MANU/SC/0203/1975

Equivalent/Neutral Citation: AIR1976SC 294, 1976C riLJ295, 1975 INSC 233, 1976MhLJ174, 1976MPLJ206, (1976)78PLR194, (1976)1SC C 727,
(1976)SC C (C ri)160, [1976]2SC R11

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

Criminal Appeal No. 137 of 1971
Decided On: 30.09.1975
Sat Paul Vs. Delhi Administration
Hon'ble Judges/Coram:
P.N. Bhagwati and R.S. Sarkaria, JJ.
Counsels:
For Appellant/Petitioner/Plaintiff: Frank Anthony, O.P. Soni and E.C. Agrawala, Advs
For Respondents/Defendant: V.C. Mahajan and R.N. Sachthey, Advs.
JUDGMENT
R.S. Sarkaria, J.
1. This appeal by special leave is directed against a judgment of the High Court of Delhi
upholding the conviction and sentence of the appellant under Section 5(2) read with
Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and Section 161, Penal Code. The
facts are these:
2. On 16-1-1970, Ramesh alias Kaka (PW 1), Mst. Maya (PW 2) and Jayna (PW 8) went
to the Railway Station to receive one Mst. Mumtaz, who was expected from Bombay by
1.45 p. m. train. Finding them loitering there, a constable of the Railway police took
them to the appellant at the Railway Police Post where he was posted as an Assistant
Sub-Inspector. The appellant gave a beating to Ramesh and demanded an explanation
as to why they had come to the Railway Station. Ramesh said that they had come to
receive one Mst. Mumtaz, who was expected from Bombay by train at about 1.45 P. M,
The appellant questioned if Mumtaz was being brought to Delhi for prostitution. Ramesh
and his companions refuted the insinuation and informed the appellant that Mumtaz was
a dancing girl and not a prostitute. The appellant then demanded a bribe of Rs. 100/-
from Ramesh and party, warning that in the event of non-payment, they would be
implicated in some case. Ramesh paid Rs. 30/- there and then to the appellant. The
latter insisted that they would not be released unless they paid the balance of Rs. 70/-.
On the suggestion of the women, the appellant detained Ramesh but let off the women
with the direction to send the balance of Rs. 70/-. Mst. Maya and Mst. Jayna returned to
their residence on G. B. Road and informed Dal Chand (FW 7) all about the incident.
Mst. Maya then handed over Rs. 70/- to Dal Chand for securing the release of Ramesh.
Dal Chand, instead, went to the office of the Anti-Corruption Police where Inspector
Paras Nath recorded his statement, Ex. PW 3/A. The Inspector organized a raiding party.
He summoned Surinder Nath (PW 3) and Sohan Pal Singh (PW 4), two clerks from the
Sales-tax Office. The recorded statement of Dal Chand was then read out to Dal Chand,
and was admitted to be correct by him in the presence and hearing of the Panch
witnesses. Dal Chand then produced seven currency notes of the denomination of Rs.
10/- each. The Inspector treated those notes with phenolphthalein powder. He
demonstrated to the witnesses how the fingers of a person touching a note treated with
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such powder would turn violet when dipped in a solution of sodium carbonate. The
treated notes were then returned to Dal Chand with the direction that he should hand
over the same to the appellant, on demand. The Panch witnesses were instructed to
keep close to Dal Chand to witness the passing of the tainted notes. The raiding party
headed by Inspector Paras Nath including Dal Chand and the panch witnesses, then
reached New Delhi Railway Station at about 5.25 p.m. Dal Chand and Sohan Pal Singh
were directed to go ahead, while the rest of the party took up positions nearby. Dal
Chand and his companions found the appellant talking to some person just outside the
Police Post. After a couple of minutes when the appellant was free from that talk, and
was alone, Dal Chand approached him and said that he was the brother of Ramesh (PW
1) and had been sent by the women to pay him Rupees 70/- for getting Ramesh
released. The appellant first demanded Rupees 100/- but later received Rs. 70/-from
Dal Chand and put the currency notes in the left-side pocket of his pants which he was
then wearing. The appellant then told Dal Chand to go away, and assured the latter that
Ramesh would be released. The appellant then went into his room in the Police Post.
Inspector Paras Nath and party followed the appellant into the room. Inside, they found
him sitting on a cot and Ramesh, PW, squatting on the floor. The Inspector disclosed
his identity and accused the appellant of having received a bribe. The appellant kept
mum. The Inspector then recovered the currency notes, Exs. P1 to P7, from the pocket
of the pants which the appellant was then wearing. He compared the numbers of the
notes with those noted in the memorandum PW 3/P. They tallied. Pointing towards
Ramesh, the Inspector asked the appellant as to who he was. The appellant replied that
he (Ramesh) had been found loitering outside in suspicious circumstances and was
brought for interrogation. The left-hand fingers of the appellant were then dipped in a
solution of sodium carbonate which turned pink. After preparing the seizure memo and
the raid report (PW 9/A), the Inspector sent the same to the Police Station for
registration of the formal First Information Report.
3 . After completing the investigation and securing the necessary sanction for
prosecution of the appellant, he laid a charge-sheet against him in the court of the
Special Judge, Delhi.
