SIC 2250 Web Architecture and Design (45 CREDIT HOURS) Prerequisites: SIC 2100 Introduction to

Programming
Purpose
A fundamental course which enables students to conceptualize, code, design, and deliver unique static websites
through a series of informative, interesting, challenging, and entertaining educational exercises. Students
develop skills and a professional sense of basic website creation technologies.

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Describe the methodology for developing an organizational website.
2. Define advanced structures using a mark-up language
3. Describe scripting languages – Java Script and Vbscript
4. Understand contemporary trends in internet programming.

Description
Foundations of web architecture, current technologies utilized in the development of a web site, and criteria for
assessing the usability of web sites. Introduction And Definitions. HTML Documents (Tags, Elements &
Attributes, Basic Structure with HTML5, HEAD & BODY, Title & Paragraphs, Heading Tags & Whitespace,
unordered & Ordered Lists, Tags attributes, Bold & Italics, Understanding How a Browser Reads HTML, Doc
Types & Browsers). CSS (Definition, Internal Style Sheets, Selectors, Properties & Values, Building &
Applying Class Selectors, Grouping Selectors, Creating Comments in Your Code, Using Div Tags & IDs to
Format Layout, Understanding the Cascade & Avoiding Conflicts). Images: Image Formats & Production
Considerations, Optimizing Images for the Web, The IMG Tag, Relative vs. Absolute URLs, Fine-Tuning with
Alt, Width & Height Attributes. Anchors & Hyperlinks (Hyperlinks, Linking to Emails, linking to a Specific
Part of a Webpage, Linking Images) More CSS (External Style Sheets; Hyperlinks with Pseudo-Classes; CSS
Box Model: Padding, Borders & Margins; Styling UL and OL with CSS; Overriding the Inheritance of
Attributes). Organizing Information (Tables & Table Attributes, Adding & Formatting Rows & Columns,
Spanning Rows & Columns, Increasing Table Accessibility, Definition Lists, HTML Comments). Creating
Layouts (Side Content Div, Absolute & Relative Positioning; Float & Clear Properties; Overflow, Auto-
Centering Content; Using Fixed Positioning). Brief Introduction to scripting: (Intro to JavaScript; inline
scripting, script reuse)

Course assessment:
Continuous assessment tests 30%,
End of semester examinations 70%.

Course Textbooks
1. Robins J.N., 2001, Learning Web Design: A Beginner’s Guide to XHTML, Style Sheets, and Web Graphics,
O’Reilly.
2. Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J. (2007). Internets & World Wide Web How To Program, 4th Ed. Pearson
Education
3. Sebesta, R. W. (2009). Programming the World Wide Web. 5th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc.

Reference Textbooks
1. Shah, D.N. (2009). A Complete Guide to Internet and Web Programming. New Delhi: Dreamtech Press
2. Bates, C. (2006). Web Programming: Building Internet Applications. 3rd Ed. West Sussex: John Wiley &
Sons
3. Web Application Architecture: Principles, Protocols and Practices. (Wiley 2nd Ed)
WORLD-WIDE WEB MODEL

INTERNET
This is a world-wide system of interconnected computers cooperating with each other to
exchange data using a common software standard through telephone lines and satellite
links. All the computers in the Internet can communicate with each other. These
computers use a communication standard called HTTP.

WWW
What is the World Wide Web?
The official definition of the WWW is "wide-area hypermedia information retrieval
initiative aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents."
wide-area: The World Wide Web spans the whole globe.
hypermedia: It contains various types of media (text, pictures, sound,
movies ...) and hyperlinks that connect pages to one another.
information retrieval: Viewing a WWW document (commonly called a Web
page) is very easy thanks to the help of Web browsers. They allow you to
retrieve pages just by clicking links, or entering addresses.
universal access: It doesn't matter what type of computer you have, or
what type of computer the page you want is stored on - your Web browser
allows you to connect seamlessly to many different systems.
large universe of documents: Anyone can publish a Web page - and
nearly anyone has! No matter what obscure information you want to find,
there is bound to be someone out there who has written a Web page about
it.
 The World Wide Web (WWW) is most often called the Web.

What's the relationship between the WWW and the Internet?

The World Wide Web is just one of the many services that the Internet provides. Some
other services provided by the Internet are email, FTP, gopher, telnet and usenet.
Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the web including
the following components: Email, FTP, Telnet, User news, HTTP

How does the WWW work?

