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 ATTALID ASIA MINOR

Money, International Relations, and the State

This page intentionally left blank
Attalid Asia Minor
Money, International Relations,
and the State

E D I T E D BY
PETER THONEMANN

1
 3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
# Oxford University Press 2013
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2013
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
ISBN 978–0–19–965611–0
Printed in Great Britain by the
MPG Printgroup, UK
 Preface

Few epochs in the history of western Asia Minor are as well docu-
mented, or as poorly understood, as the ‘short’ second century bc. In
188 bc, the treaty of Apameia brought an end to Seleukid rule north
of the Tauros mountains. The prosperous Seleukid territories in Asia
Minor were divided by Roman fiat between the inhabitants of the
island polis of Rhodes (who received Karia south of the Maeander
river) and King Eumenes II of Pergamon, the ruler of a tiny, semi-
independent principality on the far northern periphery of the vast
Seleukid realm. The curtain fell on Attalid Asia Minor a mere fifty-
five years later, in 133 bc, with the death of Eumenes’ son Attalos III
and the bequest of his kingdom to the Roman people.
Before Apameia, the Attalid kingdom had been a relatively small
player in Hellenistic great power politics. In Chapter 3 of this volume,
Boris Chrubasik shows that down to the 190s, the Attalid dynasts had
never in fact enjoyed any real independence from the Seleukid state,
acting instead as local power-holders within a Seleukid administrative
framework. Their gradual disentanglement from the Seleukids was
completed in 188, when the Attalids saw tremendous swathes of
territory bestowed on them at the stroke of a Roman pen. Eumenes
was the chief beneficiary of a set of careful and pragmatic Roman
calculations of self-interest, persuasively analysed by Philip Kay in
Chapter 4.
Eumenes’ Faustian pact with Rome brought its own problems. As
I argue in Chapter 1, the ideological and bureaucratic structures of the
Attalid kingdom after Apameia developed in a manner quite unlike
those of the other major Hellenistic terriorial states. Not only were the
late Attalid monarchs obliged to develop a new, non-charismatic
royal style and ideology; large parts of the tributary economy and
royal administration were progressively devolved to civic actors and
local power-holders. The military needs of the expanded second-
century Attalid kingdom were met with an extensive programme of
military settlement in rural Lydia and Phrygia, as John Ma describes
in Chapter 2. The landscape of western Asia Minor was permanently
transformed by the experience of Attalid rule.
vi Attalid Asia Minor
At some point in the early second century, and by the mid-160s at
the latest, the Attalid monarchs introduced a new reduced-weight
silver currency (the ‘cistophoros’), which circulated only within the
Attalid dependent territories in Asia Minor. In stark contrast to all
other Hellenistic royal coin-issues, this coinage bore neither the name
nor the image of any member of the Attalid dynasty. In Chapter 6,
François de Callataÿ shows quite how startling a jump in Attalid
monetary production the introduction of the cistophoric coinage
represented: as de Callataÿ’s quantitative studies demonstrate, the
annual production of silver coinage by the last three Attalid monarchs
more than matched that of their former Seleukid masters.
A particular problem here is raised by the so-called ‘wreathed’
coinages, a group of large and beautiful silver coin-issues struck by
cities on the western fringe of the Attalid kingdom in vast quantities
around the middle of the second century bc. As Selene Psoma
establishes in Chapter 8, these wreathed issues should be understood
as a surrogate Attalid ‘export’ coinage, used in particular to fund
Attalid geopolitical interests in Seleukid Syria.
How the new cistophoric economy actually functioned in western
Asia Minor has never been convincingly explained. In Chapter 5,
Andrew Meadows offers a compelling new reconstruction of the
operation of the Attalids’ ‘epichoric’ currency system, which, he
argues, should be seen as closely connected to wider economic and
ideological imperatives on the part of the Attalid state. The workings
of this system on the peripheries of the kingdom are the subject of
Chapter 7, in which Richard Ashton shows how the currency-systems
of the two great powers of western Asia Minor, Rhodes and the
Attalids, exercised a strong gravitational pull on the local coinages
of small cities even outside their immediate zones of control.
The kingdom of Eumenes and his successors has long been the
Cinderella among the major Hellenistic territorial states. If the city of
Pergamon and the artistic and cultural legacies of the Attalid dynasty
have been relatively well served by recent scholarship—one thinks of
the work of Erich Gruen, Wolfgang Radt, Hans-Joachim Schalles,
Andrew Stewart, and Biagio Virgilio, among others—the same cannot
be said for the material, economic, and institutional foundations of
Attalid success. Hence the focus of this volume on the political
economy of the second-century Attalid kingdom, and in particular
the three major themes of money, international relations, and the
 Preface vii
state. Culture and ideology are not neglected; but this is first and
foremost a book about power.
All but two of the papers published here were originally delivered
in a seminar series, ‘The Attalids and their Neighbours, 188–133 bc’,
held under the auspices of the Oxford Ancient History sub-faculty
every Tuesday afternoon during Trinity Term (April–June) 2010.
I am grateful to Riet van Bremen, Beate Dignas, Chris Howgego,
Jack Kroll, and Robert Parker for their contributions to the original
seminar series; to Andrew Meadows and the American Numismatic
Society for help with images; to Nicholas Evans, of Wadham College,
for compiling the index; to the Faculty of Classics, Wadham College,
The Robinson Charitable Trust, and the Heberden Coin Room for
financial support; and to Hilary O’Shea at Oxford University Press for
her commitment to the project.
Peter Thonemann
Oxford, March 2012
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