4. Examined under Section 342, Cr. P.C., the appellant denied the 1 prosecution case,
and gave this version of the occurrence:
I left the Police Post at 4.15 p. m. in uniform for patrol duty at the New Delhi
Railway Station platforms because there is a heavy rush of trains at that time. I
was sent for by the Incharge Police Post through Dev Raj Constable. I came to
the Police Post through an entrance towards the platform. At that time in-
charge, Police Post was busy in a conversation on telephone. I was carrying a
baton in my hand. I entered my room and placed the baton on the table. My
room is hardly 8' x 4 1/2'. Just at that time Inspector Paras Nath came there
and secured me near the door of my room. On a few occasions I did not oblige
Inspector Paras Nath for getting seats reserved at the Railway Station for his
friends and relatives. He had strained relations with me. I know Dal Chand and
Ramesh. They are pimps. They often used to come to the Railway Station to
solicit customers who were visitors to Delhi. On a number of occasions I saw
them accompanied by prostitutes of G. B. Road. I reprimanded them several
times not to frequent the Railway platforms in that manner. They were out to
harm me. The recovered pants was hanging on a peg in my room and it was
removed from there by the Inspector. I was wearing my uniform. No
proceedings of the type mentioned above took place in my room. I got
confused on seeing the Anti-Corruption Staff. I was afraid that they might
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 create trouble for my bail and therefore I did not resist or protest. I have served
in the Police Department for the last 19 years and there is not a single adverse
entry, major or minor in my service book. I am innocent.
5. In defence, the appellant examined five witnesses all members of the Police force.
6. Head Constable Jabar Singh (DW 1) testified on the basis of the service record, that
there was not a single adverse entry in the Character Roll of the appellant and that no
less than 80 recommendation certificates some of them accompanied by cash rewards
were awarded to him since his joining the Police force on 7-6-1951. Constable Sardar
Singh, DW2, proved with reference to the official records brought by him that Ramesh
(DW 1) was convicted and fined on 14-1-1966 by a Delhi Magistrate under Section 12
of the Gambling Act Constable Dev Raj, DW 3, of the Railway Police Post was examined
to show that at the time of occurrence, the appellant was in police uniform and was not
wearing the civilian clothes, including the pants from which the tainted currency notes
are alleged to have been recovered. He testified that on 16-1-1970 at about 5.45 P. M.,
the In-charge, Police Post directed the witness to convey a message to the appellant
that he was wanted on the telephone to receive a call from his sister from Kirti Nagar.
Accordingly, the witness went and conveyed the message to the appellant who was then
in uniform, patrolling the Railway platform. Constable Muharrar Sujan Singh, DW 4,
produced the Daily Diary of the Police Post, containing entry No. 40, showing that on
16-1-1970, the appellant had departed from the Police Post for patrol dirty at 4.15 P.M.
He stated that there was a Standing Order according to which, all Police Officers going
on patrol were peremptorily required to go in uniform.
7. Om Prakash Sahni DW 5, is an important witness examined by the defence. He is a
Sub-Inspector who, at the relevant time, was In-charge of the Police Post of New Delhi
Railway Station. His room in the Police Post is on one side of the verandah and that of
the accused on the other side at a distance of hardly six feet. The dimensions of the
room of the accused are 7' x 6' and it has only one door which opens into the verandah.
DW 5 completely discounted the prosecution version. According to him, on 16-1-1970,
he was throughout present in his room from 1.30 P.M. to 5.55 P.M. During this period
he did not see any stranger, or suspect in the room of the accused. The witness swore
that between 5.30 P.M. and 6 P.M., the accused was on patrol duty. He further stated
that at about 5.45 P.M., a telephone call was received from the sister of the accused
from Kirti Nagar, whereupon he sent Constable Dev Raj to inform the accused about it.
In response to the message sent by the witness, Sat Pal accused, in Police uniform
came from the side of the Railway platform to the Post. At that time, the witness was
attending to another telephone message; consequently, the accused went into his room.
The witness then left for patrol duty, after telling the accused about the telephone
message.
8 . The prosecution evidence which is the mainstay of the conviction of the appellant
may be catalogued under these captions:
A. Direct evidence.
(i) Demand of the bribe. Evidence in regard to this fact was given by
Ramesh, PW 1, Mst. Maya, PW 2, and Mst. Jayna PW 8.
(ii) Passing of tainted currency notes, P1 to P7 to the accused:
Evidence with regard to this fact was given by Dal Chand (PW 7) and
inspector Paras Nath, PW 9.

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 (iii) Recovery of the tainted notes from the person of the accused. Dal
Chand, PW 7, and Inspector Paras Nath, PW 9, are the only witnesses
who have deposed to this fact For proof of this fact, support has also
been sought from the evidence of the hostile witnesses, PWs 3 and 4.
B. Circumstantial Evidence.
(i) The circumstance that Ramesh was found detained by the appellant.
(ii) On being accused by the Inspector, that he had obtained a bribe,
the appellant kept mum and did not protest or refute the accusation.
9. It may be noted at the outset, that Surinder Nath, PW 3 and Sohan Pal Singh PW 4,
who were supposed to be independent Panch witnesses of the trap, turned hostile to the
prosecution and were thoroughly cross-examined by the Public Prosecutor, with the
leave of the court, to impeach their credit. In cross-examination, Surinder Nath,
however, said that when the Inspector accused. the appellant of receiving a bribe, the
latter kept mum. He further supported the prosecution to the extent, that when the
fingers and the pant-pocket of the accused were dipped in a solution of sodium
carbonate, they turned pink. Excepting with regard to the reticence of the accused on
the query made by the Inspector, Sohan Pal Singh, who was supposed to have kept
close company with Dal Chand, did not support the prosecution at all.
10 . The learned trial Judge found that "the complainant and party are "men of shady
and questionable character" but, according to him, that was no ground to discard their
testimony. Referring to certain observations of Dua J in Ram Sarup Singh v. The State
he held that persons with such shady characteristics fall easy victims to the illegal
exploits of unscrupulous and dishonest officers. The Judge was further of the opinion
that the testimony of the Panch witness. Surindernath (PW 3), also cannot be discarded
straightway on account of his having been cross-examined by the prosecution. He
rejected the defence version propounded by DWs 3 and 5 and concluded that the
evidence given by the PWs, including Dal Chand, and Inspector Paras Nath, coupled
with the 'compelling' circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish the passing of
the tainted notes to the accused and the subsequent recovery of the same from him.
