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A Cultural History of
the Uneme from the
Earliest Times to 1962
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A Cultural History of
the Uneme from the
Earliest Times to 1962

Hakeem B . Harunah

THE BOOK COMPANY LIMITED

 = sr stata,
ece

Published by
The Book Company Limited
| 1, Alabi Okumagbe Street
| Off Lagos Road
By First Bank of Nigeria Ple
Ikorodu.
P. O. Box 1608, Shomolu
Lagos State, Nigeria.
@ 234-1-778316, 7780340, 080 34780316
Fax: 7780340
E-Mail: [email protected]

© Hakeem B. Harunah &

Uneme National Development Association, 2003

First published, 2003

ISBN 978-36778-0-2 (Hardback)

978-36778-1-0 (Paperback)

Cover Design by Modupe Buhari, depicts a blaksmith's workshop.

Iron-mining and Blacksmithing were two major traditional occupations
of the Uneme.

All rights reserved. No part. of tts publication may be reproduced,

transmitted in any form or stored in a retrieval system or by aiy
means, mechanical, electronic, recording or otherwise without the
prior permission of the publisher.

Printed by:
CSS Press,
(A Division of CSS Luuited)
15, Broad Street,
Lagos, Nigeria.
 Dedication

This book is dedicated to the following:

(i) all Uneme sons and daughters (both living and dead);

(ii) all friends and well-wishers of the Uneme people.

 RoS See cee ae itepsloneeane ce

ee
Contents

Dedication 0

Foreword XXII
Preface and Acknowledgements XXV
List ofMaps bawel
Abbreviatiens XXXL

Chapter 1: Introduction
Focus of the Book
Issues and Concepts that are Germane to the Book
Culture
Sociopolitical Culture
Technoeconomic Culture
Caste Prejudice
Change
Continuity
Notes and References

A. HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND EARLY

MIGRATIONS OF THE UNEME BEFORE
c.1370 A.D. 27

Chapter 2: Theories of Origins and Migrations of

the Uneme 33
Introduction 20
Old Theories of Origins and Migrations 35

Vil
 Vili Contents
Theory of Origin in Heaven 36
Cheory of Ife Origin 40
Origin in a "Small District between Lagos and Benin 49
Theory of Migration From the Igun Area 50
Theory of Origin in Obadan 51
New Theories of Origins and Migrations of the Uneme 52
Places of Early Settlement by the Uneme People in the
Benin Area Before c.1370 A.D 60
Notes and References 63

DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNEME

INDIGENOUS CULTURE IN BENIN
BEFORE c.1370 A.D 73

Chapter 3: The Uneme Indigenous Sociopolitical

Culture in Benin Before c.1370 A.D. 75
Introduction Vis
The Uneme Family System in Benin Before c.1370 A.D 76
The Structure of the Uneme Quarters, Kindreds, Villages
and Clans in Benin Before c.1370 A.D. 81
The Uneme Age-Grades in Benin Before c.1370 A.D. 84
The Uneme Marriage System in Benin Before c.1370 A.D. 90
The Uneme Indigenous Names in Benin Before c.1370 A.D. 99
The Uneme Indigenous Religion in Benin Before c.1370 A.D. 105
The Nature of Uneme Festivals in Benin Before c.1376 A.D. 118
The Uneme Patterns of Administration in Benin
Before c.1370 A.D. 128
Notes and References 132

Chapter 4: The Uneme Indigenous Technoeconomic

Culture in Benin Before c.1370 A.D. 147
Introduction 147
The Uneme Indigenous Iron Technology in Benin
Before c.1370 A.D. 147
The Uneme Iron-Working and Production Processes. 150
Contents

Classification of Iron Production and Development Processes

The Location of the Uneme Iron-Producing
(Blacksmithing) Industry
Equipping the Industry with Operational Materials
Forging and Final Production

Various Ty pes of Iron Implements Produced by Uneme

Blacksmiths
Keeping Strictly to Themselves the Information About the
Source of Success of their Indigenous Iron Technology
Trade
The Internal (Domestic) Trade of the Uneme in Benin
Before c.1370 A.D.
(i) Non-Regular and Non-Conventional Markets
(it) Regular (Conventional) Markets or Local Markets
The External Trade of the Uneme in Benin Before c.1370 A.D.

