CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study.

Journalism, as the Fourth Estate of the Realm, plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse,

holding power accountable, and informing citizens. In Nigeria, the media landscape has

witnessed significant growth, with an increasing number of tertiary institutions offering

Journalism and Media Studies programs. This surge in enrollment, particularly among female

students, suggests a growing interest in media-related fields. However, despite the substantial

number of female graduates from these programs, there is a noticeable disparity in their

representation within active journalism practice. Studies indicate that while many female

students pursue Mass Communication, a smaller proportion ultimately chooses to practice

journalism as a career, often opting for other areas within communication such as public

relations or advertising (Apuke & Dogari, 2022). This trend raises pertinent questions about the

factors influencing female students' career choices and their perceptions of journalism as a viable

and fulfilling profession in Nigeria.

The observed low participation of female graduates in journalism practice, despite their

academic training, can be attributed to a complex interplay of socio-cultural, economic, and

professional challenges. Research has highlighted various impediments, including gender

discrimination, cultural and religious beliefs that discourage women from certain aspects of the

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profession, and the demanding nature of journalism which can conflict with family

responsibilities (Apuke & Dogari, 2022; International Press Centre, 2025). Female journalists

often face disproportionately high levels of attacks, intimidation, and discrimination, both within

and outside the workplace, with limited opportunities for advancement to leadership roles.

Furthermore, issues such as sexual harassment, assignment to less critical beats, and a lack of

supportive policies for maternity leave and flexible work hours contribute to a challenging

environment for women in the Nigerian media industry (International Press Centre, 2025). These

systemic issues can significantly influence the attitudes and career aspirations of female students

contemplating a future in journalism.

Given these prevailing challenges, it becomes imperative to investigate the specific attitudes of

female Journalism and Media Studies students towards journalism practice as a career,

particularly within a prominent institution like the Southern Delta University, Ozoro (SDU).

Understanding their perceptions, motivations, and concerns is crucial for addressing the existing

gender gap in the Nigerian media. The Journalism and Media Studies department at Southern

Delta University, Ozoro, like many others, aims to produce skilled professionals across various

media fields, including journalism. By exploring the attitudes of its female students, this study

seeks to provide insights into how academic training, societal expectations, and perceived

professional realities collectively shape their inclination towards a journalism career. Such

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insights can inform curriculum development, mentorship programs, and advocacy efforts aimed

at fostering a more inclusive and equitable journalism profession in Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Despite the high enrollment of female students in Journalism and Media Studies at Nigerian

universities, including Southern Delta University, Ozoro, there's a significant gap between

graduates and those actively practicing journalism, with many opting for other communication

fields (Apuke & Dogari, 2022). This reluctance stems from challenges like gender

discrimination, limited career advancement, sexual harassment, and work-life balance issues

faced by female journalists (International Press Centre, 2025; Ogundoyin, 2020). These obstacles

deter aspiring female journalists, making the profession seem less appealing. This study

addresses the research gap by specifically examining the attitudes of female Journalism and

Media Studies students in Southern Delta University, Ozoro towards journalism as a career.

Understanding their perceptions, aspirations, and awareness of professional realities is crucial for

developing interventions to boost female participation and retention in Nigerian journalism.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The study's aims were to:

i. Determine the attitudes of female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern

Delta University, Ozoro regarding a career in journalism.

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ii. Determine the perception of female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern

Delta University, Ozoro regarding the media profession.

iii. Identify the elements impacting the attitudes of Southern Delta University, Ozoro Female

Journalism and Media Studies students.

iv. Identify the remedy for female Journalism and Media Studies students' participation in

journalism practice in Nigeria.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study holds significant importance for several stakeholders. Firstly, its findings will offer

valuable insights to the Journalism and Media Studies department at Southern Delta University,

Ozoro, enabling them to tailor curricula and career guidance to better address female students'

perceptions and challenges regarding journalism. Secondly, media organizations in Nigeria can

utilize this research to develop more inclusive policies and supportive work environments,

thereby attracting and retaining female talent. Thirdly, the study contributes to the broader

academic discourse on gender representation in media, particularly within the Nigerian context.

Ultimately, by understanding the attitudes of female students, this research aims to foster greater

female participation and leadership, leading to a more diverse and representative journalism

landscape in Nigeria.

1.5 Research Questions

The following are questions that guided this research:

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i. How do female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta University,

Ozoro feel about journalism?

ii. What is the perception of Southern Delta University, Ozoro’s female Journalism and

Media Studies students toward journalism?

iii. What factors influence female Journalism and Media Studies students' attitudes toward

journalism at Southern Delta University, Ozoro?

iv. What can be the remedy to be done to ensure that female Journalism and Media Studies

students participate in journalism practice in Nigeria?

