📘 CSS Criminology Past Papers Analysis (2016–2025)

Categorized Section-Wise According to FPSC Syllabus

SECTION-I

Introduction, Crime & Criminals, Theoretical Perspectives

1. Understanding Criminology (Definition, Scope, Importance

2016 Q2: Explain the nature and importance of Criminology.

2017 Q2: Write a critical note on the increasing importance of Criminology in

Pakistan. Also discuss historical development of criminology as a scientific
discipline.

2018 Q2: Define Criminology. Discuss the scope of criminology in Pakistan.

2022 Q2: What is the difference between crime, deviance, sin and vice? Do
you believe crime is one of the major social problems of Pakistani society?
Discuss.

2023 Q2: Discuss scope of Criminology as science dealing with study of

criminal law, forensics and criminal investigation.

2023 Q3: Suggest measures to control robberies/dacoities and urban street

criminality in Pakistan.

2024 Q2: Explain the concept of crime as a social problem. How does the
perception vary across societies?

2025 Q1: Discuss the scope of criminology and its significance in Pakistani
society.

2. Crime & Criminals (Typologies)

2016 Q2: Define the terms Crime and Criminals. Explain the types of
criminals in detail.

2021 Q3(a): How would you classify criminal behaviour?

2021 Q3(b): What would be the focus of typology?

 3. Theoretical Perspectives (Biological, Sociological,
Psychological, Islamic)

2018 Q3: What is the Islamic perspective on crime and punishment?

2019 Q2: Discuss postulates of Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association

theory with examples.

2019 Q3: Travis Hirschi’s Social Bond theory – explain.

* 2020 Q2: Nature vs nurture debate in criminology.

* 2020 Q3: Define and explain Left realism, Right realism, Sociology of Law,
Penology.

* 2021 Q2: Critically analyze biological theories of criminality.

2022 Q3: What is Anomie? Discuss Robert Merton’s theory of Anomie.

2023 (Special) Q2: What is Merton’s Strain theory? Discuss in Pakistani

context.

2023 (Special) Q3: Discuss Social Disorganization theory & urban growth.

2024 Q3: Explain Labelling theory. Critically elaborate its effects on youth
and suggest remedies.

2025 Q2: Explain R.K. Merton’s Strain Theory. Critically elaborate its effects
on youth.

SECTION-II

— Juvenile Delinquency & Criminal Justice System

1. Juvenile Delinquency

2017 Q5(a): Causes of juvenile delinquency in Pakistan.

2018 Q4: What is juvenile delinquency? Explain nature, extent, causes, and
remedial measures.

2019 Q5: Functions/responsibilities of Juvenile Justice System.

2020 Q4: Risk and protective factors of juvenile delinquency in Pakistan.

 2022 Q4: Define juvenile delinquency. Write a note on history of juvenile
justice system & role of juvenile court.

2023 Q4: How juvenile delinquency can be reduced through institutions,

counseling & care?

2023 (Special) Q4: What is juvenile delinquency? Role of police in Juvenile

Justice System.

2024 Q4: Explain juvenile delinquency. Socio-economic, demographic,

environmental factors.

2025 Q3: Explain juvenile delinquency. Socio-economic, demographic,

environmental factors.

2.Juvenile Justice System / Probation & Parole

2016 Q5(b): Define Probation. Discuss conditions of probation.

2017 Q5(b): Short notes on Probation & Parole.

2019 Q5: Do you believe Juvenile Justice has played its role in prevention of
juvenile crimes in Pakistan?

2021 Q5: Define Juvenile Probation. Explain administration of services.

2022 Q4: Role of juvenile court in reducing delinquency (part of question

above).

3.Police, Courts & Criminal Justice System

2016 Q5(a): Write a note on the role of crime control agencies

2018 Q5: Trace history & development of police in Pakistan.

2021 Q4: Describe various procedures & problems of Criminal Courts in

Pakistan.

2022 Q5: Police as colonial legacy; changes in Pakistan.

2023 Q5: Challenges faced by police in controlling crime & maintaining

order.