List of Abbreviations x
List of Illustrations xiv
Notes on Contributors xvii

1. The Attalid State, 188–133 bc 1

Peter Thonemann
2. The Attalids: A Military History 49
John Ma
3. The Attalids and the Seleukid Kings, 281–175 bc 83
Boris Chrubasik
4. What Did the Attalids Ever Do for Us? The View from
the Aerarium 121
Philip Kay
5. The Closed Currency System of the Attalid Kingdom 149
Andrew Meadows
6. The Coinages of the Attalids and their Neighbours:
A Quantified Overview 207
François de Callataÿ
7. The Use of the Cistophoric Weight-Standard Outside the
Pergamene Kingdom 245
Richard Ashton
8. War or Trade? Attic-Weight Tetradrachms from
Second-Century bc Attalid Asia Minor in Seleukid Syria
after the Peace of Apameia and their Historical Context 265
Selene Psoma

Bibliography 301
Index 329
 Abbreviations

ANS American Numismatic Society

ANSMN American Numismatic Society Museum Notes
BE Bulletin épigraphique, annually in REG.
BM The British Museum, London
BMC Aeolis W. W. Wroth, Catalogue of the Greek Coins [in the
British Museum] of Troas, Aeolis and Lesbos.
London, 1894.
BMC Caria B. V. Head, Catalogue of the Greek Coins [in the
British Museum] of Caria, Cos, Rhodes, &c.
London, 1897.
BnF Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
CAH The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge, 1923–.
CH Coin Hoards, Vols. I–IX: London, 1975–2002; Vol.
X: New York, 2010.
CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum
CNG Classical Numismatic Group (sale catalogues)
FD III Fouilles de Delphes, Tome III : Épigraphie. Paris,
1909–.
FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen
Historiker. Berlin and Leiden, 1923–.
Gorny Gorny and Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung GmbH
(sale catalogues)
IG Inscriptiones Graecae
IGCH M. Thompson, O. M
rkholm, and C. Kraay (eds.),
An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. New York,
1973.
IOSPE I2 V. Latyshev, Inscriptiones antiquae orae
septentrionalis Ponti Euxini graecae et latinae, Vol.
1, 2nd edn., Inscriptiones Tyriae, Olbiae, Chersonesi
Tauricae. St. Petersburg, 1916.
ISE Iscrizioni storiche ellenistiche
IThrAeg L. D. Loukopoulou, M.-G. Parissaki, S. Psoma, and
A. Zournatzi, ¯
تæÆçb B ¨æŒÅ F `NªÆı.
Athens, 2005.
IvP M. Fränkel, E. Fabricius, and K. Schuchhardt,
Die Inschriften von Pergamon (2 vols.). Berlin,
1890–1895.
 Abbreviations xi
I.Assos R. Merkelbach, Die Inschriften von Assos. IGSK 4.
Bonn, 1976.
I.BurdurMus G. H. R. Horsley, RECAM V: The Greek and Latin
Inscriptions in the Burdur Archaeological Museum.
Ankara, 2007.
I.Cos M. Segre, Iscrizioni di Cos (2 vols.). Rome, 1993.
I.Cret. M. Guarducci, Inscriptiones Creticae (4 vols.).
Rome, 1935–50.
I.Délos Inscriptions de Délos
I.Didyma A. Rehm, Didyma, II Teil: Die Inschriften. Berlin,
1958.
I.Ephesos H. Wankel, R. Merkelbach et al., Die Inschriften
von Ephesos (7 vols.). IGSK 11–17. Bonn, 1979–81.
I.Erythrai H. Engelmann and R. Merkelbach, Die Inschriften
von Erythrai (2 vols.). IGSK 1–2. Bonn, 1972–3.
I.Iasos W. Blümel, Die Inschriften von Iasos (2 vols.). IGSK
28. Bonn, 1985.
I.Ilion P. Frisch, Die Inschriften von Ilion. IGSK 3. Bonn,
1975.
I.Kibyratis N. P. Milner, RECAM III: An Epigraphical Survey
in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region Conducted by
A. S. Hall. Ankara, 1998.
I.Knidos W. Blümel, Die Inschriften von Knidos. IGSK 41.
Bonn, 1992.
I.Kyme H. Engelmann, Die Inschriften von Kyme. IGSK 5.
Bonn, 1976.
I.Lampsakos P. Frisch, Die Inschriften von Lampsakos. IGSK 6.
Bonn, 1978.