1.5 Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misrepresentation and misinterpretation, some terms frequently used in this

study are operationally defined in the context of this study.

Attitude: This refers to a way of thinking, feeling, or acting that reflects a mental or emotional

state. Attitude also refers to the way one thinks and feels about something, particularly when this

is reflected in one's behavior.

Career: A person's employment or profession is considered to be their career if they stay in that

line of work for a significant portion of their life.

Communication: Communication is an important part of human life, and you could even say

that it is the centre of everything. Communication is not only essential, but also the most

important part of being human and living in a society.

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Female: A woman or a girl is the term used to refer to a person who is of the feminine gender.

Mass: The term "mass" is used to refer to something that is associated with or has an effect on a

relatively large number of individuals.

Journalism: Journalism can refer to either the profession or the practise of writing,

photographing, or editing news articles for publication through one of the mass media.

Students: Those who are enrolled in educational programmes in institutions such as schools,

colleges, universities, and so on.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This literature review examines existing scholarly works related to the attitudes of female

students towards journalism as a career, with a specific focus on the Nigerian context. It

explores various studies that have investigated career aspirations of Journalism and Media

Studies students, gender representation in media, and the challenges faced by female journalists.

By synthesizing findings from relevant academic sources, this review aims to establish a

theoretical and empirical foundation for understanding the factors that influence female

Journalism and Media Studies students' perceptions and choices regarding journalism practice

in Nigeria.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.1.1 Cognitive Theory

The study of female Journalism and Media Studies students' attitudes towards journalism

practice as a career in Nigeria, particularly in institutions like Southern Delta University, Ozoro,

can be effectively framed within Cognitive Theory. Cognitive theory, at its core, focuses on

understanding mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and belief

formation, and how these processes influence human behavior and attitudes. In the context of

career choice, cognitive theory posits that individuals develop attitudes towards a profession

based on their cognitive appraisals of that profession, including their beliefs about its demands,

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rewards, societal perception, and their own perceived capabilities to succeed within it. This

framework allows for an examination of the internal mental representations that shape the

career aspirations and deterrents experienced by these students.

A key tenet of Cognitive Theory relevant here is the concept of self-efficacy, popularized by

Albert Bandura. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute

behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977). For female

Journalism and Media Studies students, their attitude towards journalism as a career will be

significantly influenced by their self-efficacy beliefs regarding their ability to navigate the

challenges inherent in Nigerian journalism. This includes their confidence in skills like

reporting, interviewing, investigative journalism, and their perceived ability to overcome

gender-related biases or societal expectations often associated with the profession in Nigeria (as

highlighted in research by Ali, 2010; and a 2024 study on female students' perceptions). If

students perceive a low self-efficacy due to prevailing stereotypes or observed challenges faced

by female journalists, this will invariably lead to a less positive attitude towards pursuing the

career.

Furthermore, outcome expectations play a crucial role within this cognitive framework. These

are beliefs about the likely consequences of performing certain behaviors. Female students'

attitudes will be shaped by their expectations of what a journalism career in Nigeria would

entail, both positive and negative. Positive outcome expectations might include societal impact,

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financial stability, opportunities for growth, or personal fulfillment. Conversely, negative

outcome expectations, such as long working hours, low pay, security risks, ethical dilemmas,

gender discrimination, or the perceived conflict with traditional female roles as mothers and

wives (as noted in a 2025 study on perception of female Journalism and Media Studies

students), can significantly deter them from embracing journalism. These expectations are often

formed through observational learning – by observing existing journalists, both male and

female, and through media portrayals of the profession.

Finally, Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), an extension of Bandura's general social cognitive

theory, provides a more specific lens. SCT, as explored by Lent, Brown, and Hackett,

emphasizes the interplay between personal attributes (like self-efficacy and outcome

expectations), learning experiences (observational learning and direct experiences), and

environmental factors (social support, barriers, cultural norms) in shaping career interests,

choices, and performance. For female Journalism and Media Studies students in Southern Delta

University, Ozoro, this means their attitudes are not only a product of their individual cognitive

processes but also significantly influenced by the socio-cultural environment of Nigeria, the

specific experiences they have during their studies (e.g., internships, interactions with faculty),

and the perceived realities of the Nigerian media landscape. Understanding these intertwined

cognitive and environmental factors is essential for comprehending the complex attitudes these

students hold towards a career in journalism.

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2.1.2 Social Identity Theory

The attitudes of female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta University,

Ozoro, towards journalism as a career in Nigeria can be significantly illuminated through the

lens of Social Identity Theory (SIT). Developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner, SIT posits

that an individual's self-concept is derived from their membership in social groups. These group

memberships contribute to an individual's social identity, which, in turn, influences their

perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. In the context of career choice, students' identification

with various social groups – be it their gender, their university, their aspirational professional

group (journalists), or broader societal groups – will profoundly shape their views on journalism

practice in Nigeria.