- Web information is stored in documents called Web pages. Web pages are web
documents that are created using Hypertext markup language (HTML). It is
everything you can see on your PC's browser window at one time.
- A group of web pages that are related and logically connected is called a website.
A web site may contain a single web page or many interconnected web pages.
- There are different aspects of web pages:
Entry Page
- This is the first page a visitor views when entering a web site. It is not necessarily
the home page.
Home Page
- This is the introductory, starting, first, or welcome page for a web page.
- It is where other pages branch off.
- It is the main page of a web site.
- It acts as the introductory page by providing visitors with an overview of the web
site and links to the rest of the site.
Exit page
- This is the last page a visitor views before leaving the web site.

- These web pages are stored on computers called Web servers.

Types of Servers
The Internet is made up of millions of machines, each with a unique IP address. Many of
these machines are server machines, meaning that they provide services to other
machines on the Internet. Examples of these servers include: e-mail servers, Web
servers, FTP servers, Gopher servers and Telnet servers, to name a few.

WEB SERVERS
At its core, a web server serves static content to a web browser by loading a file from a
disk and serving it across the network to a user’s web browser. This entire exchange is
mediated by the browser and server talking to each other using HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP)

DNS SERVERS
Since most people have trouble remembering the strings of numbers that make up IP addresses, and
because IP addresses sometimes need to change, all servers on the Internet also have human-
readable names, called domain names. For example, www.howstuffworks.com is a permanent,
human-readable name. It is easier for most of us to remember www.howstuffworks.com than it is to
remember 209.116.69.66.
The name www.howstuffworks.com actually has three parts:
1. The host name ("www")
2. The domain name ("howstuffworks")
3. The top-level domain name ("com")
Domain names are managed by a company called VeriSign. VeriSign creates the top-level domain
names and guarantees that all names within a top-level domain are unique.
A set of servers called domain name servers (DNS) maps the human-readable names to the
IP addresses. These servers are simple databases that map names to IP addresses, and
they are distributed all over the Internet. Most individual companies, ISPs and
universities maintain small name servers to map host names to IP addresses. There are
also central name servers that use data supplied by VeriSign to map domain names to
IP addresses.

PROXY SERVERS
Proxy servers sit between a client program (typically a web browser) and an external
server (typically another server on the web) to filter requests, improve performance,
and share connections.

 Computers reading the Web pages are called Web clients.

 Web clients view the pages with a program called a Web browser.
 A web browser is a piece of software that runs on your computer and allows you
to view Web pages. There are two types of browsers; text based browsers like
LYNX and graphic based browsers like Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer.

How does the browser fetch the pages?

 A browser fetches a Web page from a server by a request.
 A request is a standard HTTP request containing a page address.
 A page address looks like this: http://www.someone.com/page.html.

How does the browser display the pages?

 All Web pages contain instructions for display
 The browser displays the page by reading these instructions.
 The most common display instructions are called HTML tags.
 HTML tags look like this <p>This is a Paragraph</p>.

Who is making the Web standards?

 The Web standards are not made up by Netscape or Microsoft.
 The rule-making body of the Web is the W3C.
 W3C stands for the World Wide Web Consortium.
 W3C puts together specifications for Web standards.
 The most essential Web standards are HTML, CSS and XML.
 The latest HTML standard is XHTML 1.0.

Features of WWW
- It has its own protocol i.e. HTTP
- It creates a convenient and user friendly environment
- It is the fastest components of Internet since it gathers together all the protocols
into a single system.
- It relies on the hypertext as means of Information retrieval.
- It has the ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages i.e.
text, graphics, video and audio.
- It is a delivery medium, content provider and subject matter.
- It connects users to almost any part of the Internet.
- It is used to explore intellectual, verbal knowledge and effective learning.
- It contains complex virtual web of connections and consist of files.
It provides real-time collaboration, interactive pages and automatic push of
information to client computers.