Calling in aid the presumption under Section 4 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, be
convicted the appellant under Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Act and
under Section 161, Penal Code.
11. In appeal the High Court affirmed the findings of the trial Court In seeking support
for the prosecution case from the evidence of the hostile witnesses, it went far ahead of
the trial court The High Court sought assurance from the statements of PWs 3 and 4,
thus:
After a detailed reference to the evidence adduced in this case it becomes clear
that PWs 3 and 4 in their statements under Section 161(3), duly proved in
terms of the proviso to Section 162 of the CrPC, did support the version which
was given at the trial by PWs 1, 7 and 9. If it were open to an accused person
to utilise the afore-mentioned proviso to urge that the contradictions point in a
particular direction then it is equally open to the prosecution to urge that the
contradictions establish on the record that the statement made earlier to which
the statement made in court was contrary, was the one which was the correct
statement.
Perhaps realising that in making use of the police statements it was going too far, the
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High Court then switched over to the alternative argument:
It is not only on the basis of the statements; falling within the purview, of the
proviso to Section 162 that I am coming to the conclusion, that the prosecution
has succeeded in proving its case. Even otherwise I am satisfied that Ramesh
was kept in custody by the appellant whose hands, when dipped in the sodium
carbonate solution turned pink. The same was the result when the pocket of
Pants Exhibit P. 11, was dipped in the sodium carbonate solution.
12. Conceding that the testimony of the trap witnesses was 'interested' testimony, the
High Court held that, it was not correct to say that their evidence cannot, as a matter of
law, be accepted, without corroboration. On this point, it referred to this Court's
decision, in Dalpat Singh v. State of Rajasthan MANU/SC/0045/1968 : 1969CriL J262 .
Even so, according to the High Court, the interested testimony of PWs 7 and 9 "received
full corroboration from PW 1". The High Court summarily brushed aside the defence
version without adverting to the defence evidence at all.
1 3 . Mr. Frank Anthony, the learned Counsel for the appellant contends (a) that the
courts below erred in law in using the reticence of the appellant as evidence against
him. This silence amounted to a statement made to the police in the course of
investigation, and as such, it was inadmissible, being hit by Section 162, Cr.P.C.
(Reference has been made to Narasimham v. State MANU/AP/0077/1969 :
AIR1969AP271 . In any case, this reticent conduct of the appellant was not indicative of
his guilt; (b) that the courts below have erred in using a part of the testimony of the
hostile witnesses in support of the prosecution case. They had been fully cross-
examined by the prosecution to impeach their credit, and indeed their evidence stood
thoroughly discredited. (For this proposition reliance has been placed on a recent
decision of this Court in Jagir Singh v. The State MANU/SC/0145/1974 :
1975CriL J1009 (c) that the High Court has erred in using the police statements of P.
Ws. 3 and 4 for seeking assurance and corroboration of the prosecution story. Such
user is not permissible under the proviso to Section 162, Cr.P.C. (d) (i) that it was clear
from the record that P. Ws 1, 2, 7 and 8 are persons of low moral character and were
haunting the Railway Station in connection with their immoral trade, that the appellant
was a stumbling block in the way of their immoral pursuits, and consequently, these
PWs. had a motive to falsely implicate the appellant, (ii) PW9, who was an Inspector of
Anti-Corruption Police was also highly interested witness. His overzeal can be gauged
from the fact that he investigated this offence under Section 161, Penal Code, although
he was not duly empowered to do so. (iii) The evidence of these interested witnesses is
replete with material discrepancies and, as a rule of prudence, could not, in the absence
of corroboration from independent sources, be accepted, particularly when it stood
sharply contradicted by the Qualitatively better testimony of DWs 3 and 5. Reliance has
been placed on R. P. Arora v. State of Punjab MANU/SC/0213/1972 : 1972CriL J1293
(e) That the trial Court erred in law in invoking the presumption under Section 4 of the
Prevention of Corruption Act for convicting the appellant for an offence under Section
4(2) read with Section 4(1)(d) of the Act. In support of this argument, reference has
been made to Sita Ram v. State of Rajasthan MANU/SC/0212/1975 : 1975CriLJ1224 .
14. As against the above. Mr. V.C. Mahajan, the learned Counsel for the Respondent,
submits that the evidence of the interested witnesses has been accepted by the courts
below and consequently this Court should not, in keeping with its practice, disturb these
concurrent findings of fact. It is maintained that there is no rule of law that the evidence
of an interested witness cannot be acted upon without corroboration, that, in any case,
the evidence of PWs 1, 7 and 9 was sufficiently corroborated by the circumstantial
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evidence consisting of the conduct of the accused in keeping mum to the accusation
made by the Inspector, and by the factum of Ramesh's detention by the appellant The
said conduct of the appellant, proceeds the argument, was relevant under Section 8.
Evidence Act and was a definite pointer towards his guilt. Counsel has not tried to
support the use of the police statements of PWs 3 and 4 made by the High Court. His
point is that even without such support, the evidence on record was sufficient to bring
home the charges to the appellant. Counsel has further invited our attention to the copy
of the judgment of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Revn. No. 505 of 1968 (Raj Kumar
v. State) delivered on 7-4-1970 (produced by the appellant's side in this Court) wherein
it is recited that all Inspectors of. Police in the Anti-Corruption Branch of the Delhi
Administration have been authorised by an order dated March 21, 1968, passed under
Section 5A(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, by the Administrator of the Union
Territory of Delhi, to investigate offences under Section 5(1)(d) of this Act According to
Counsel the mere fact that the authority given to Inspector Paras Nath did not extend to
investigation of offences under Section 161, Penal Code, would not vitiate either the
validity of the trial or the probative value of his evidence.