Notes and References

THE UNEME MIGRATION FROM

BENIN IN c.1370 A.D. 183

Chapter 5: A Two-Phased Migration From Benin in

c.1370 A.D.
Introduction

The First Phase of the Uneme Migration From Benin

inc.1370 A.D.
Migration Northwards Through Obadan, Near Benin,
ity ¢. 137 0semee
Further Movement Into the Interior and Their Settlement in
Ugboha (EKsan Territory) in the Present Central Edo State
in Mid-1370s ;
Arrival in Agbede Area in Etsako WestTerritory of the
Present Northern Edo State in Mid-1370s
Further Northward Migration Into Oghomeze (Imiava) in
Etsako Central Area in about the Late 1380s
Continuous Northward Movement: Arrival in the Okene-Ebira
Area of the Present Kogi State in About Mid-1390s
 Contents
End of Uneme's Northward Migrations and a Southward
Retreat: Split of the Group into Two Divisions in the Process
of their Dispersal from Okene in About the Late 1390s 198
(i) The Sub-Group that Moved Southwestwards Into
Akoko-Edo Territory of the Present Northern Edo
State in about the Late 1390s 199
(ii) The Sub-Group that Moved Southeastwards into
Uneme's Earlier Place of Settlement in Oghomeze
(Imiava) in Etsako Central Area Since about the Late 1390s
The Second Phase of the Uneme Migration From Benin
in c.1370 A.D.
Eastward Migration into the Agbor and Asaba Areas of the
Present Delta State in about the Early 1370s, and Into Awka
in the Present Anambra State in about the 1380s and 1390s
Notes and References

THE FOUNDING AND EARLY GROWTH

OF NEW UNEME COMMUNITIES
OUTSIDE BENIN SINCE c.1370 A.D. 209

Chapter 6
The Early Growth of New Uneme Villages,
Towns, Clans and Allied Communities from
the 1370s to the Early 1900s 211
Introduction 211
The New Uneme Communities that Emerged in the Present
Akoko-Edo Local Government Area of Northern Edo State
since about the Late 1390s and Early 1900s
The Founding and Early Growth of Uneme Akpama in
about the Late 1390s
The Founding and Growth of Uneme Aki-Osu in about the
Early 1400s
The Founding and Growth of Uneme Erhurun in about the
Early 1400s
The Founding and Growth of Uneme Nekhua in about the
Early 1400s
The Founding and Early Growth of Uneme Ekpedo in about
the Mid-1400s
 "Contents xi
The Founding and Growth of Uneme Aiyetoro in the Early 1900s 226
The New Uneme Comnuunities that Surfaced in the Present
Etsako Central Local Government Area of Edo State since
- about the Late 1390s and Early 1800s 229
The Founding and Early Growth of Uneme Oghomeze
(Imiava) in about the Late 1390s 230

The Founding and Growth of Uneme Uzanu in the about the

Early 1830s and 1840s Zot

The Founding and Growth of Uneme Udochi in about the

Early 1830s and 1840s 240
The Founding and Growth of Uneme Ologua in about the
Early 1830s and 1840s 245
The Founding and Growth of Uneme Anegbette in about the
Early 1830s and 1840s 248
The New Uneme Communities that Fourished in the Okene
and Igala Areas of the Present Kogi State Since about the
Late 1390s 253