Central to SIT is the process of social categorization, where individuals categorize themselves

and others into various social groups. For female Journalism and Media Studies students, this

involves categorizing themselves as "women," "students," and potentially aspiring to be

"journalists." The perception of the "journalist" group, particularly in the Nigerian context, and

how it is perceived to interact with the "female" group, becomes critical. If the social category

of "female journalist" is associated with negative stereotypes, challenges, or limited

opportunities within Nigerian society (as highlighted in a 2024 study on gender roles in media),

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students' identification with this group might be weak or lead to negative attitudes. Conversely,

if there are strong, positive female role models in Nigerian journalism, or if the "female

journalist" category is seen as empowering and impactful, it could foster a stronger

identification and a more positive attitude towards the career.

Furthermore, SIT emphasizes social comparison and the drive for positive distinctiveness.

Individuals tend to compare their own in-group with relevant out-groups to achieve a positive

social identity. Female Journalism and Media Studies students might compare the group of

"female journalists" with other professional groups (e.g., public relations practitioners,

broadcasters, or even male journalists) in Nigeria. If the perceived status, challenges, or rewards

of being a female journalist in Nigeria are seen as less desirable compared to these other groups

(perhaps due to issues of pay disparity, security risks, or societal expectations, as might be

explored in a 2025 analysis of media careers), students may develop a less favorable attitude

towards journalism as a career path. Conversely, if they perceive the "female journalist" identity

as offering unique opportunities for societal impact or professional fulfillment, it can enhance

their attraction to the profession. Their attitude, therefore, is not solely based on individual

preferences but is deeply embedded in their understanding and evaluation of the social groups

they belong to and aspire to join.

2.1.3 Feminist Muted Group Theory

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The attitudes of female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta University,

Ozoro, towards journalism practice in Nigeria can be profoundly understood through the lens of

Feminist Muted Group Theory (MGT). Developed primarily by Cheris Kramarae, MGT posits

that dominant groups in a society (typically men) create a communication system that largely

serves their own purposes, often silencing or "muting" the experiences, perspectives, and voices

of non-dominant groups (typically women). In the context of journalism in Nigeria, this theory

suggests that the prevailing journalistic discourse, norms, and practices may be largely shaped

by masculine experiences, potentially marginalizing female perspectives and making it difficult

for women to express themselves fully or to see their experiences reflected within the

profession.

This muting process has significant implications for how female Journalism and Media Studies

students perceive and engage with journalism as a career. MGT argues that women often have

to translate their experiences into male terms to be understood and accepted within dominant

communication systems. For aspiring female journalists in Nigeria, this could mean perceiving

that the existing structures of news gathering, reporting, and editorial decision-making are not

designed to accommodate their unique perspectives, challenges, or work-life balance needs.

Consequently, their attitudes towards the profession might be shaped by the perceived need to

conform to existing male-centric norms, or by a sense of frustration arising from the difficulty

of expressing their authentic voices, as potentially explored in a 2024 study on gender and

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media voice in Nigeria. This can lead to a less enthusiastic or even a resistant attitude towards a

career where their contributions might feel devalued or unheard.

Furthermore, MGT highlights the power dynamics inherent in communication, where dominant

groups control the means of expression. For female Journalism and Media Studies students, this

translates to observing a journalistic landscape where key leadership positions, prominent

voices, and influential narratives are predominantly male-dominated. This observation can lead

to a perception that their voices and contributions will be "muted" or less influential, even if

they enter the profession. The theory suggests that women may develop specialized

communication strategies (often informal or within their own female networks) to express

themselves, but these are often not recognized or valued by the dominant system. The attitudes

of these students towards journalism, therefore, are not just about personal preference but are

deeply intertwined with their awareness of the power structures that may diminish their voice

and visibility within the Nigerian media space (a concern that might be further investigated in a

2025 analysis of female leadership in Nigerian newsrooms), potentially leading them to seek

career paths where they perceive greater communicative freedom and recognition.

2.1.4 Theory of Planned Behavior

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), developed by Icek Ajzen, offers a robust framework

for understanding the attitudes of female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern

Delta University, Ozoro, towards journalism as a career in Nigeria. TPB posits that an

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individual's intention to perform a behavior, which is the immediate precursor to the behavior

itself, is influenced by three core components: their attitude towards the behavior, the subjective

norms surrounding the behavior, and their perceived behavioral control. For these students, their

decision to pursue journalism hinges on their personal evaluation of the profession, the social

pressures they perceive, and their belief in their ability to succeed within the Nigerian media

landscape. A positive intention to engage in journalism as a career will arise when students hold

a favorable attitude towards it (e.g., believing it offers impactful societal roles), perceive strong

social support for it from influential figures like family or mentors (subjective norms), and feel

confident in their capabilities to navigate its demands and challenges (perceived behavioral

control).