15. It is true that ordinarily, as a matter of practice, this Court does not review the
evidence and disturb concurrent findings of fact unless those findings are clearly
unreasonable or are vitiated by an illegality or material irregularity of procedure or are
otherwise contrary to the fundamental principles of natural justice and fair-play. The
instant case is one which falls within the exception to this rule. As shall be presently
discussed, the courts below have adopted a basically wrong approach. They have not
only used the statement of certain witnesses in a manner which is manifestly improper
or impermissible under the law, but have also erred in accepting the testimony of the
interested witnesses without due caution and corroboration, requisite in the peculiar
circumstances of the case. It is therefore, necessary to have another look at the
evidence and the salient features of the case.
16. We will begin with the evidence of the trap witnesses. They are Ramesh PW 1, Dal
Chand, PW 7, and Inspector Parasnath, PW 9. It cannot be gainsaid that all the three
were concerned with the success of the trap, and, as such, were interested witnesses.
What the courts below appear to have failed to note is that qualitatively, the evidence of
these witnesses, particularly P. Ws. 1 and 7, was far inferior than the testimony of an
ordinary interested witness. While the trial court was unduly indulgent and modest in
allowing these witnesses to pass under the euphemistic title of "questionable and
shady" characters, the High Court overlooked their antecedents altogether.
17. Evasive denials of Ramesh and 'company' notwithstanding, sufficient material has
been brought on the record from which it is clearly discernible that PWs Ramesh and
Dal Chand are pimps and they were haunting the Railway Station to solicit customers
for Mst. Maya and Mst. Jayna.
18. The facts which have been elicited from Ramesh and company in cross-examination
are these: There is an accommodation, comprising of one Hall, and side-rooms on G. B.
Road which is known as the Kotha (brothel) of Mst. Maya. Mst. Jayna, Mst Maya and one
Mst. Lachmi have been living together in these premises for the previous 8 or 9 years
The rent of these premises for all the occupants is being paid by Mst. Maya. Mst. Lachmi
is the mistress of Ramesh and the latter lives on her 'professional' income. Mst. Maya is
the keep of Dal Chand who maintains her servant, Mst. Jayna, also. Ramesh also claims
to be a servant of Mst. Maya. He also lives in the Kotha (vide Dal Chand PW 7). Dal
Chand claimed that he was living separately at Pahar Ganj. But he admitted that he has
been frequently visiting the Kotha of Maya, and on the day of occurrence, also, he was
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there when, according to the witness, Mst. Maya came and informed him about the
demand of the bribe by the appellant. Dal Chand stated that Ramesh was only a brother
by courtesy. He admitted that Ramesh, Maya and Jayna were arrested by the Police
under the Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act, and the charge against him and Ramesh
was that they were pimps and their women companions were carrying on the profession
of prostitution. He further admitted that in 1966, Mst. Maya was convicted under the
said Act by a Delhi Magistrate. Ramesh and Maya both were being jointly prosecuted
(on the date of their examination) for an offence under the said Act. It is further
admitted (vide, Ramesh) that one Mst. Mumtaz, a dancing girl of Bombay, is their friend
and she frequently comes and stays in the kotha of Mst. Maya. Ramesh was convicted
for an offence under the Gambling Act, also.
1 9 . Viewed against this background, the suggestion made by the defence in cross-
examination, to these witnesses, that they were loitering at the Railway Station to
procure customers for their immoral business, could not be said to be devoid of
substance. The purpose of their visit to the Railway Station at that busy hour, according
to them, was to see Mst. Mumtaz who was then expected to arrive from Bombay by
train. This Mumtaz was not produced by the prosecution, though she was repeatedly
summoned. In the circumstances, the defence version, that these persons were roaming
there to hawk their "wares" does not fall beyond the orbit of reasonable probability. The
above circumstances further lend assurance to the appellant's plea that he had on
several occasions, previously, reprimanded these witnesses for visiting the Railway
Station for immoral trade. Even, according to the prosecution, the appellant had
rounded up Ramesh and party on the accusation that they were soliciting; customers for
their immoral business. Dal Chand stated that on being questioned by Inspector
Parasnath, the appellant, explained that since Ramesh was found loitering at the
Railway Station in suspicious circumstances, he had been brought for interrogation.
This explanation receives confirmation from Ramesh who stated that the accused had
questioned him about the purpose of their visit to the Railway Station, and when the
witness told him that they bad come to receive Mumtaz, the accused, not being
satisfied, asked whether she was also being brought for prostitution. The appellant had
also threatened to prosecute and put them behind the bars.
20. The courts below have believed the word of these pimps and women of easy virtue,
that the appellant did all this to extort a bribe The trial court with reference to certain
observations of Dua J. in Ram Sarup's case 1967 Cri L J 744 Delhi ibid, treated the
"shady and questionable characteristics" of these witnesses as a. point in favour of the
prosecution. It argued that persona with such antecedents can be easily exploited by
corrupt police officers for extorting bribes. Thus, in a way, what was a stigma, was
considered a badge of honour. We are, with respect, unable to appreciate this
reasoning. The observations in Ram Sarup's case, were not intended to lay down a rule
of universal application. Indeed, for weighing evidence there can he no specific canon.
No generalisation is possible in such matters. Each case has its own features and each
witness his own peculiarities. Here was a police officer with an unblemished record,
rather an outstanding record, of 19 years' service. Such an Officer would be least
disposed to countenance pimping within his territorial jurisdiction. He must therefore
have been an eye-sore to them. It could not therefore be said that these witnesses had
no motive whatever to falsely implicate the appellant.
21. Thus the conduct of the appellant in restraining Ramesh, for interrogation, could be
the innocent act of an honest and duty-conscious Police Officer.
22. Then the evidence of these witnesses was replete with discrepancies, contradictions
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and improbable versions. PW1 stated that they were all taken by a Constable to a room
and there the appellant gave him a heating. This was in sharp conflict with the version
of Mst. Jayna, that it was PW 1 alone who was first rounded up by the Constable. Again,
PW 1 would have it believed that he had Rs. 30/- in all with, him which he gave to the
appellant. Tins was sharply contradicted by Mst. Jayna, according to whom, it was Mst.