USES OF INTERNET

1) For Business/ To make money: The Internet offers a wide range of

business opportunities and facilities. One is able to trade online thus
putting away all the tariffs and barriers experienced. I.e. The Internet is
used to advertise and sell product and services.
2) To Communicate: The Internet has enabled users to get faster and
more reliable communication. Communication ranges from electronic
mail to Internet access. Through chatting and emails the Internet can be
used to meet people. www.yahoo.com
3) To have Fun: The Internet provides access to many games that one can
download to play online. (Entertainment in form of music, movies etc)
 4) Research: Anyone can be able to find articles or information readily
available on the Internet. It is an open library with access to some
university online libraries.www.google.com
5) News: Ranging from headlines around the world to sports it is readily
available. E.g www.nation.co.ke, www.cnn.com
6) Education: the Internet is a great learning tool. Many tutorials are
available in various subjects thus allowing users to learn more.
7) To find software: The Internet contains a wealth of useful downloadable
shareware (software you can use for free on a trial basis) e.g
shareware.com
8) To shop: The Internet offers a wide range of goods that can be bought
online e.g. cars, books e.t.c. However, security online is still
questionable. E.g www.amazon.com

INTRANET
- Organizations can use Internet networking standards and web technology to create
private networks called intranets.
- An Intranet is an internal organizational network that can provide access to data
across the enterprise.
- It uses the existing company network infrastructure along with Internet connectivity
standards and software developed for the World Wide Web.
- Intranets can create networked applications that can run on many different kinds of
computers throughout the organization.
√ The principal difference between the Internet and an Intranet is that whereas the
Internet is open to anyone, the Intranet is private and is protected from public
visits by firewalls.
√ A firewall is a hardware or software placed between an organization’s internal
network and an external network to prevent outsiders from invading private
networks.

EXTRANET
- Private intranet that is accessible to select outsiders.
- They are extended to authorized users outside the company eg authorized buyers
could link to a portion of the company’s intranet to obtain information about the cost
and features of its products.
- The company can use firewalls to make sure that only authorized people can access
the site.
- Extranets are especially useful for linking organizations with customers or business
partners. They often are used for providing product availability, pricing and
shipment data and electronic data interchange (EDI) or for collaborating with other
companies on joint development or training efforts.

OTHER WEB TECHNOLOGIES/ INTERNET SERVICES/ INTERNET TOOLS

(1) FTP
- The Internet allows you to copy files between your computer and other computers on
the Internet by using file transfer protocol (ftp). You connect your computer to an ftp
server, an Internet host computer that stores files for transfer. You may be required
to log in to retrieve a file, which varies from software, and text files to graphic files.
 (2) TCP/IP ( Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
- A special set of protocols that is used to send data in a more reliable way.

(3) E-mail
- This is online communication between computer users. It is quick, convenient,
efficient and cheap way to communicate with both individuals and groups.
- It’s the most popular internet service.

(4) TELNET
It’s a service that enables remote log in. Users are permitted to log in onto a host
and perform tasks as if they are working on the remote computer itself.

(5) USENET/newsgroups, mailing lists

A huge network of discussion groups
(6) Gopher
This is a menu based system that allows a user to access information from a remote
computer. Menu items point to a file which may be located on the same computer or
on a different one.

(7) IRC
This is an Internet service that allows a number of users to connect to the same
network node and communicate in real time.

INTERNET ADDRESSING

IP ADDRESS
An IP address is a unique numerical address assigned to every machine on the
Internet. The IP address is a 32 bit binary number normally represented as 4 decimal
values i.e. octets. Each octet represents 8 bits in range from 0 to 255 separated by
decimal points. This method of notation is called the dotted decimal notation e.g.
216.27.61.137
To guarantee world-wide unique addresses, IP addresses are licensed from
Network Information Center (NIC).
An IP address and its subnet mask perform the following functions:
- Enable the system to process the receipt and transmission of packets.
- They specify the device’s local addresses.
- They specify a range of addresses that share the cable with the device.

Commands that can be used to verify IP configuration

Router interfaces must be configured with an IP address if it is to be routed to or from
the interface.
PING
This uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) protocol to verify the hardware connection
and logical address at the network layer.
This command is used to determine the response time of a host.

TRACERT
This command is used to determine the path of a packet.
IPCONFIG
This command is used to determine the IP address of your computer.

DOMAIN NAMES
This is a unique name that identifies an Internet site.
It is an alpha-numeric representation of the IP address. The characters are separated
by dots and correspond to an IP address e.g. www.nation.co.ke
IP addresses are not user friendly and could cause typing errors; the domain name
system (DNS) was created so people would not have to remember several confusing
numbers. Domain names enable short, alphabetical names to be assigned to IP
addresses.
They are easier to remember and to work with than an IP address and are informative
and convenient to people.