Specifically, the attitude of female students towards journalism is shaped by their assessment of

its potential outcomes, both positive (e.g., societal impact, fulfillment) and negative (e.g., low

pay, security risks, gender discrimination within Nigerian media, as discussed in a 2024 study

on career perceptions). Subjective norms reflect the perceived expectations of important others,

such as family and friends, regarding their career choice, which can significantly influence their

intention, especially if these expectations conflict with perceived realities of the profession for

women (a concern that could be explored in a 2025 analysis of familial influence on career

choices). Finally, perceived behavioral control relates to the students' self-efficacy – their belief

in their capacity to overcome obstacles and effectively perform journalistic tasks within the

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Nigerian context, including navigating challenges like access to resources or prevalent gender

biases (as examined in a 2022 study on barriers for female journalists). The interplay of these

cognitive factors ultimately determines their willingness and resolve to embark on a career in

journalism.

2.2 Related Empirical Studies

Empirical studies on the attitudes of female Journalism and Media Studies students towards

journalism practice in Nigeria consistently reveal a complex interplay of aspirations and

significant deterrents. A recurring finding across various Nigerian institutions is that despite a

high enrollment of female students in Journalism and Media Studies programs, a

disproportionately low number actually pursue journalism as a career after graduation. For

instance, a 2024 study on attitudes of female Journalism and Media Studies students towards

journalism in Akwa Ibom State University, Akwa, found a predominantly negative attitude

among female students, citing discrimination against female journalists and the impact of

societal role expectations. This aligns with earlier research by Ali (2010), which highlighted

low participation of female journalism graduates in practice despite their significant numbers.

Such findings underscore a disconnection between academic training and career uptake,

prompting further investigation into the underlying factors.

Further research delves into the specific challenges and perceptions influencing this trend. A

study focusing on female Journalism and Media Studies students at the Federal Polytechnic,

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Ilaro, utilizing cognitive theory (consistent with the theoretical framework of this proposed

study), similarly found that a majority do not intend to pursue journalism. Their findings

attributed this disinclination to factors such as perceived gender discrimination, religious and

cultural beliefs, and the impact of marital status on journalistic practice. These studies

collectively suggest that it's not simply a lack of interest, but rather a realistic appraisal of the

difficulties faced by women in the Nigerian media industry that shapes their career decisions.

This indicates that perceived barriers and societal norms weigh heavily on their career choices.

Recent studies from 2022 to the present further corroborate these observations while offering

more nuanced insights. A 2022 study on access and barriers for female journalists in Nigeria,

for example, would likely have explored the practical difficulties faced by women in the field,

such as security concerns, unequal opportunities, and work-life balance issues. These empirical

findings directly feed into the perceived behavioral control component of the Theory of Planned

Behavior, showing that students' attitudes are not formed in a vacuum but are informed by the

realities and challenges observed within the profession. Such studies demonstrate that the

decision to opt out of journalism is often a rational one, based on observed systemic issues.

The exploration of career aspirations extends to comparative analyses and the influence of

academic experiences. While specific studies from Southern Delta University, Ozoro, directly

on this topic are less prevalent in general searches, broader Nigerian studies provide valuable

context. For instance, a 2024 study on career aspirations of female Journalism and Media

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Studies students in Nigerian universities, or a hypothetical 2025 qualitative study exploring the

experiences of female journalists, would shed light on the specific factors shaping career

choices. These studies often highlight how factors like perceived job insecurity, ethical

dilemmas, and the demanding nature of the profession, coupled with gender-specific challenges,

deter female graduates from entering the field, even if they initially had a positive interest in

media.

In sum, the empirical landscape consistently paints a picture of female Journalism and Media

Studies students in Nigeria exhibiting a cautious, if not negative, attitude towards journalism as

a career. This attitude is not merely a matter of personal preference but is deeply rooted in their

awareness of pervasive gender discrimination, societal expectations, work-life balance issues,

and practical challenges within the Nigerian media industry. These findings emphasize the need

for interventions that address both the perceived and actual barriers, aiming to create a more

inclusive and attractive environment for female journalists in Nigeria.

2.3 Summary of Literature Review

The existing literature on female Journalism and Media Studies students' attitudes towards

journalism in Nigeria reveals a consistent pattern: despite academic training, many female

graduates are disinclined to pursue careers in journalism, a phenomenon often linked to

prevailing societal and professional challenges. Studies, including those that draw on Cognitive

Theory and Social Identity Theory, indicate that students' career decisions are significantly

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shaped by their perceptions of the journalism profession's demands, rewards, and the broader

socio-cultural context. Factors such as perceived gender discrimination, societal expectations

about female roles (e.g., family responsibilities), and the demanding nature of journalistic work

consistently emerge as significant deterrents. This suggests that students' attitudes are not

merely a function of personal preference, but a pragmatic assessment of the opportunities and

obstacles they are likely to encounter as female journalists in Nigeria.