Maya and not PW 1 who had given this money to the appellant. In the context, it may
be noted that apart from Rupees 70/- in tainted notes the further sum of Rs. 30/- was
not recovered from the appellant or from anywhere in fee Police Post The story of the
advance payment of Rs. 30/-, therefore, does not inspire confidence. Further, the
conduct of the appellant in not releasing Ramesh forthwith even after the alleged receipt
of Rs. 79/- as gratification, was not the natural conduct of a person whose demand for
a bribe had been satisfied. Dal Chand has said that the appellant did not, on receiving
the amount, allow Ramesh to go away, but said that Dal Chand could go, and that
Ramesh would be sent later on. Ordinarily, such discrepancies and small improbabilities
in the evidence of witnesses are not of much consequence. But when the witnesses are
manifestly disreputable persons, their testimony before it can be acted upon, must pass
the test of severe scrutiny and in the process and in the context of this case even minor
infirmities may assume importance.
23. It is true that there is no absolute rule that the evidence of an interested witness
cannot be accepted without corroboration. But where the witnesses have poor moral
fibre and have to their discredit a heavy load of bad antecedents, such' as those of PWs
1, 2, 7 and 8, having a possible motive to harm the accused who was an obstacle in the
way of their immoral activities, it would be hazardous to accept their testimony, in the
absence of corroboration on crucial points from independent sources. If any authority is
needed reference may be made to R. P. Arora v. State of Punjab MANU/SC/0213/1972
: 1972CriL J1293 wherein this Court ruled that in a proper case, the Court should look
for independent corroboration before convicting the accused person on the evidence of
trap witnesses.
2 4 . Well then, was such corroboration of the testimony of the interested witnesses
forthcoming in the present case? In this connection, Mr. Mahajan referred to two
circumstances: (i) the detention of Ramesh and (ii) the conduct of the appellant in
keeping mum to the charge that he had received a bribe. Both these circumstances were
not of a determinative tendency. Both were compatible with the innocence of the
appellant We have already discussed the first, and found that instead of advancing the
case for the prosecution, it lends assurance to the explanation of the appellant that
Ramesh had been brought for interrogation as he was roaming there in suspicious
circumstances.
25. As regards the reticence of the appellant on the query made by the Inspector, we
do not think it necessary to burden this judgment with a discussion of the question
whether this conduct amounts to a statement made to a Police Officer in the course of
investigation and as such is hit by Section 162 of the CrPC. Suffice it to say that even
on the assumption that it was admissible as conduct and not as a 'statement' under
Section 8, Evidence Act, its probative value in the circumstances of this case would be
almost nil. The appellant explained that he did not protest and resist out of fear, that
the Inspector might make matters worse for him, even for getting bail. It would not be
unusual even for an honest Officer to be frightened out of wits on being suddenly
accused of bribe-taking by a superior Officer.
26. Thus, these two circumstances do not lend any assurance to the testimony of the
trap witnesses. Nor could such assurance be sought from the evidence rendered by
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Inspector Parasnath. True, that it has not been shown that he had any hostile animus
against the appellant though such an allegation was made. Nor has it been shown that
he had long acquaintance or friendship with Dal Chand and party. But we cannot lose
sight of the stark fact that he was an Inspector of the Anti-Corruption Staff of Police. He
was the architect of the trap and the head of the raiding party. Although the power
conferred on him under the order, dated 21-3-1968, by the Administrator of the Union
Territory of Delhi, did not extend to the investigation of an offence under Section 161,
Penal Code, yet, with zeal outrunning discretion, he went ahead with the execution of
the trap and the investigation. Being deeply concerned with the success of the case, he
was also an interested witness. Not being an independent witness, his evidence could
not furnish the kind of corroboration requisite in the circumstances of the case.
27. This takes us to the evidence of the independent witnesses, P. Ws. 3 and 4. Both
have not, in the main, supported the prosecution. With the leave of the court, the Public
Prosecutor cross-examined and confronted them with their contradictory statements
which they had made to Inspector Parasnath during investigation. The question is, could
the court validly pick out tiny bits from their evidence and use the same to support the
prosecution case?
28. Relying on Jagir Singh v. State MANU/SC/0145/1974 : 1975CriL J1009 ibid, Mr.
Anthony submits that when a prosecution witness, being hostile, is cross-examined by
the Public Prosecutor with the leave of the Court, his entire evidence is to be discarded,
as a matter of law.
29. Since this vexing question frequently arises, and the observations made by this
Court in Jagir Singh's case (ibid) do not appear to have been properly understood, it
will be appropriate to clarify the law on the point.
29A. The terms "hostile witness", "adverse witness", "unfavourable witness", "unwilling
witness" are all terms of English Law. At Common Law, if a witness exhibited manifest
antipathy, by his demeanour, answers and attitude, to the cause of the party calling
him, the party was not, as a general rule, permitted to contradict him with his previous
inconsistent statements, nor allowed to impeach his credit by general evidence of bad
character. This rule had its foundation on the theory that by calling the witness, a party
represents him to the Court as worthy of credit, and if he afterwards attacks his general
character for veracity, this is not only mala fides towards the Court, but, it "would
enable the party to destroy the witness if he spoke against him, and to make him a
good witness if he spoke for him with the means in his hand of destroying his credit if
he spoke against him" (see Best on Evidence, p. 630, 11th Edn.). This theory or
assumption gave rise to a considerable conflict of opinion as to whether it was
competent for a party to show that his own witness had made statements out of Court
inconsistent with the evidence given by him in court. The weight of the ancient
authority was in the negative.
3 0 . In support of the dominant view it was urged that to allow a party directly to
discredit or contradict his own witness would tend to multiply issues and enable the
party to get the naked statement of a witness before the jury, operating in fact as
substantive evidence, that this course would open the door wide open for collusion and
dishonest contrivance.