I.Laodikeia T. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Laodikeia am
Lykos. I. IGSK 49. Bonn, 1997.
I.Magnesia O. Kern, Die Inschriften von Magnesia am
Maeander. Berlin, 1900.
I.ilet Milet. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und
Untersuchungen seit dem Jahr 1899. Band 6:
Inschriften von Milet (3 vols.), ed. P. Herrmann
et al. Berlin, 1997–2006.
I.Pessinous J. Strubbe, The Inscriptions of Pessinous. IGSK 66.
Bonn, 2005.
I.Priene F. Frhr. Hiller von Gaertringen, Die Inschriften von
Priene. Berlin, 1906.
I.Prusa ad Olympum T. Corsten, Die Inschriften von Prusa ad Olympum
(2 vols.). IGSK 39–40. Bonn, 1991–3.
xii Attalid Asia Minor
I.Sestos J. Krauss, Die Inschriften von Sestos und der
thrakischen Chersones. IGSK 19. Bonn, 1980.
I.Smyrna G. Petzl, Die Inschriften von Smyrna (2 vols. in 3).
IGSK 23–4. Bonn, 1982–90.
I.Sultan Dağı L. Jonnes, The Inscriptions of the Sultan Dağı.
I. IGSK 62. Bonn, 2002.
I.Tralleis F. B. Poljakov, Die Inschriften von Tralleis und
Nysa. I. IGSK 36.1. Bonn, 1989.
Lanz Numismatik Lanz München (sale catalogues)
Leu Bank Leu (sale catalogues)
MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua
McCabe, Chios D. F. McCabe and J. V. Brownson, Chios
Inscriptions: Texts and List. Princeton, 1986.
Milet Milet. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und
Untersuchungen seit dem Jahr 1899.
Münzzentrum Köln Münzzentrum Köln (sale catalogues)
NAC Numismatica Ars Classica (sale catalogues)
NC Numismatic Chronicle
OGIS W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graecae Inscriptiones
Selectae (2 vols.). Leipzig, 1903–5.
P.Cair.Zen. C. C. Edgar (ed.), Catalogue général des antiquités
égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Zenon Papyri.
4 vols. Cairo, 1925–31. Vol. 5, O. Guéraud and
P. Jouguet (eds.), Cairo, 1940.
Rauch H. D. Rauch Auktionen (sale catalogues)
RBN Revue Belge de Numismatique
RC C. B. Welles, Royal Correspondence in the
Hellenistic Period. New Haven, 1934.
RDGE R. K. Sherk, Roman Documents from the Greek
East. Senatus Consulta and Epistulae to the Age of
Augustus. Baltimore, 1969.
RE Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen
Altertumswissenschaft
RN Revue Numismatique
Robert, OMS L. Robert, Opera Minora Selecta. Epigraphie et
antiquités grecques (7 vols.). Amsterdam, 1969–90.
RRC M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage
(2 vols.). Cambridge, 1974.
SC Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue,
A. Houghton and C. C. Lorber, Part I: Seleucus I to
Antiochus III (2 vols.); A. Houghton, C. C. Lorber,
and O. D. Hoover, Part II: Seleucus IV to Antiochus
XIII (2 vols.) New York and Lancaster, Pa., 2002–8.
 Abbreviations xiii
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
SGDI F. Bechtel, H. Collitz et al., Sammlung der
griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften (4 vols.).
Göttingen, 1884–1915.
SGO R. Merkelbach and F. Stauber, Steinepigramme aus
dem griechischen Osten (5 vols.). Munich and
Leipzig, 1998–2004.
SNG Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum
Syll.3 W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum,
3rd edn. (4 vols.). Leipzig, 1915–24.
TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris
TN J. Melville Jones, Testimonia Numaria. Vol. I, Texts
and Translations; Vol. II, Commentary. London,
1993 and 2007.
UBS UBS Numismatics, Zurich (sale catalogues)
Waddington E. Babelon, Inventaire sommaire de la collection
Waddington. Paris, 1898.
Walbank, HCP F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on
Polybius (3 vols.). Oxford, 1957–79.
 Illustrations