The Growth and Development of some Uneme Communities

among the Ebira in Okene and Its Environs since about the
Late 1390s and Early 1400s 253
| (i) The Uneme in Present-Day Okene since the Late 1390s
| and Early 1400s 254
(ti) The Uneme People that Had Spread to Other Parts of
Isbiraland During the Period 256
The Growth and Development of Certain Uneme Communities
and Lineages in Igala Territory since about the Late 1390s
and Early 1800s 258
The New Uneme Communities that Emerged in the Agbor
and Asaba Areas of the Present Delta State, and in the Awka
| Area of the Present Anambra State Since about the Early
1370s and 1390s 258
Those that Occupied the Site of Present-Day Agbor inc.1370 A.D. 258
The Migrant Uneme in the Area of Present-Day Asaba in about
| the 1370s and 1380s 260

The Migrant Uneme in the Area of Present-Day Awka in

Anambra State in about the 1380s and 1390s 261

Notes and References 265

 S40
seem )

X1i
Contents
CULTURAL ADAPTATION, CHANGE AND
CONTINUITIES IN THE NEW UNEME
COMMUNITIES THAT EMERGED SINCE
ABOUT THE 1390s AND EARLY 1900s.

Chapter 7: Case Studies

Introduction

The -xample of the New Uneme Communities that

Emerged
in the Akoko-Edo Area of the Present North
ern Edo State since
about the Late 1390s and Ea rly 1900s
Change of Lnvironment
Location of the New Linvironment
hnvironmental Conditions in the Territory
The Climate and Vegetation of the Territory
Acclamatisation of the Uneme and their
Cultural Institutions
to the New Environment: Changes and Continuities
in
Aspects of their Original Ways of Life
Adaptation Problems in Akoko-Edo from the Late 1390s
to
Karly 1900s
Initial Difficulties in Adapting their Pre-Migration
Cultural
Institutions to their New Environment in Akoko-Edo
During the Period
289
Adaptation and Early Development of Their Pre-M
igration
Sociopolitical Culture in Akoko-Edo Du ring the
Period 290
Revival and Continuation of the Structure of their
Family in
Akoko-l:do
297
Kevival and Continuation of the structure of
their Quarters,
Kindreds, Villages and Clans in Akoko-Edo
293
Revival and Continuation of their Pre-Migration Syste
m of
Age-Grades in Akoko-Edo
294
Revival and Continuation of their Marriage Institution
in
Akoko-Edo
298
Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Names
in
Akoko-Edo
300
Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Religion in
Akoko-Fdo
301
Contents

Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Festivals in

Akoko-Edo
Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Administrative
Structure in their New Communities in Akoko-Edo
Adaptation and Developmentof their Pre-Migration Techno-
economic Culture in their New Communities in Akoko-Edo

Revival and Continuation of their Iron Technology and Related

Industrial Elements in Akoko-Edo
Revival and Continuation of thetr Model of Iron-Working and
Production Processes in Akoko-Edo

Revival and Continuation of their Blacksmithing in Akoko-Edo

Revival and Continuation of their Pre-Migration Method of
Equipping their Blacksmithing Industries With Operational
Materials in Akoko-Edo 305
Revival and Continuation of their Pre-Migration Method of
Forging in Akoko-Edo 306
Revival and Continuation of their Pre-Migration Mode of
Production of Varieties of Iron Crafts in Akoko-Edo 307
Maintaining Confidentiality Concerning the Source of Success
-of their Iron Technology in their New Abode in Akoko-Edo
Adaptation and Development of their Internal and External
Patterns of Trade in their New Communities in Akoko-Edo
Revival and Continuation of their Mode of Internal Trade in
Akoko-lido Ot
Revival and Continuation of their Mode of External Trade in
Akoko-Edo ot
The Example of the New Uneme Communities that Surfaced
in the Etsako Central Local Government Area of the Present
Northern Edo State Since about the Late 1390s and Early 1800s
Change of Environment
Location of the New Environment
Environmental Conditions: The Climate and Vegetation of
the Territory
Initial Difficulties in Adjusting Themselves and their Culture
to their New Environment in the Etsako Central Area