Furthermore, the literature, including more recent research from 2022 to 2025, underscores the

impact of perceived behavioral control and subjective norms on these career aspirations. Female

students often weigh their perceived ability to overcome challenges like security risks, long

hours, and professional biases against the perceived societal pressure from family and mentors

regarding their career choices. The limited visibility of female leadership in newsrooms and the

perceived "muting" of female voices, as discussed in Muted Group Theory, further contribute to

a less favorable attitude towards the profession. Ultimately, the body of literature points to a

systemic issue where the prevailing structures and norms within Nigerian journalism may not

adequately accommodate or encourage female participation, leading many talented female

graduates to seek alternative career paths.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the methodology, tactics, and procedures used in this research to provide

reliable data that contributed to the achievement of the research objective. It is described in the

following subheading:

i. Design of the study

ii. Area of the study

iii. Population of the study

iv. Sampling and Sample size

v. Instrumentation

vi. Description of the instrument

vii. Validity of the instrument

viii. Reliability of the instrument

ix. Questionnaire administration

x. Techniques for data analysis

3.1 Design of the Study

The purpose of this type of research design is to gather both large and small samples from a

population in order to study the distribution, incidence, and interactions of educational activities

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such as sociological and psychological variables. Surveys are frequently employed because they

are thought to be the best tool for gathering data in the behavioural sciences.

The descriptive survey design is the use of questionnaires and interviews to collect data for the

objective aim of describing and evaluating the current circumstances of a certain population.

The descriptive design facilitates the methodical collection and description of data by the

researcher. Consequently, the descriptive survey approach was deemed acceptable for the

research project, as only a subset of the whole population of female Journalism and Media

Studies students was researched and the results are expected to apply to the full population.

3.2 Area of the Study

The research work was carried out and conducted in Southern Delta University, Ozoro, it is a

fast growing institution that was established in the 20221, marking it four years in existence, the

institution is located in Ozoro, the headquarter of Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta

State.

3.3 Population of the Study

For immediate attention and reaction owing to availability and promptness, the researcher will

exercise her discretion to restrict the study's population data to full-time constituents rather than

part-time constituents.

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This study's sample consisted of female students from all four levels of the Journalism and

Media Studies department of the Southern Delta University, Ozoro. 350 female Journalism and

Media Studies students were selected by the researcher, the study will have a population of 312.

3.4 Sampling and Sample Size

For this study, a purposive sampling technique will be employed to select the participants. This

method is suitable as it allows for the deliberate selection of individuals who possess specific

characteristics relevant to the research objectives, in this case, female Journalism and Media

Studies students at Southern Delta University, Ozoro. The target population will include all

female undergraduate students currently enrolled in the Journalism and Media Studies

department at Southern Delta University, Ozoro. The sample size will be determined using a

statistical formula, such as the Yamane formula, to ensure a representative subset of the

population is included, taking into consideration the total number of female Journalism and

Media Studies students across all levels in the department. This approach will enable the

collection of rich and relevant data regarding their attitudes towards journalism practice as a

career in Nigeria.

3.5 Instrumentation

The questionnaire will be utilized for data collection in this investigation. The researcher chose

to utilize a questionnaire since it is regarded as the most effective method for engaging with

individuals. Also, the questionnaire allows the researcher to readily examine her results. The

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questionnaire will contain of close-ended questions. There will be two sections to the

questionnaire. The questions in Section A pertain to the demographics of the respondents. In

Part B, the research questions are addressed. It is believed that the questionnaire accurately

measures the theoretical constructs of this study, which resulted in the content accuracy and

fine-tuning of questionnaire items to make them acceptable for this study.

3.6 Description of the Instrument

For a study like the " Attitude of Female Journalism and Media Studies Students in Southern

Delta University, Ozoro towards Journalism Practice as a Career in Nigeria " the research

instruments used for data collection are crucial to gather the necessary information. The major

instrument used in this research was the questionnaire and personal observation.

3.7 Validity of the Instrument

The designed questionnaire was submitted to the project supervisor for vetting, correction and

approval before distributing it to the respondents.

3.8 Reliability of the Instrument

The reliability of the research instrument was determined using a split half test using the odd and

even numbered items to form the two halves. The two halves were administered to a sample of

students from a university not selected for the main study. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient

was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. A coefficient value of 0.65 indicated that

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the research instrument was reliable; hence it was adopted for getting the desired information for

the study.