MAPS

Map 1. The west coast of Asia Minor in the second century bc. xix
Map 2. Asia Minor in the second century bc. xx
Map 3. Side, Aspendos, Perge, and Phaselis and their estimated
production of tetradrachms (c.220–180 bc). 222
Map 4. Cistophoric mints and mints which produced
wreathed tetradrachms, with their total productions
estimated in equivalent of obverses for Attic drachms. 234

FIGURES

Figs. 2.1–2. Funerary stelai from Yiğitler. Photographs

# Cumhur Tanrıver. 67–68
Fig. 5.1. Cistophoros of Pergamon, Kleiner and Noe 1977:
Issue 12, c.160–150 bc. ANS 1951.5.13.
Photographs # ANS. 150
Fig. 5.2. Tetradrachm of Seleukos I, mint of Pergamon,
c.282–281 bc. ANS 1967.152.675. Photographs # ANS. 154
Fig. 5.3. Tetradrachm of Seleukos I, mint of Pergamon,
c.282–281 bc. ANS 1950.113.3. Photographs # ANS. 155
Fig. 5.4. Tetradrachm of Philetairos, mint of Pergamon,
c.280–271 bc. ANS 1967.152.413. Photographs # ANS. 155
Fig. 5.5. Tetradrachm of Philetairos, Group II, mint of
Pergamon, c.270–263 bc. ANS 1944.100.43174.
Photographs # ANS. 157
Fig. 5.6. Tetradrachm of Attalos I, in the name of Philetairos,
Group VI B2, mint of Pergamon, c.205–195 bc.
ANS 1967.152.414. Photographs # ANS. 160
Fig. 5.7. Tetradrachm of Attalos I, in the name of Alexander
the Great, mint of Pergamon, c.205–195 bc.
ANS 1944.100.31392. Photographs # ANS. 161
Fig. 5.8a and b. Tetradrachm of Side in Pamphylia (obverse),
with ‘cistophoric’ countermark of Pergamon,
and detail of countermark (x3). Host
coin c.205–190 bc, countermark c.188–180 bc.
ANS 1984.5.102. Photographs # ANS. 171
 Illustrations xv
Fig. 5.9. Tetradrachm of Eumenes II, mint of Pergamon,
c.166–162 bc. BM, 1849-07-17-10. Photographs
# Andrew Meadows. 174
Fig. 5.10. Tetradrachm of Athena Nikephoros, reign of
Eumenes II, mint of Pergamon, c.180–165 bc.
BM, 1975-02-08-1. Photographs # Andrew Meadows. 175
Fig. 5.11. Tetradrachm of Eumenes II, in the name of Philetairos,
Group VII (Dolphin + `), mint of Pergamon,
c.165–150 bc. ANS 1971.260.2. Photographs # ANS. 176
Fig. 5.12. Cistophoros of Eumenes II, Kleiner–Noe issue 3
(Dolphin + `), mint of Pergamon, c.165–160 bc.
Utrecht (Kleiner and Noe 1977: Pl. I. 9).
Photographs # ANS. 176
Fig. 5.13. Cistophoric tetradrachm of Alabanda in Karia,
Year 14, c.154/3 bc. ANS 1947.999.13.
Photographs # ANS. 178
Fig. 5.14. Tetradrachm in the name of the Divine Syrian
Kabeiroi, uncertain mint, c.145–140 bc. ANS 1978.34.1.
Photographs # ANS. 185
Fig. 5.15. Tetradrachm with the types of Side in Pamphylia,
in the name of Kleuchares, c.160–150 bc. Commerce,
from Coin Hoards IX 521. Photographs # ANS. 188
Fig. 5.16. Tetradrachm of Temnos in Aiolis, in the name of
Alexander the Great, signed by Exenikos and Geitas,
c.150–140 bc. ANS 1949.67.1. Photographs # ANS. 190
Fig. 5.17. Tetradrachm in the name of the Artists of Dionysos,
mint of Teos (?), c.160–150 bc. Lorber and Hoover 2003.
By permission of Freeman & Sear. 190
Fig. 7.1. Alinda, tetradrachm (?) of cistophoric weight (?).
7.11 g, 12 h, 22 mm. BM 1915.4.8.1 (R. J. Whittall);
Hill 1917: 15. Photographs # Richard Ashton. 254
Fig. 7.2. Alinda, tetradrachm (?) of cistophoric weight (?).
6.72 g, 12 h, 26 mm. Paris, BnF 68; Waddington
2118; ex ‘Whittall’. Photographs # Richard Ashton. 254
Fig. 8.1. Attic-weight tetradrachm in the name of Athena
Ilias, after c.166 bc. ANS 1945.33.5. Photographs # ANS. 268
Fig. 8.2. Attic-weight tetradrachm of Klazomenai, c.160 bc.
ANS 2008.30.1. Photographs # ANS. 270
Fig. 8.3. Attic-weight ‘wreathed’ tetradrachm of Kyme,
c.160–145 bc. ANS 1948.19.1171. Photographs # ANS. 270
Fig. 8.4. Attic-weight ‘wreathed’ tetradrachm of Myrina,
after 160 bc. ANS 1944.100.44235. Photographs # ANS. 270
Fig. 8.5. Attic-weight ‘wreathed’ tetradrachm of Magnesia
on the Maeander, c.155–145 bc. ANS 1976.247.28.
Photographs # ANS. 271
xvi Attalid Asia Minor
Fig. 8.6. Attic-weight ‘wreathed’ tetradrachm of Herakleia
on Latmos, c.150–145 bc. ANS 1967.152.443, ex
Aleppo 1930 Hoard (IGCH 1562). Photographs # ANS. 271
Fig. 8.7. Attic-weight ‘wreathed’ tetradrachm of Smyrna,
c.165–145 bc. ANS 1967.152.450. Photographs # ANS. 271
Fig. 8.8. Attic-weight ‘wreathed’ tetradrachm of Lebedos,
c.160–140 bc. ANS 1967.152.444 ex Aleppo 1930
Hoard (IGCH 1562). Photographs # ANS. 272
Fig. 8.9. Attic-weight tetradrachm of Maroneia, after 146 bc.
ANS 1966.75.67 (SNG Burton Berry 496). Photographs
# ANS. 289
Fig. 8.10. Attic-weight tetradrachm of Thasos, after 146 bc.
ANS 1966.75.86 (SNG Burton Berry 521).
Photographs # ANS. 290

