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DRUGS
The Straight Facts
Marijuana
DRUGS The Straight Facts
Alcohol
Cocaine
Hallucinogens
Heroin
Marijuana
Nicotine
DRUGS
The Straight Facts
Marijuana
Randi Mehling
Consulting Editor
David J. Triggle
University Professor
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
State University of New York at Buffalo
CHELSEA HOUSE PUBLISHERS
VP, NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Sally Cheney
DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION Kim Shinners
CREATIVE MANAGER Takeshi Takahashi
MANUFACTURING MANAGER Diann Grasse
http://www.chelseahouse.com
First Printing
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Mehling, Randi.
Marijuana / Randi Mehling.
p. cm.—(Drugs, the straight facts)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7910-7263-0
1. Marijuana—Juvenile literature. I. Title. II. Series.
HV5822.M3 M39 2002
613.8'35—dc21
2002153569
Table of Contents
The Use and Abuse of Drugs
David J. Triggle 6
5. Marijuana Dependency 60
Bibliography 96
Further Reading 99
Index 100
The Use and Abuse of Drugs
The issues associated with drug use and abuse in contemporary
society are vexing subjects, fraught with political agendas
and ideals that often obscure essential information that teens
need to know to have intelligent discussions about how to
best deal with the problems associated with drug use and
abuse. Drugs: The Straight Facts aims to provide this essential
information through straightforward explanations of how an
individual drug or group of drugs works in both therapeutic
and non-therapeutic conditions; with historical information
about the use and abuse of specific drugs; with discussion of
drug policies in the United States; and with an ample list of
further reading.
From the start, the series uses the word “drug” to describe
psychoactive substances that are used for medicinal or non-
medicinal purposes. Included in this broad category are
substances that are legal or illegal. It is worth noting that
humans have used many of these substances for hundreds, if
not thousands of years. For example, traces of marijuana and
cocaine have been found in Egyptian mummies; the use of
peyote and Amanita fungi has long been a component of
religious ceremonies worldwide; and alcohol production and
consumption have been an integral part of many human
cultures’ social and religious ceremonies. One can speculate
about why early human societies chose to use such drugs.
Perhaps, anything that could provide relief from the harshness
of life—anything that could make the poor conditions and
fatigue associated with hard work easier to bear—was consid-
ered a welcome tonic. Life was likely to be, according to the
seventeenth century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes,
“poor, nasty, brutish and short.” One can also speculate about
modern human societies’ continued use and abuse of drugs.
Whatever the reasons, the consequences of sustained drug use
are not insignificant—addiction, overdose, incarceration, and
drug wars—and must be dealt with by an informed citizenry.
The problem that faces our society today is how to break
6
the connection between our demand for drugs and the will-
ingness of largely outside countries to supply this highly
profitable trade. This is the same problem we have faced
since narcotics and cocaine were outlawed by the Harrison
Narcotic Act of 1914, and we have yet to defeat it despite
current expenditures of approximately $20 billion per year on
“the war on drugs.” The first step in meeting any challenge
is always an intelligent and informed citizenry. The purpose
of this series is to educate our readers so that they can
make informed decisions about issues related to drugs and
drug abuse.
Aldous Huxley, Brave New World. New York: Harper & Row,
1932. Huxley’s book, written in 1932, paints a picture of a
cloned society devoted to the pursuit only of happiness.
David J. Triggle
University Professor
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
State University of New York at Buffalo
7
1
The History
of Marijuana
Marijuana is the flowering part of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis
sativa, a weed-like species that grows wild and is also cultivated in many
tropical and temperate parts of the world. Cannabis means “hemp”
in Latin and is derived from the Greek word kannabis. Marijuana
probably comes from the Mexican Spanish marijuana/marihuana
(Mary’s leaf or plant) or from Maria and Juan (Mary and John).
Among its many names, marijuana is commonly known as weed,
ganja, mary jane, and pot.
For thousands of years, cannabis has enjoyed historical signifi-
cance as a recreational drug, a useful fiber, an oil, an edible seed, and
a medicine. It has been used to aid religious practices, alter mood
(psychoactive effect), stimulate creativity, treat disease, relieve anxiety
and boredom, enhance sensory experience and pleasure, rebel against
authority, and go along with peer influence. That is a lot of work for
one plant to do. This probably explains why cannabis has always been
an important cultivated crop and is currently a cornerstone of
controversial debate in all sectors of U.S. and international society.
Despite society’s focus on the marijuana “high,” cannabis histor-
ically has provided many meaningful industrial and medicinal values
that are not attributed to its psychoactive effects. Researchers discov-
ered that cannabis crops farmed as far back as 12,000 years ago
yielded hemp, a distinct variety of the cannabis plant associated with
little or no psychoactivity. The first evidence of the medicinal use
of cannabis can be traced to a Chinese health publication from
8
Marijuana, or Cannabis sativa, is a weed-like plant that grows
in temperate and tropical climates. Although best known for its
psychoactive properties and use as a recreational drug, marijuana
has also been used historically for industrial and medicinal
purposes not related to its mind altering abilities.
9
10 MARIJUANA
14
The resin of the flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant contain the
chemical compounds responsible for marijuana’s psychoactive and
medicinal properties. This resin can be collected and pressed into
blocks, known as hashish.
15
16 MARIJUANA
POTENCY OF THC
Some studies indicate that the THC content of cannabis rose
dramatically from the 1960s to the 1990s. The increase is
assumed to be a result of different growing and breeding
methods. As a result, many researchers and policymakers
believe that it is possible that today’s marijuana users are
experiencing a much more potent, and therefore more danger-
ous, drug than previous users. Although these researchers
report an increase in the THC levels from the 1960s to the
1990s, they also report that the average THC level in cannabis
has been relatively stable in recent years.
Other researchers disagree with the theory of increased
THC levels. They argue that the original studies showing this
increase were faulty because they were based on samples of
marijuana with lower-than-average THC content—not repre-
sentative of the marijuana available years ago. Thus, today’s
THC potency is overstated. These researchers assert that
the average potency of THC in today’s marijuana remains
relatively unchanged; yet they acknowledge that more potent
marijuana at the “high end of the spectrum” is more widely
available today than previously.
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