A domain name is divided into two main parts:

(i) First level
It is an extension and is assigned according to what kind of domain it represents
E.g.
Domain name Type of domain
Edu Educational institution
Gov Government organization
Mil Military organization
Net Network service provider
Com Commercial organization
Org Organizations
Au Australian domain
Uk United Kingdom domain
Ke Kenyan domain
Za South African domain

(ii) Second level

It is a name one chooses or the main host of the Internet.
E.g. www.mail.yahoo.com

Domain name contains the following information

- the name of the organization
- the organization itself
- the country
- the particular computer or network

FQDN
- A Fully Qualified Domain Name is a domain name that includes all higher level
domains relevant to the entity named.
- It is usually selected to give a clear indication of the site’s organization or
sponsoring agent.
DOMAIN NAME SERVICE (DNS)
- This is a hierarchical, distributed method of organizing the name space of the
Internet. It
translates domain names to IP addresses and vice versa.
- It provides a centralized, distributed database which keeps track of computers
names and their corresponding IP addresses.
- DNS servers are computers connected to the Internet host part of the DNS database
and allow others to access it.
- DNS servers contains a subset of the entire databases. DNS uses a client/server
model where the DNS servers contain information about a portion of the DNS
database and makes information available to clients.
How DNS function
- Enter the domain name in the address location
- The browser software will ask Windows for the IP address it maps to
- Windows then sends a request to the local name server(local ISP)
- If the local ISP does not get the request then it forwards it to a higher name server
until mapping is done.
- Translation then takes place ie domain name to IP address and vice versa

ROUTING
- A router is a machine that routes packets and keep information used to get data to
its destination in routing tables.
- Each router knows about its sub-networks and which IP addresses they use.
- Routers form a tree-like structure on the Internet with Network Service Provider
(NSP) backbone at the roots.
- When a packet(piece of data) arrives at a router, the router examines the IP address
of its destination then checks its routing table. If the network containing the IP
address is found the packet is sent to that network, if not, then the router sends the
packet on a default route up the backbone to next router until it finds its destination.
This process is called package routing.

CONCEPTS OF WEB DESIGN

Definitions
Content
The actual 'meat' of a document -- all of the words, images, and links which a user can
read and interact with. The content is "whatever you put in the document."
Hyperlink
- This is a connection from one document to another or to any resource or within a
document. It is a connection made on a piece of text or media that takes users to
another web page.
- It is a part of web that can be clicked to get to somewhere else.
- A link from one document to another, or to any resource, or within a document.
Hypertext
This is text that contains links to other texts or documents.
It refers to any word or phrase in an electronic document that can be used as a pointer
to a related text page.
In-line
Almost always used in the context "in-line image," this refers to a resource of some
type, which is placed directly into a document. As I say, this is nearly always an image,
but the future could see things like in-line animations.
Hypermedia
- This is a system that has links between texts or media that takes users to another
web page.
- It contains various type of media hyper linked to connect a page to other page.
Broken Link
It is a link that references a page that no longer exists.
URL
The Uniform Resource Locator is a "standard" way of easily expressing the location and
data type of a resource. URLs in general take the form "protocol://address" 1
`where protocol is procedure or method like gopher, FTP, telnet, and so on, and
the address is merely the server and pathname (if any) of a given resource or page.
The syntax is:
Scheme://host.domain[:port]/path/filename
Where scheme is one of:
File a file on your local system
ftp a file on an anonymous FTP server
http a file on a World Wide Web server
gopher a file on a gopher server
WAIS a file on a WAIS server
News a Usenet newsgroup
telnet a connection to a Telnet-based service

Web design tools

- HTML documents are plain-text (also known as ASCII) files that can be created using
any text editor. Eg of text editors include notepad, web-edit, word processors like
MS Word, DOS edit, Netscape composer
- Some WYSIWYG editors can also be used eg Front page, Outlook Express, Claris
Home page, Adobe PageMill. WYSIWYG is an acronym for What You See Is What You
Get and it means that one can design the html document visually, as if you are using
a word processor, instead of writing the mark up tags in a plain text file and
imagining what the resulting page will look like.
One can also use graphic tools like photoshop, Paint, Animated GIF construction set,
PageMaker etc. These are used to create graphics that can be used in the web
documents.

WEB DESIGN
This is a user centered multi disciplinary design pursuit pertaining to planning and
production of web sites. It includes influences from visuals arts technology, information
structure and networked delivery.