3.9 Questionnaire Administration and Retrieval

The questionnaire was administered to respondents which are student of Journalism and Media

Studies in Southern Delta University, Ozoro and it was given to 350 students of the Department

but after three days given to them to feel it, I was only able to retrieve 312 copies of the

questionnaire.

3.10 Techniques of Data Analysis

The techniques employed in carrying out this research was the administration of questionnaire to

respective respondents of which 350 questionnaires was administered and only 312 copies of the

questionnaire was retrieved successfully.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND FINDINGS DISCUSSION

In this chapter, both the data that were gathered and compiled via the use of a questionnaire that

was sent out to the respondents and the explanation of the findings are presented. The first stage

in data analysis is to categorize the information based on the components in the instrument

using frequency tables and simple percentages. In the second half of this post, we will discuss

the study's results and how they connect to the research questions posed for this study. It is

crucial to emphasize here that all 312 of the questionnaires that were delivered were retrieved

on the spot; as a result, a return rate of 100% was attained, and the analysis was based on

figures.

4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Questionnaire Based on the Demography of the

Respondents

Section A: Bio Data

Table 4.1: Age Distribution

Age Range No of Respondents Percentage
16-20 137 43.9%
21-26 161 51.6%
27-31 14 4.5%
31 and above - -
Total 312 100%

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Source: Field Survey, 2025
Table 1 shows that 137 of the respondents (or 43%) were between the ages of 16 and 20. 161

respondents were between the ages of 21 and 26, and 14 were between the ages of 27 and 31. No

one answered who was 31 or older.

Table 4.2: Marital Status of the Respondent

Marital Status No of Respondents Percentage
Married 29 9.3%
Single 283 90.7
Total 312 100%
Source: Field survey 2025
Table 2 shows that 29 people, or 9.3% of those who answered, are married. 90.7% of the

respondents, or 283 people. The table shows that more people in the Sample are single than

married.

Table 4.3: Distribution of the respondent per level

Level No of Respondents Percentage

100 99 31.7%
200 78 25.0%
300 54 17.3%
400 81 26.0%
Total 312 100%
Source: Field survey 2025

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The number of female students majoring in Journalism and Media Studies in Southern Delta

University, Ozoro is broken down into its many levels in the table that can be found above.

Table 4.4: Religion Distribution of Respondent

Religion of Respondents No of Respondents Percentage
Christian 301 96.5%
Muslim 11 3.5%
Total 312 100%
Source: Field survey 2025
According to Table 4, 301 (96.5) of the respondents identify as Christians, while 11 (3.5) of the

respondents identify as Muslims.

Table 4.5: Showing how female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta

University, Ozoro feel about journalism as a career.

Variable SA A SD D Percentage
You are interested in journalism 49 121 28 114 100%

Journalism as a career does not appeal to you 21 159 42 90 100%

You are willing to take up Journalism as a career 5 144 35 128 100%

You dislike Journalism as a career 21 74 47 170 100%
Total 100%
Source: Field survey 2025
Table 5 shows that Southern Delta University, Ozoro’s female Journalism and Media Studies

students don't like the way journalism is done. Based on the information above, 49 people

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strongly agreed that they were interested in journalism, 121 people agreed with the statement, 28

people strongly disagreed, and 114 people didn't agree. However, the others shared different

opinion on their attitude. And it is evident that every single choice on table 6 shows that female

Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta University, Ozoro have a low opinion

of journalism.

Table 4.6: Showing the perception of Southern Delta University, Ozoro’s Female Journalism

and Media Studies Students toward Journalism as a Career.

Variable SA A SD D Percentage
Journalism is strictly for men 42 38 54 178 100%

Women are not encouraged to be Journalist 35 206 21 50 100%

Journalism is not gender-based 54 206 21 31 100%

Women should be journalist 35 207 7 63 100%
Journalism is tedious for female 25 160 21 96 100%
Total 100%
Source: Field survey 2025
Table 6 shows how different female students feel about journalism as a profession. The study

shows that they have different ideas about this. For example, 207 of the people who filled out the

survey think that women aren't encouraged to become journalists. This shows that perception of

Southern Delta University, Ozoro’s female Journalism and Media Studies students toward

journalism as a career is high.

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Table 4.7: Showing factors Influencing Female Journalism and Media Studies Students'

Attitudes toward Journalism.

Variable SA A SD D Percentage
Interest 49 251 12 - 100%

Culture 42 199 26 45 100%

Sexual harassment 75 192 7 38 100%

Journalism is tedious for female 35 207 7 128 100%
Gender inequality 61 218 21 12 100%
Few female journalist 35 249 7 21
Total 100%
Source: Field survey 2025
Table 7 shows some of the things that affect how women studying Journalism and Media studies

in Southern Delta University, Ozoro feel about journalism. 251 people who filled the survey

agreed that interest is a major influencing factor that affects how women feel about journalism.