31. As against this, the exponents of the rival view, that a party should be permitted to
discredit or contradict his own witness who turns unfavourable to him argued that this
course is necessary as a security against the contrivance of an artful witness, who

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otherwise might recommend himself to a party by the promise of favourable evidence
and afterwards by hostile evidence ruin his cause. It was reasoned further "that this is a
question in which not only the interests of litigating parties are involved, but also the
more important general interests of truth, in criminal as well as in civil proceedings,
that the ends of justice are best attained by allowing a free and ample scope for
scrutinising evidence and estimating its real value, and that in the administration of
criminal justice more especially, the exclusion of the proof of contrary statements might
be attended with the worst consequences". Besides, it by no means follows that the
object of a party in contradicting his own witness is to impeach his veracity, it may be
to show the faultiness of his memory" (see Best, page 631, 11th Edn.).
32. The rigidity of the rule prohibiting a party to discredit or contradict its own witness
was to an extent relaxed by evolving the terms "hostile witness" and "unfavourable
witness" and by attempting to draw a distinction between the two categories. A "hostile
witness" is described as one who is not desirous of telling the truth at the instance of
the party calling him, and an 'unfavourable witness' is one called by a party to prove a
particular fact in issue or relevant to the issue who fails to prove such fact, or proves an
opposite fact (see Cross on Evidence, p. 220, 4th Edn., citing Stephen's Digest of the
Law of Evidence).
3 3 . In the case of an 'unfavourable witness', the party calling him was allowed to
contradict him by producing evidence aliunde but the prohibition against cross-
examination by means of leading questions or by contradicting him with his previous
inconsistent statements or by asking questions with regard to his discreditable past
conduct or previous conviction, continued. But in the case of a 'hostile' witness, the
Judge could permit his examination-in-chief to be conducted in the manner of cross-
examination to the extent to which he considered necessary in the interests of justice.
With the leave of the court, leading questions could be put to a hostile witness to test
his memory and perception or his knowledge of the facts to which he was deposing.
Even so, the party calling him, could not question him about his bad antecedents or
previous convictions, nor could he produce evidence to show that the veracity of the
witness was doubtful. But the position as to whether a previous inconsistent statement
could be proved against a hostile witness, remained as murky as ever.
3 4 . To settle the law with regard to this matter, Section 22 of the Common Law
Procedure Act, 1854 was enacted. It was originally applicable to civil proceedings, but
was since re-enacted in Section 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1865 and extended in
identical terms to proceedings in criminal courts as well.
35. Section 3 provides:
A party producing a witness shall not be allowed to impeach his credit by
general evidence of bad character, but he may, in case the witness shall, in the
opinion of the Judge, prove adverse, contradict him by other evidence, or by
leave of the judge, prove that he has made at other times a statement
inconsistent with his present testimony but before such last-mentioned proof
can be given the circumstances of the supposed statement, sufficient to
designate the particular occasion, must be mentioned to the witness, and he
must be asked whether or not he has made such statement.
(Emphasis added)
3 6 . The construction of these provisions, however, continued to cause difficulty,
particularly in their application to 'unfavourable' witnesses. In Greenough v. Eccles
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(1859) 5 CBNS 786 these provisions were found so confusing that Cockburn C. J. said
that "there has been a great blunder in the drawing of it, and on the part of those who
adopted it.
37. To steer clear of the controversy over the meaning of the terms "hostile" witness,
"adverse" witness, "unfavourable" witness which had given rise to considerable
difficulty and conflict of opinion in England, the authors of the Indian Evidence Act,
1872 seem to have advisedly avoided the use of any of those terms so that, in India,
the grant of permission to cross-examine his own witness by a party is not conditional
on the witness being declared "adverse" or "hostile". Whether it be the grant of
permission under Section 142 to put leading questions, or the leave under Section 154
to ask questions which might be put in cross-examination by the adverse party, the
Indian Evidence Act leaves the matter entirely to the discretion of the court (see the
observations of Sir Lawrence Jenkins in Baikuntha Nath v. Prasannamoyi
MANU/PR/0133/1922 : AIR 1922 PC 409. The discretion conferred by Section 154 on
the court is unqualified and untrammelled and is apart from any question of "hostility".
It is to be liberally exercised whenever the court from the witnesse's demeanour,
temper, attitude, bearing, or the tenor and tendency of his answers, or from a perusal
of his previous inconsistent statement, or otherwise, thinks that the grant of such
permission is expedient to extract the truth and to do justice. The grant of such
permission does not amount to an adjudication by the court as to the veracity of the
witness. Therefore, in the order granting such permission, it is preferable to avoid the
use of such expressions, such as "declared hostile", "declared unfavourable", the
significance of which is still not free from the historical cobwebs which, in their wake
bring a misleading legacy of confusion, and conflict that had so long vexed the English
Courts.
3 8 . It is important to note that the English statute differs materially from the law
contained in the Indian Evidence Act in regard to cross-examination and contradiction of
his own witness by a party. Under the English Law, a party is not permitted to impeach
the credit of his own witness by general evidence of his bad character, shady
antecedents or previous conviction. In India, this can be done with the consent of the
court under Section 155. Under the English Act of 1865, a party calling the witness, can
"cross-examine" and contradict a witness in respect of his previous inconsistent
statements with the leave of the court, only when the court considers the witness to be
'adverse.' As already noticed, no such condition has been laid down in Sections 154 and
155 of the Indian Act and the grant of such leave has been left completely to the
discretion of the Court, the exercise of which is not fettered by or dependent upon the
"hostility" or "adverseness" of the witness. In this respect, the Indian Evidence Act is in
advance of the English law. The Criminal Law Revision Committee of England in its 11th
Report, made recently, has recommended the adoption of a modernised version of
S ecti on 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act. 1865, allowing contradiction of both
unfavourable and hostile witnesses by other evidence without leave of the court. The
Report is, however, still in favour of retention of the prohibition on a party's impeaching
his own witness by evidence of bad character.