Factors to consider while designing a web site

(i) The subject content - Should be relevant
(ii) The coverage of the topic/scope of the resource - Size of page, wide or
narrow scope
(iii) Presentation of the information - Should be accurate, should be logical
(iv) Interest of the authority - those responsible for the site, Is the author an
expert on the subject?
(v) The objectivity of the site – How balanced or bias is the coverage?
(vi) Presentation – keep in mind the interest of the users
(vii) Currency - availability of the updates - date of publication
(viii) Usability – is information useful
(ix) How long it takes to load a web page
(x) How often visitors visit the site, register or buy products
(xi) How long users use the site
(xii) How users find the site
(xiii) How likely users revisit the site

Standard elements of a page

Standard Header
Each page should have a standard header that will contain information about where the
user is in the web of pages.
Standard Footer
Every page should have the following information presented at the bottom of the page:
1. The author’s contacts.
2. A date indicating when the page was most recently modified to allow the
user to determine whether a page is current or not.
3. The URL of the current page if you feel that users might want to print a
page or will need to know where they are in your hierarchy.

In addition to the above required information, the following information should be

provided as necessary:
1. Copyright information on the text displayed.
2. Acknowledgements of copyrighted information.
3. A disclaimer.(legal claim)

Modern web design

1. Web - centered versus designer - centered site design.
One has to consider the designer and user needs hence the site should be developed
with the users in mind.

2. Balance of form and function

The site should contain function with form to inspire the user and to break the site
boredom. There should be a clear and continuous relationship between form and
function. The designer has to make sure that the visual form of the page related to its
function.

3. Quality of execution
A web site is considered excellent if it is useful, usable, correct and pleasing. The
components of web development have to be compatible e.g. HTML, XML, JavaScript,
Java, flash browser, compatibility and server capacity.

4. Conformity of conversion and innovation

This includes how fast the site loads and how attractive the site is.
5. Size of the page
The size of the page should be determined by the audience of the page, the intent of the
page and the envisioned use of a page.

6. Navigational issues
Every page you make should have a link at the top level page. If applicable there should
also be links to the next document in the series and to the previous document in the
series.

7. Graphics
The graphics should be small and simple due to the increasing web usage and the
limited facilities to accommodate users. Each image should also have alternate text for
viewers that cannot see graphics or for users who choose not to load them
8. Links
Avoid broken links.
The links should be self -explanatory. That means the description given should match
the task at hand. Again do not use too much content on the link. Try to focus on the text
that is relevant not to a whole sentence.

9. Browser specification enhancements

Some tags like <BLINK> and <MARQUEE> are not supported by all the web browsers.
View your web page in all common types of web browsers.

10. Aesthetics
Your web page should be user friendly.
Avoid a lot of movements eg blinking, scrolling text and images. This may distract the
user and he/she may not focus on the rest of the page.

TYPES OF DOCUMENTS
(1) Static document
- Documents are stored as a file on a server
- The same content is delivered every time that URL is accessed.
- Advantages: They are simple, reliable, fast and the documents can be cached locally
at a client.
- Disadvantages: Inflexible as content can only be changed by updating the file.
Information can become boring easily.

(2) Dynamic documents

- The documents are created by a program like CGI -script.
- Advantages: Information is timely and always reflect the latest information.
- Disadvantages: They are not reliable.
Require high cost of executing and maintenance.
Slow to access

(3) Active documents

- These are documents that contain executable elements that are executed by the
client on arrival.
- Executable elements are in script language such as JavaScript, Active X, Java applets
e.t.c
-
- Advantages: Documents reflect the latest information.
Good performance
- Disadvantages: High cost of execution and maintenance. It is complex and poses a
great security risks from servers and codes.

 client: most users of the web simply want to access content. they need an app
that can receive incoming content and display it. this kind of app is called a client.
(eg. strictly speaking, an email program is considered a client.) many kinds of
possible web clients (real player, winamp), but most popular is a web browser
(displays html, plus many other common media formats). client cache: the
location data is temporarily stored while it is displayed in your browser.
 server: so where does a web page come from? servers, the host computers that
act as storage and distribution centres for web content waiting to be delivered to
 web clients. a web server is a 24-hour communication application that works
something like an automated telephone switchboard. it listens for calls
("requests") placed by people using web browsers asking for web pages. once a
request is made by a browser, the server checks to see if it can find the requested
page. if it can find the page, the server sends it back to the browser and the
browser displays it. if the server can't find the page, or there is some other
problem, it sends back an error response in the form of a numeric code. some
responses are: "404--the web server can't find the page you asked for", "403--
you're not allowed to access the page you asked for without authorization".