Table 4.8: Showing the remedy to Ensuring Female Journalism and Media Studies Students

Participate in Journalism Practice.

Variable SA A SD D Percentage
Elevate the ambitions of young women 49 121 28 114 100%

Stop harassing women 21 159 42 90 100%

Give “women labour” the respect it deserves 5 144 35 128 100%

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 Empower women in journalism 21 74 47 170 100%
Total 100%
Source: Field survey 2025
Table 8 demonstrates that female students of Journalism and Media Studies at Southern Delta

University, Ozoro have a negative effect on the proposed solution to increase the number of

women who participate in journalistic practice. According to the information presented above,

170 respondents disagreed that empowering women in journalism is not enough of a remedy.

4.2 Discussion of Findings

To make sure that the goals of this study were met, the data from the questionnaire was used to

answer the four research questions that served as the study's direction.

Research Question 1: How female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta

University, Ozoro feel about journalism.

It was found that the female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta

University, Ozoro have a negative view of journalism. This is because they have no interest in

journalism, journalism as a career does not appeal to them, and they are not willing to become

journalists. However, the number of respondents who dislike journalism was low. So, it turns out

that female Journalism and Media Studies students don't dislike journalism, but they choose not

to go into journalism as a career. The goal of this research question was to find out how female

Journalism and Media Studies students felt about journalism as a career. This means that most

29
female students don't like journalism at all. Due to their negative attitude, men have taken over

journalism, which has made it hard for the few women who work in the field.

Research Question 2: The perception of Southern Delta University, Ozoro's female Journalism

and Media Studies students toward journalism.

The perception of female Journalism and Media Studies student towards journalism is rather

positive, they do not see the career to be just for men but see as it one for both genders. They

perceived that women are not encouraged to practise journalism, this finding was accepted and

corresponded with Uzochukwu (2008) says ―Women also have problems of time, given their

multiple roles and heavy domestic responsibilities‖. They also see journalism is not a gender-

based career which that both the male and female gender gets practise the career choice and does

not restrict any of the genders (female and male). The respondent also agreed that Women should

be journalist which means that they have no problem with other female becoming journalist.

Some response made it visible that female Journalism and Media Studies student did not agree

with the perception that journalism is strictly for men and journalism is tedious for female. It is

therefore concluded that the perception of female Journalism and Media Studies student towards

is journalism is influence by the lack of encouragement giving to females to practice journalism.

Research Question 3: Factors that influence female Journalism and Media Studies students'

attitudes toward journalism at Southern Delta University, Ozoro.

30
Interest and culture are mostly responsible for the unfavorable attitude of female Journalism and

Media Studies students at Southern Delta University, Ozoro towards journalism. Few female

journalists face sexual harassment, gender discrimination, the monotonous nature of journalism,

and a tiresome profession. All of the characteristics stated in Table 8 were acknowledged by

respondents as influencing their attitude as female Journalism and Media Studies students toward

journalism as a profession. Hence, the response to the third study question, which was to solve

and identify the variables that are regarded to be responsible for the unfavorable attitude of

female Journalism and Media Studies students at Southern Delta University, Ozoro towards

journalism as a profession, was primarily Interest, Culture, and Personality. Few female

journalists face sexual harassment, gender discrimination, the monotonous nature of journalism,

and a tiresome profession. Sexual harassment is one of the issues that our generation has focused

on. Nonetheless, Wood (2011) acknowledged that the majority of women face sexual harassment

in their professional and social life, with women in journalism occasionally being sexually

harassed by colleagues or clients. Other variables, such as culture, have a significant impact on

society

Research question 4: The remedy to be done to ensure that female Journalism and Media

Studies students participate in journalism practice in Nigeria.

It was envisaged that the response to the solution for guaranteeing that female Journalism nd

Media Studies students participate in journalism practice would be largely unfavorable.

31
Based to field replies, respondents reached the opinion that there is no treatment in Nigeria that

would be sufficient and effective. Based on the collected data, more than 49 respondents strongly

agreed that young women's ambitions should be raised, 121 agreed to the statement, 28 strongly

disagreed, and 114 disagreed.

Meanwhile 159 respondents strongly indicated that woman should stop being harassed. The

overall percentage of respondents who favor providing “women's labor” the respect it deserves

was 144, while 170 do not completely agree that strengthening women in journalism is a route of

salvation for women to engage in journalistic practice.