3 9 . The danger of importing, without due discernment, the principles enunciated in
ancient English decisions, for, interpreting and applying the Indian Evidence Act has
been pointed out in several authoritative pronouncements. In Prafulla Kumar Sarkar v.
Emperor an eminent Chief Justice, Sir George Rankin cautioned, that "when we are
invited to hark back to dicta delivered by English Judges, however, eminent, in the first
half of the nineteenth century, it is necessary to be careful lest principles be introduced
which the Indian Legislature did not see fit to enact". It was emphasised that these
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departures from English law "were taken either to be improvements in themselves or
calculated to work better under Indian conditions".
40. Unmindful of this substantial difference between the English Law and the Indian
Law, on the subject, the Calcutta High Court in some of its earlier decisions, interpreted
and applied Section 154 with reference to the meaning of the term "adverse" in the
English Statute as construed in some English decisions and enunciated the proposition
that where a party calling a witness requests the court to declare him "hostile", and with
the leave of the court cross-examines the witness, the latter's evidence should be
excluded altogether in criminal cases. This view proceeds on the doctrine enunciated by
Campbell C. J. in the English case, Faulkner v. Brine (1858) 1 F & F 254 that the object
of cross-examination of his own witness by a party is to discredit the witness in toto
and to get rid of his testimony altogether. Some of these decisions in which this view
was taken are: Luchiram Motilal v. Radha Charan; Emperor v. Satyendra Kumar Dutt,
MANU/WB/0225/1922 : AIR 1923 Cal 463; Surendra Ranee Dassi; Khijiruddin v.
Emperor MANU/WB/0633/1925 : AIR1926Cal139 and Panchanan v. Emperor.
41. The fallacy underlying this view stems from the assumption that the only purpose
of cross-examination of a witness is to discredit him; it ignores the hard truth that
another equally important object of cross-examination is to elicit admissions of facts
which would help build the case of the cross-examiner. When a party with the leave of
the court, confronts his witness with his previous inconsistent statement, he does so in
the hope that the witness might revert to what he had stated previously. If the
departure from the prior statement is not deliberate but is due to faulty memory or a
like cause, there is every possibility of the witness veering round to his former
statement. Thus, showing faultiness of the memory in the case of such a witness would
be another object of cross-examining and contradicting him by a party calling the
witness. In short, the rule prohibiting a party to put questions in the manner of cross-
examination or in a leading form to his own witness is relaxed not because the witness
has already forfeited all right to credit but because from his antipathetic attitude or
otherwise, the court feels that for doing justice, his evidence will be more fully given,
the truth more effectively extricated and his credit more adequately tested by questions
put in a more pointed, penetrating and searching way.
4 2 . Protesting against the old view of the Calcutta High Court, in Shobraj Sao v.
Emperor; Courtney Terrell C. J. pointed out that the main purpose of cross-examination
is to obtain admission, and it would be ridiculous to assert that a party cross-examining
a witness is therefore prevented from relying on admission and to hold that the fact that
the witness is being cross-examined implies an admission by the cross-examiner that all
the witness's statements are falsehood,
43. The matter can be viewed yet from another angle. Section 154 speaks of permitting
a party to put to his own witness "questions which might be put in cross-examination".
It is not necessarily tantamount to "cross-examining" the witness. 'Cross-examination',
strictly speaking means cross-examination by the adverse party as distinct from the
party calling the witness. (Section 137, Evidence Act). That is why Section 154 uses the
phrase "put any questions to him which might be put in cross-examination by the
adverse party". Therefore, neither the party calling him, nor the adverse party is, in law,
precluded from relying on any part of the statement of such a witness.
44. The aforesaid decisions of the Calcutta High Court were over ruled by a Full Bench
in Prafulla Ku mar Sarkar's case MANU/WB/0313/1931 : AIR1931Cal401 (supra). After
an exhaustive survey of case law, Rankin C. J. who delivered the main judgment, neatly

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summed up the law at pages 1428-1430 of the Report (pp. 407-408 of AIR):
In my opinion, the fact that a witness is dealt with under Section 154 of the
Evidence Act, even when under that section he is 'cross-examined' to credit, in
no way warrants a direction to the jury that they are bound in law to place no
reliance on his evidence, or that the party who called and cross-examined him
can take no advantage from any part of his evidence. There is moreover no rule
of law that if a jury thinks that a witness has been discredited on one point they
may not give credit to him on another. The rule of law is that it is for the jury
to say.
45. After answering in the negative, the three questions viz., whether the evidence of a
witness treated as 'hostile' must be rejected in whole or in part, whether it must be
rejected so far it is in favour of the party calling the witness, whether it must be
rejected so far as it is in favour of the opposite party, the learned Chief Justice
proceeded:
...the whole of the evidence so far as it affects both parties favourably or
unfavourably must go to the jury for what it is worth...
If the previous statement is the deposition before the committing Magistrate
and if it is put in under Section 288, Criminal Procedure Code, so as to become
evidence for all purposes, the jury may in effect be directed to choose between
the two statements because both statements are evidence of the facts stated
therein. But in other cases the jury may not be so directed, because prima facie
the previous statement of the witness is not evidence at all against the accused
of the truth of the facts stated therein. The proper direction to the jury is that
before relying on the evidence given by the witness at the trial the jury should
take into consideration the fact that he made the previous statement, but they
must not treat the previous statement as being any evidence at all against the
prisoner of the facts therein alleged.
...
