
functions of constraints are plotted. The optimal point is a model is done individually for each set of the variable
found by visual inspection and sketching the OF shape of and plants by considering the value of earlier states to
a possible area. In [81], optimum siting was achieved by assess these variables. As a result, unlike the probabil­
superposition. The authors have utilized long series of istic technique, there is always a single optimal solution
radiation of solar energy, so optimum siting was per­ for known parameters. The authors in [88] estimated
formed by the superposition of low solar radiation climate solar PV installation system sizes and costs in Nepal.
cycles per day [116]. An optimal size technique is proposed
for the hybrid SPV/WTG system. The performance of the
5.4 Iterative approach method
Hybrid SPV/WTG microgrid was made hourly dependent
by stabilizing WTG. By attracting the curve’s tangent, the An iterative process is a mathematical technique imple­
goal of an annual LOLP with various capacities of the array mented by the computer that calculates the approximate
of SPV and battery storage units was determined, and the sequence of filtering with the optimal result of the problem
optimal configuration in terms of cost and LPSP was being obtained until expiry criteria are accomplished. By
obtained. using this method, the estimated time exponentially
increases variables for optimality are increased in number.
This method has been used for an optimal SPV-WTG-
5.2 Probabilistic approach technique
battery HRES dependent on LCC minimization [93].
In this current technique, the dependence of randomness
is based on the collected data. That’s why the position of
5.5 Models of AI approaches
the variable is unknown for personal values, and it is
somewhat chosen to be employed as one of the statistical AI is a branch of computer science that focuses on
tools. Per-hour calculation has been done for the optimal creating software and machines. Fuzzy Logic (FL),
730 M. S. ANSARI ET AL.

Table 2. HRES optimal sizing methods.

Optimization Based on Objective function Ref.
Economy Capital Cost [121, 122]
Annualized Cost [83]
Reliability LPSP [113, 123]
EENS [86]
LOLP [124]
Techno-Economic Analysis [49, 125]
Yearly-Monthly-Hourly [91]
Average Method
Most Unfavorable Month Method System Cost [126, 127]
Electrical Load:
1. Constant Load [128]
2. Variable Load [87]

ANN [117,118,119,120], GA [102], and hybrid in Jordan. Table 2 gives explicit references for all
approaches that combine two or more branches make types of optimization approaches.
up AI. The proper application of AI tools leads to
systems with a superior AI act or other structures that
may not be suited for out-of-date methodologies. 6. The HRES design criteria
HRES is sized by combining all sizes of renewable and
conventional energy sources and a storage battery to
5.6 HOMER software
fulfill predicted load demands with a higher level of
HOMER aids in the development of both off-grid and safety. Researchers have formulated design criteria for
grid-connected systems. HOMER can perform analyses optimal HRES that rely on the reliability, economics,
to solve a range of research questions/problems: and type of electric loads. The customarily used plan of
optimum HRES criteria is shown in detail in Table 2.
● What should be the component size?
● Which are the most operative systems costs?
● What effect would price, or load variations have on 7. Conclusions
the scheme’s economics?
Nowadays, due to the lower cost of WG and SPV,
● Is the RES acceptable?
HRES is gradually being used for the electrification
of rural areas. It is supposed to support providing
National RE Laboratory (NREL), USA, has designed
power for more than one billion people who are
HOMER software used to create and analyze
deprived of electrical energy in developing countries.
a hybrid system. The inputs to HOMER software
Power reliability can be increased by using HRES
are electrical load, solar insulation, wind speed,
instead of only one generation source, either solar
prices, hybrid microgrid technological aspects, con­
PV or wind turbine generator. In this literature
trols, limitations, and type of dispatch scheme. The
review, the main contribution of the HRES microgrid
energy balance computations are done by HOMER
has been systematically carried out in the context of
every hour per year. The HOMER software analyses
the present global energy scenario. A compact math­
the thermal and electrical loads to the energy gener­
ematical modeling and comprehensive review of
ated that a network can supply every hour. If any
numerous RES and battery storage unit and optimi­
system has batteries as a storage, HOMER decides
zation methods are described. The details of the
for every hour how the control of units should be
optimization approaches and dependency of the
done and whether the storage battery can be dis­
HRE microgrid on several important criteria are
charged or charged. HOMER calculates the total
presented. The review carried out in this study
cost by considering the original, operation and main­
emphasizes improving HRE microgrid with and
tenance, replacement, interest, and fuel costs if the
without utility grid using various tools by the
hybrid system delivers the loads for the entire year.
researchers.
Each component’s energy flows hourly, and the
annual cost can be calculated. In [115-121],
a detailed techno-economic analysis was done by
Disclosure statement
Hrayshat with HOMER to design an optimal hybrid
diesel-SPV battery system model for the rural houses No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODELLING AND SIMULATION 731

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Ghaziabad, India on 31st July 2010 and worked as an https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0510-4_4
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renewable energy systems with hydrogen storage.
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of grid connected hybrid photovoltaic–wind–battery
and Fellow Institution of Engineers (India). His research
system using model predictive control design. IET
interests include renewable energy, power systems, and
Renew Power Generat. 2017;11(14):1760–1768.
smart grid.
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