Adaptation and Development of their Pre-Migration

sociopolitical Culture in their New Communities in the Etsako
Central Area in About the Late 1390s and Early 1800s
X1V Contents
Revival and Continuation of the Structure of their Fam ily,in
the Etsako Central Area 320
Revival and Continuation of the Structure of their Quarters,
Kindreds, Villages and Clan-formations in the Etsako Central
Area
Revival and Continuation of their Age-Grades in the
tsako Central Area
Revival and Continuation of their Marriage Institution in the
Etsako Central Area
Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Names in the
Etsako Central Area
Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Religion in the
:tsako Central Area 27
Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Festivals in the
itsako Central Area 328
Revival and Continuation of their Indigenous Administrative
structure in the Etsako Central Area 329
Adaptation and Development of their Pre-Migration Techno-
economic Culture in their New Communities in the Etsako
Central Area in the Late 1390s and Early 1800s 330
Adaptation Process Involving the New Uneme Communities
and Lineages that Flourished in the Okene and Igala Areas
of the Present Kogi State Since About the Late 1390s
The Impact of Ebira Culture on the Indigenous Cultural
Institutions of the Migrant Uneme Settlers in the Okene
Area in the Period Indicated
Aspects of the Uneme Cultural Institutions thatSurvived the
Assimilatory Influences of Ebira Culture in the Okene Area
During the Period
Aspects of the Uneme Cultural Institutions Assimilated in the
Okene Area
The Impact of Igala Culture on the Indigenous Cultura]
Institutions of the Migrant Uneme that Settled in Igalaland
During the Period 344
Adaptation Process Involving the Migrant Uneme people that
Settled in the Agbor, Asaba and Awka Areas of the Present
Delta and Anambra States Du ring the Period

The Example of those that Occupied the Agbor Area

The Example of those that Occupied the Asaba Area
Contents

The Example of those that Occupied the Awka Area

Notes and References

CONTACT WITH EXTERNAL FORCES

OF IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM
(c.1440 A.D. - 1962 A.D.) 355
Chapter 8: Benin Imperialism in Akoko-Edo and Its
Cultural Impact on Uneme Communities
in the Area (c.1440 A.D. - 1800 A.D.) 357
Introduction 307
Benin's Imperialist Penetration of Akoko-Edo Before 1800 362
The Effects of Benin Imperialism on the Uneme Sociopolitical
Culture in Akoko-Edo Before 1800 366
The Positive Impact of Benin Imperialism on the Uneme
Technoeconomic Culture in Akoko-Edo During the period 366
Notes and References 369

Chapter 9: Benin Imperialism in Etsako and Its

Cultural Impact on Uneme Communities
in the Area (c.1440 A.D. - 1800 A.D.) 373
Introduction 373
Benin Imperialist Penetration of Etsako Before 1800 ato
The Effects of Benin Imperialism on the Uneme Sociopolitical
Culture in Etsako Before 1800 374
The Positive Impact of Benin Imperialism on the Uneme
Technoeconomic Culture in Etsako During the period 374
Notes and References 378
 XVi
Contents
Chapter 10: Nupe Raids and Invasion
| of Akoko-Edo
and their Cultural Effects on Uneme
| Communities in the Area (1830 A.D.
1897 A.D.) 379
Introduction
o/9
Nupe Raids on Akoko-Edo in about
the 1830s and 1840s 379
Intensification of the Raids on Akoko-Ed
o in the Period from
1840 to 1849
385
The Effects of the Nupe Raids of Akoko-Ed
o on the Uneme
Cultural Institutions in the Area in
the 1830s and 1840s 389
The Impact on the Uneme Sociopolitical
Culture Du ring
the Period
389
H The Impact on the Uneme Techno-econo
mic Culture
During the Period
392
The Nupe Invasion of Akoko-Edo and
fF Its Impact on Uneme
Communities in the Area (1860 - 1897
) 392
The effects of the Invasion on the Unem
e Sociopolitical Culture
in Akoko-Edo Before 1897
396
The Effects of the Invasion on the Unem
e Technoeconomic
Culture in Akoko-Edo Before 1897
398
Notes and References
402
Chapter 11: Nupe Raids and Invasion
of Etsako and their
Cultural Effects on Uneme Commun
ities in
the Area (1830. A.D. - 1897 A.D.)
411
Introduction
41]
The Raids on Uneme Oghomeze (Imi
ava) in the Etsako
Central Area in the 1830s and 1840s.
+117
The lffects of Nupe Raids of Etsakola
nd on the Uneme Cultura!
Institutions in Oghomeze (Im lara)
During the Period 412
The Impact of the Raids on the Uneme
Sociopolitical Culture
in Oghomeze (Imiava) Du ring the Peri
od 415
The Impact on the Uneme Family Syst
em in Oghomeze (Imiava)
During the Period
415
The Impact on the Com ponent Uneme
Quarters and
Kindreds in Oghomeze (Imiava)
415
Contents xXV11

