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OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS
Community
Paediatrics
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Oxford Specialist
Handbook of
Community
Paediatrics
Edited by
Srinivas Gada
Consultant Community Paediatrician
Oxford University
Hospitals NHS Trust
Honorary Senior
Clinical Lecturer
University of Oxford, UK
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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© Oxford University Press 2012
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First Edition published in 2012
Impression: 1
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ISBN 978–0–19–969695–6
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Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the
drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check
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v
Foreword
In 1976, Professor Donald Court’s inquiry into child health services was
published. The report identified a range of failures in the way in which
care is delivered in the UK, with poor mortality data compared to our
European counterparts. The report also identified fragmentation and
poor communication between primary and secondary care, and a lack of
paediatric competence amongst many staff looking after children. Court
made a series of radical proposals, only a few of which were implemented.
Perhaps unsurprisingly not all of the problems he identified were solved;
indeed recent data still demonstrate that our all-cause child mortality
remains unacceptably high compared to that of much of Western Europe.
However, one recommendation which was followed through was for a
group of paediatricians to work in community settings with a remit—
among other things—to look after children with disabilities and to support
a range of health promotion activities.
Contemporary child health needs and demographics within the UK
have changed considerably since Court’s time, and there is now an even
greater demand for paediatricians to be trained in social and behavioural
paediatrics, care of children with disabilities, child health promotion and
child protection. Arguably we now need even more paediatricians to work
outside of traditional hospital settings and boundaries.
Dr Gada’s book provides an excellent overview of this critically impor-
tant area of paediatrics. The book combines clear and concise notes on
the full range of community paediatric topics, along with a wealth of prag-
matic and practical information. The topics are brought alive with case
vignettes, and importantly samples reports (for example, a court report)
and letters (for example, a ‘leaving care’ letter). Complex legal and statu-
tory procedures are explained clearly and in straightforward language, and
there are numerous lists of useful resources and contacts.
This comprehensive book will provide an invaluable reference text to
health care professionals working either wholly or partly in the commu-
nity, including paediatricians, GPs, therapists, nurses, health visitors, train-
ees, medical students and indeed to the many generalists who also play a
part in the essential aspects of care outlined within these pages.
Hilary Cass
Neurodisability Consultant
Evelina Children’s Hospital
President
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, UK
2012
vi
Preface
S. Gada
Oxford
March 2012
vii
Dedication
To
My Family
&
Acknowledgements
As in life, the journey of this book has seen numerous successes, some
failures, near misses, computer crashes, delays in getting responses, staff
vacancies, and relocations in the department. All of these have played
their part in its prolonged gestation! This book would not have come into
being without the support and assistance of the editorial team at OUP in
particular patience of Helen Liepman, the commissioning editor, and Tessa
Eaton, the production editor.
As a working community paediatrician much of the information that has
shaped the book was gleaned during the course of my clinical practice.
Therefore my utmost thanks go to all the children and their families who
have shared their everyday challenges, with me.
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all the contributors for
their hard work and for offering their invaluable time and expertise. My
special appreciation is here for their patience with numerous revisions.
Their dedication was crucial for the conclusion of this project.
My special thanks to following individuals for their assistance in reviewing/
revising the following: Michele McCoy (Public health), Dave Long (Clinical
engineering and PIMS), Fiona Ryan (Bone health), T. Girish (Gynaecological
care), Jeremy Hull (Respiratory care), Anupam Chakrapani (Inherited
metabolic diseases), Denise Challis (Development), Meg Buckingham
(Orthopaedic line diagrams), Sarah Lang (Immunisation Advisor, HPA),
Noel McCarthy (Consultant in Communicable Diseases, HPA), Nicole
Bigler (OT), Lesley Bucke (SLT), Linda Luxon (Audiology), Minoo Irani
(Chapter 4), and Neal Thurley (help with literature searches).
I am indebted to Jen Nutt (my secretary) for her seamless service.
S. Gada
2012
ix
Contents
Contributors x
Symbols and Abbreviations xii
Appendix 601
Index 641
x
Contributors
Symbols and
Abbreviations
b cross-reference
0 warning
2 important
M website
F telephone
7 approximately
i increased
d decreased
l leading to
4 male
5 female
1* primary
2* secondary
A&E Accident and Emergency (department)
AA amino acids
AABR automated auditory brainstem response
AAC augmentative and alternative communication
AASA alpha amino adipic succinylaldehyde
ABR auditory brainstem response
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone
AD autosomal dominant
ADD attention deficit disorder
ADEM acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADI Autism Diagnostic Interview
ADL activities of daily living
ADOS-G Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
AED antiepileptic drugs
AFO ankle foot orthoses
AFP alphafetoprotein
AHA assisting hand assessment
AN anorexia nervosa
ANSD auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
AOM acute otitis media
AOS apraxia of speech
AP action potential
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS CONTENTS xiii
AP antero-posterior
APA American Psychiatric Association
APD auditory processing disorder
AR autosomal recessive
AS Asperger’s syndrome
ASD autistic spectrum disorder
ASSA adoption support service advisor
ASSR auditory steady state response
AT ataxia telangiectasia
ATRX alpha thalassaemia/mental retardation syndrome
BAAF British Association for Adoption and Fostering
BAAP British Association of Audiological Physicians
BAHA bone anchored hearing aid
BAPA British Association of Paediatricians in Audiology
BAS British Ability Scales
BC bone conduction
BCECT benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes
BCG Bacille Calmette–Guérin
BMD bone mineral density
BN bulimia nervosa
BOR branchio-oto-renal syndrome
BP blood pressure
BP1 blind and partial sight registration form 1
BPVC benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
BPVS British Picture Vocabulary Scales
BSA British Society of Audiologists
BSID Bayley Scale of Infant Development
BSL British Sign Language
BTE behind-the-ear
C&YP children and young people
CaF Contact a Family (charity)
CAMHS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service
CBC child behaviour checklist
CBT cognitive behaviour therapy
CCN children’s community nurse
CCTV closed circuit TV
CD conduct disorder
CDC child development centre
CDOP child death overview process
CDT child development team
CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
xiv CONTENTS SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FM fine motor
FRAXTAS fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome
FTT failure to thrive
FVC forced vital capacity
GA gestational age
GABA gamma amino butyric acid
GCSE general certificate of secondary education
GDD global developmental delay
GI gastrointestinal
GM gross motor
GMDS-ER Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised
GMFCS gross motor function classification system
GMFM gross motor function classification
GOR gastro-oesophageal reflux
GOS general ophthalmic services
GP general practitioner
GSD glycogen storage disease
GT gastrostomy tube
GUM genito-urinary medicine
HA hearing aid
HELLP haemolytic anaemia elevated liver enzymes low platelets
HEP hepatitis
HES hospital eye service
HGPRT hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
HI hearing impairment
Hib Haemophilus influenzae b
HIE hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
HIU hearing impaired unit
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HL hearing loss
HMSN hereditary motor sensory neuropathy
HPA health protection agency
HPV human papilloma virus
HSQ home screening questionnaire
HSV herpes simplex virus
Ht/Wt Height/weight
HV health visitor
Hx history
IADLs instrumental activities of daily living scales
ICD International Classification of Diseases
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS CONTENTS xvii
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