CHARTS

Chart 5.1 Per annum rates of coin production, averaged

across reigns (4 dr. dies) 201
Chart 5.2 Per annum rates of coin production within the
reign of Eumenes II 201
 Notes on Contributors

Richard Ashton edits the Special Publications of the Royal Numis-

matic Society and co-edits the Numismatic Chronicle, the Society’s
annual journal.
François de Callataÿ is Head of Departments at the Royal Library of
Belgium, as well as Professor at the Free University of Brussels and at
the École pratique des Hautes Études (Paris). Much of his work
focuses on Hellenistic royal coinages and their quantification. He
recently edited Quantifying Monetary Supplies in Greco-Roman
Times (2011).
Boris Chrubasik is a Stipendiary Lecturer in Ancient History at
Somerville College and Trinity College, Oxford. He is currently
preparing for publication his doctoral thesis on usurpers in the
Seleukid kingdom.
Philip Kay is a Supernumerary Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford.
His research interests include the economy of the Roman Republic
and ancient banking. Forthcoming publications include a mono-
graph, Rome’s Economic Revolution, and a paper entitled ‘Financial
Institutions and Structures in the Last Century of the Roman Repub-
lic’, in Trade, Commerce and the State in the Roman World, edited by
Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson. In addition to his academic work,
he also runs his own investment management business.
John Ma teaches Ancient History at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
He is the author of Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor
and the forthcoming Statues and Cities: The Honorific Statue Habit in
the Hellenistic World. His interests include Greek epigraphy, the story
of the Greek city-state, and Hellenistic empires, as well as the
changing historiography of these subjects.
Andrew Meadows is Deputy Director of the American Numismatic
Society. He is currently finishing a history of the city of Alabanda in
Karia.
Selene Psoma teaches Ancient Greek history and Greek Numismatics
at the University of Athens. She is the author of Olynthe et les
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