The Impact on the Uneme Age-Grades in Oghomeze (Imiava) . 416.

The Impact on the Uneme Marriage System-in Oghomeze

(Imiava) , 416

‘The Impact on Uneme Names in Oghomeze (Imiava) —. ' 416

The Impact on the Uneme Indigenous Religion in Oghomeze
(Imiava) 417

‘The Impact on Uneme Festivals in Oghomeze (Imiava) 417

The Impact on the Uneme Adiministrative Structure in
Oghomeze (Imiava) 417

The Impact of the Raids on the Uneme Technoeconomic

Culture in Oghomeze (Inviava) 418
The Nupe Invasion of Etsakoland and Its Impact on Uneme
Communities in the Area (1860 - 1897) 419
The Effects of the Nupe Invasion of Etsakoland on Uneme
Cominunities in the Area Up to 1897 420
The Impact on the Uneme Sociopolitical Culture in Etsakoland
Up to 1897 — 420
The Consequences on the Uneme Family System in Etsakoland
Up to 1897 399
The Consequences on the Structures of the Uneme Quarters and
Kindreds in Etsakoland Up to 1897 420
The Consequences on the Uneme Age-Gr ades in Etsakoland
Up to 1897 421
The Consequences on the Uneme Marriage System in Etsakoland
Up to 1897 42]

The Consequences on Uneme Indigenous Names in Etsakoland

Up to 1897 422
The Consequences on the Uneme Indigenous Religion in
Etsakoland Up to 1897 423
The Consequences on the Uneme indigenous Festivals in
Etsakoland Up to 1897 423
The Consequences on the Uneme Indigenous Administrative
Structure in Etsakoland Up to 1897 424
The Impact on the Uneme Technoeconomic Cultural
Institutions in Etsakoland Up to 1897 429
Notes and References 429
XVili Contents
Chapter 12: The Cultural Impact of British Colonialism
on Uneme Communities in Akoko-Edo
Since 1897 433
Introduction 433
The Effects of British Rule on the Culture of
Uneme Communities in Akoko-Edo Since 1897 433
The Effects on the Sociopolitical Culture of the
Uneme in Akoko-Edo During the Period 434
Impact on their Family System 434
Effects on the Structure of their Quarters,
Kindreds, Villages and Clans in Akoko-Edo 436
Effects on the Uneme Age-Grades in Akoko-Edo 440
Effects on Uneme Marriage System in Akoko-Edo 44]
Effects on Uneme Names in Akoko-Edo 448
(i) |Christian Names 448
(ii) European Names 450
(iit) Yoruba Names 451
(iv) Muslim Names : 453
Effects on Uneme Religion in Akoko-Edo 458
(i) Islam in Uneme Communities in
Akoko-Edo Under British Rule Up to 1962 459
(it) Christianity in Uneme Communities in
Akoko-Edo Under British Rule Up to 1962 463
Effects on Uneme Festivals in Akoko-Edo 469
(i) The Emergence of New Festivals Associated with Christianity 470
(ii) The Emergence of New Festivals Connected with Islam
470
Effects on Uneme Administrative Institutions in Akoko-Edo
472
Effects on the Uneme Technoeconomic Culture in Akoko-Edo
478
Notes and References
479
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