In a criminal case, however, the previous unsworn statement of a witness for
the prosecution is not evidence against the accused of the truth of the facts
stated therein save in very special circumstances, e. g., as corroboration under
Section 157 of his testimony in the witness-box on the conditions therein laid
down. If the case be put of the previous statement having been made in the
presence and hearing of the accused, this fact might under Section 8 alter the
position; but the true view even then is not that the statement is evidence of
the truth of what it contains, but that if the jury think that the conduct, silence
or answer of the prisoner at the time amounted to an acceptance of the
statement or some part of it, the jury may consider that acceptance as an
admission (The King v. Norton, Percy William Adams, (1910) 2 KB 496 and
(1923) 17 C A R 77. But apart from such special cases, which attract special
principles, the unsworn statement, so far as the maker in his evidence does not
confirm and repeat it, cannot be used at all against the accused as proof of the
truth of what it asserts.
46. We are in respectful agreement with this enunciation. It is a correct exposition of
the law on the point.
47. The Bombay, Emperor v. Jehangir Cama AIR 1927 Bom 501; , Ammathayarammal
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v. Official Assignee AIR 1933 Mad 137; Patna, Nebati v. Emperor AIR 1940 Pat 289;
Patna Sahdeo v. Bipti MANU/BH/0103/1969 : AIR1969Pat415 ; RajasthanILR (1954) ;
AIR 1955 Raj 65, Oudh Shyam Kumar v. Emperor AIR 1941 Oud 130 Punjab AIR 1955
Pun 5715; Madh Pra., MANU/MP/0010/1964 : AIR1964MP30 ; Orissa, In re Kalu Singh;
Rema Naik v. State MANU/OR/0015/1965 : AIR1965Ori31 ; MysoreAIR 1966 Mys 248;
Kerala, 1951 ; Jammu & Kashmir AIR 1953 J & K 41 Courts have also taken the same
view.
48. In the case of an unfavourable witness, even in England the better opinion is that
where a party contradicts his own witness on one part of his evidence, he does not
thereby throw over all the witness's evidence, though its value may be impaired in the
eyes of the court. (Halsbury, 3rd Edn. Vol. 15, Para 805).
49. In Bradley v. Ricardo (1831) 8 Bin 57 when it was urged as an objection that this
would be giving credit to the witness on one point after he has been discredited on
another, Tindal C. J. brushed it aside with the observation that "difficulties of the same
kind occur in every cause where a jury has to decide on conflicting testimony".
5 0 . In Narayan Nathu Naik v. Maharashtra State MANU/SC/0155/1970 :
[1971]1SCR133 the court actually used the evidence of the prosecution witnesses who
had partly resiled from their previous statements, to the extent they supported the
prosecution, for corroborating the other witnesses.
51. From the above conspectus, it emerges clear that even in a criminal prosecution
when a witness is cross-examined and contradicted with the leave of the court, by the
party calling him, his evidence cannot, as a matter of law, be treated as Washed off the
record altogether. It is for the Judge of fact to consider in each case whether as a result
of such cross-examination and contradiction, the witness stands thoroughly discredited
or can still be believed in regard to a part of his testimony. If the Judge finds that in the
process, the credit of the witness has not been completely shaken, he may, after
reading and considering the evidence of the witness, as a whole, with due caution and
care, accept, in the light of the other evidence on the record, that part of his testimony
which he finds to be creditworthy and act upon it. If in a given case, the whole of the
testimony of the witness is impugned, and in the process, the witness stands squarely
and totally discredited, the Judge should, as matter of prudence, discard his evidence in
toto.
52. It was in the context of such a case, where, as a result of the cross-examination by
the Public Prosecutor, the prosecution witness concerned stood discredited altogether,
that this Court in Jagir Singh v. State MANU/SC/0145/1974 : 1975CriL J1009 , with the
aforesaid rule of caution which is not to be treated as a rule of law in mind, said that
the evidence of such a witness is to be rejected en bloc.
53. In the light of the above principles, it will be seen that, in law, the part of the
evidence of the Panch witnesses who were thoroughly cross-examined and contradicted
with their inconsistent police statements by the Public Prosecutor, could be used or
availed of by the prosecution to support its case. But as a matter of prudence, on the
facts of the case, it would be hazardous to allow the prosecution to do so. These
witnesses contradicted substantially their previous statements and as a result of the
cross-examination, their credit was substantially, if not wholly, shaken. It was
therefore, not proper for the courts below to pick out a sentence or two from their
evidence and use the same to support the evidence of the trap witnesses.
5 4 . Nor was the High Court competent to use the statements of these witnesses
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recorded by the police during investigation, for seeking assurance for the prosecution
story. Such use of the police statements is not permissible. Under the Proviso to Section
162, Cr. P.C. such statements can be used only for the purpose of contradicting a
prosecution witness in the manner indicated in Section 145, Evidence Act, and for no
other purpose. They cannot be used for the purpose of seeking corroboration or
assurance for the testimony of the witness in court.
55. Thus the evidence of these interested witnesses of the trap remains unconfirmed
and uncorroborated by any independent evidence. In the peculiar circumstances of the
case, we think that it would be highly unsafe to convict the appellant on the basis of
their testimony, particularly when P. Ws. 1, 7 and 8 are persons of bad antecedents and
had a possible motive to see the accused removed permanently from the way of their
immoral activity.
56. It is pertinent to mention here that the evidence of defence witnesses particularly
that of D. Ws. 3 and 5, was not successfully impeached in cross-examination. The High
Court has not touched their evidence at all. If the defence evidence were to be believed,
at the material time, the appellant was in police uniform patrolling the Railway platform
and he was not wearing the pants from the pocket of which the tainted currency notes
are alleged to have been recovered. According to the appellant these pants were
hanging on a peg in his room. Therefore, the possibility of the tainted notes having
been implanted by Dal Chand, who appears to us a person with wit more and scruples
less than the ordinary, cannot be ruled out
57. For the foregoing reasons we would allow this appeal, accord the benefit of doubt
to the appellant and acquit him of the charges leveled against him.
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