2025 Q4: What difficulties do police officers encounter in preventing crime

and upholding order?
4. Treatment & Rehabilitation of Criminals

2019 Q6: How far has recidivism been limited by prisons? Discuss modern
strategies.

2020 Q5: Recidivism – what modern institutional strategies can reintegrate

criminals?

2024 Q5: Role of rehabilitation centers in reformative treatment;

reintegration into society.

SECTION-III

— Investigation & International Policing

1. Criminal Investigation (Principles & Techniques)

2016 Q6: Discuss Interviewing & Interrogation Techniques.

2017 Q6: Write a note on principles of investigation (with examples).

2018 Q6: Define criminal investigation and its principles. Highlight modern
techniques.

2019 Q6: Interviewing vs interrogation; HR violations.

2019 Q7: How forensic science helps detect violent crimes.

2020 Q6: Criminal investigation – importance of modern techniques.

2021 Q6: Principles & techniques of interrogation; their efficacy.

2022 Q6: Legal & ethical guidelines for investigating gender-based crimes.

2022 Q7: What is forensic criminal investigation? Hurdles in Pakistan.

2023 Q6: Why crime scene is important? Search patterns.

2023 (Special) Q6: Evaluate efficacy of investigation processes in Pakistan.

2024 Q6: Key principles of criminal investigation & their role.

2025 Q6: Importance of investigation process in CJS. How can it be made

more effective?
 2. International Policing & Monitoring Organizations

2018 Q7: To what extent has INTERPOL reduced organized crime?

2020 Q7: Role of INTERPOL in money laundering (esp. Pakistan).

2021 Q7: Difference between EUROPOL & INTERPOL; role in counter-

terrorism.

2022 Q9: Role of FIA in controlling organized crime in Pakistan.

2023 Q7: Role of international policing & monitoring orgs in controlling

human trafficking.

2024 Q7: Overview of International Police Association (IPA).

2025 Q8: Short notes: Anti-Narcotics Force & Money Laundering.

SECTION-IV

— Modern Issues in Criminology

1. Terrorism, Radicalization & Security

2020 Q8: Terrorists using internet to spread ideology (Social Learning).

2023 Q8: Terrorism & radicalization threaten global peace, economy,

stability.

2024 Q8: Define radicalization. Causes & remedies.

2025 Q7: Is radicalism present in Pakistan? How does it escalate into

terrorism?

2. Community Policing & Crime Prevention

2018 Q8: Intelligence-led policing – background & principles.

2021 Q8: Discuss four law enforcement strategies under intelligence-led

policing.
2022 Q8: Role of community policing in curtailing crime in Pakistan.

2023 Q9: Role of FIA in controlling organized crime in Pakistan.

2023 (Special) Q8: Is community policing effective in prevention? Discuss.

2024 Q9: Community policing – benefits, challenges, remedies in Pakistan.

3.Cyber Crime & Money Laundering

2016 Q9(a): Short note on Money Laundering.

2016 Q9(b): Write a note on Cyber Crime.

2017 Q9(a): Short note on Money Laundering in Pakistan.

2018 Q9: Discuss laws & institutional arrangements for money laundering in
Pakistan.

2019 Q9: Cybercrime is increasing. Suggest measures.

2021 Q9(a): What is Trade-Based Money Laundering? Discuss.

2021 Q9(b): Do cryptocurrencies have high money laundering risk?

2023 (Special) Q9: Cybercrime & cybersecurity – trends and strategies.

2025 Q8: Short notes: Anti-Narcotics Force & Money Laundering.

🎯 Observations

✅ Fixed Areas:

1. Criminology (definition, scope, importance) → every year.

2. Juvenile delinquency & justice system → every year

3. Criminal investigation (principles, techniques, forensics) → every year.

4. Theories (Merton, Hirschi, Sutherland, Labeling, Islamic perspective) →

every year.

✅ Emerging/Modern Issues:

1. Terrorism & radicalization (2020–2025, continuous).

2. Community policing & intelligence-led policing (2018–2025, repeated).

3. Cybercrime & money laundering (2016–2025, highly recurring).