servers:
o are actual computers physically hooked up to the internet via ethernet,
cable, telephone line, etc.
o run software that listens for requests for web content and returns messages
and data.
o can perform tasks (run programs/scripts, query databases) before
responding to clients.
o can cease functioning without affecting the stability of the rest of the
web/internet.

 protocol: the language used by the a client and server to negotiate the transfer
of data. web: http (hyper-text transfer protocol), file transfer: ftp (file transfer
protocol), transmission control protocol/internet protocol (tcp/ip...tcp
disassembles data into packets, ip handles addressing and routing of the packets).
OVERVI EW OF HTML
HTML CODING
- HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
- Hyper means active.
- It represents textual and image content.
- It is platform independent. This means that the text and the content are encoded in a way that they can be
displayed on a wide range of computers.

Advantages of HTML
1. It can be written in any editor.
2. It is universal and simple to learn and implement.
3. It gives an opportunity to further explore and add more features.

HTML DOCUMENT STRUCTURE

- HTML files usually have the extension of htm, html, or shtml.
- Document tags define the overall structure of an HTML document.
- HTML is structured i.e. it has a beginning, body and end.
- Pages are made of text, images and URL links.
- HTML is composed of tags which are always enclosed in angle brackets <>
- Tags in HTML are not case sensitive.
- In HTML there are two types of tags, container tags, and empty tags.
- Container tags occur in pairs. An example of a container tag is the <title></ title> tag. Whatever is contained
within this tag is assigned to the title. Notice that the closing tag has a slash in it.
- Empty tags require no closing tag. An example of an empty tag is the break tag <br>. This forces the cursor to
a new line.
- Tags should always be balanced hence containers should be nested within each other.

HTML Tags
 HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements
An element is a fundamental component of the structure of a text document. Some examples of elements
are heads, tables, paragraphs, and lists.
Some elements may include an attribute, which is additional information that is included inside the start
tag.
 HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
 The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </ b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>

- There are four tags every HTML document should have. These tags define what type of document it is, and
the major sections.
- These tags are <HTML>, <HEAD>, <TITLE>, and <BODY ...>.
e.g.

<!--DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"-->

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>This is my first web page</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<P>Hello world!</P>

</BODY>

</HTML>

- COMMENT TAG
The first line of the code usually starts with !. It is usually for commenting and it is an empty tag. Comment tags
do not show up in the browser window. They are ignored by the browser. One can tell your web browser what
version of HTML being used. This needs to be written exactly as is. This, unlike the rest of the HTML language
is case sensitive. You can write all the other tags in upper or lower case.
You can also use comments to explain your code, which can help you when you edit the source code at a
later date.
<!-- This is a comment -->
Note that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.
Its an empty tag.
- <HTML> </ HTML>
This is now the beginning of the document. It tells the browser that the file contains HTML coded information.
The file extension .html indicates that the file is a HTML document.</ html>tells the browser that this is the
end of the document.

- <HEAD> </ HEAD>

This identifies the first part of the HTML - coded document that contains the title. The title is shown as part of
the browser’s window.

- <TITLE> </ TITLE>

The title element contains the document title and identifies its content in a global context. The title is typically
displayed in the title bar at the top of the browser window, but not inside the window itself. The title is also
what is used to identify the page for search engines and also what is displayed on a bookmark list. Titles should
be descriptive, unique and relatively short.

- <BODY> </ BODY>

The body tag defines the look of the page as a whole – specifically global settings for the color of the text, the
color of the background and the color of the links.
This is the second and the largest part of the HTML document.
The Body section of HTML contains other tags, which display text, images, links and multimedia.

Body Tag Attributes

BGCOLOR
Defines the background color of the page. The color setting can be expressed in one or two ways, either by
name e.g. “ blue” or as a six digit hexadecimal number e.g. Blue – 0000ff, Green – 00ff00, Red – ff0000,
White – ffffff, Black – 000000 e.t.c
BACKGROUND
Defines a background image. The images get tiled in the browser.
TEXT
Defines the color of the text of the page. NB/ Make sure your background
Contrasts with the text color.