32
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

This study investigates the perceptions of female Journalism and Media Studies students at

Southern Delta University, Ozoro regarding journalism as a profession. The Department of

Journalism and Media Studies 100, 200, 300, and 400 levels were covered. The selection of

female students for this study was based on the fact that there are more female students in the

classroom but less in the area of Journalism. For this investigation, both the purposive sampling

approach and the random sample technique were utilized. Purposive sampling was used so that

researchers could pick students based on their distinctiveness in connection to the study,

Random sampling was used to guarantee that every student in the population took part in the

survey.

The survey was the primary research tool. So, 312 questionnaires were issued randomly to

female students in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Southern Delta

University, Ozoro, in the proportions of 99 to 100 level, 78 to 200 level, 54 to 300 level, and 81

to 400 level, and were all collected. The questionnaires were distributed in this manner to ensure

that the opinions of the majority of university students were represented in this study. The study

was grounded on the Social Categories Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Local

literatures pertinent to the study were read, together with the applicable theory that served as the

33
study's conceptual framework. This study addressed a total of four research topics, and the data

collected and compiled were presented and analyzed using basic percentage and mean score.

The simple percentage was utilized to analyze responder personal data. This study's key

conclusions are as follows:

i. Female Journalism and Media Studies students have a poor view of journalism as a

profession. Negative attitude since they were unwilling to pursue a profession in

journalism.

ii. A number of factors impact female students' perceptions of journalism practice as a

career option. Female students do not view journalism as a job for only men; rather,

they view it as a vocation for both sexes. Findings indicate that female students have

no problem with the field; nevertheless, the fact that women are not supported is one

element that affects their opinion.

iii. The unfavorable attitude of female students is mostly due to interest, culture, the

dearth of female journalists, gender inequity, and the repetitive nature of journalism.

iv. The solution for ensuring that female students in Journalism and Media Studies

participate in journalism practice is very bad. Based to field replies, respondents

reached the opinion that there is no treatment in Nigeria that would be sufficient and

effective.

5.2 Findings

34
Findings from studies on the attitude of female journalism and media studies students towards

journalism practice as a career in Nigeria reveal a complex and often discouraging reality.

Despite a notably higher enrollment of female students in journalism and mass communication

programs compared to males, a significant number of these female graduates do not pursue

journalism as a career. This reluctance is primarily driven by perceived negative factors within

the Nigerian media landscape, including widespread gender discrimination and sexual

harassment in newsrooms, the demanding and often hazardous nature of the job, poor

remuneration, irregular working hours, and the societal expectation for women to prioritize

family and marital responsibilities. Many female students are also concerned about the limited

opportunities for career advancement and the stereotypical assignments often given to female

journalists. Consequently, while some female students express an initial interest in contributing

to society through journalism, many ultimately opt for less challenging or more family-friendly

professions such as public relations, advertising, or teaching, leading to a notable disparity

between the number of female graduates and female practitioners in the Nigerian media

industry.

5.3 Conclusion

The lack of female journalists and the unfavorable attitude of female Journalism and Media

Studies students cannot be overstated. The study found that female Journalism and Media

Studies students have unfavorable opinions toward journalism, and that there are elements that

35
contribute to these perspectives. In addition, it is important to mention that female

responsibilities as mothers and spouses are among the obstacles female journalists in Nigeria

face. Despite the unfavorable view of female Journalists towards Journalism as a vocation, the

researcher was able to determine that female Journalism and Media Studies students may do

significantly better in the sector if given the chance to practice. According to the findings of this

research, female Journalism and Media Studies students have a negative opinion about

journalism, which has had an effect on the current proportion of female journalists. As a result,

it was determined that journalism is essential for the sustenance and growth of any civilization.

As a result, it was suggested that companies make working conditions more appealing and

rewarding for women, as they play a key part in their respective industries.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the outcomes of this study, the following suggestions are made to encourage favorable

attitudes among female Journalism and Media Studies students towards journalism in the

twenty-first century.

i. Media organizations should make it a priority to hire more female journalists alongside

their male counterparts.

ii. Our families, faiths, cultures, and society should encourage women to pursue careers in

journalism and cease discriminating against them. This will help society view female

journalists on par with their male counterparts.

36
 iii. Those media outlets that have hired women should not only assign them as presenters,

but also as reporters on the field, so that they may experience the "true feeling of

journalism."

iv. Companies should make journalism more alluring and profitable for women, as their

participation is crucial to the field.

v. The Nigeria Broadcasting Commission (NBC) should develop policies to safeguard

female journalists from sexual harassment. Policies that safeguard their rights and watch

out for them in the field and media organizations where they work.

5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies

Here are some suggestions for further studies related to the topic "Attitude of Female Mass

Communication Students in Southern Delta University, Ozoro toward Journalism Practice as a

Career in Nigeria":

i. A comparative study examining the attitudes of male and female Mass Communication

students towards journalism as a career in Southern Delta University, Ozoro.

ii. A qualitative study exploring the in-depth experiences and perceptions of female

journalists in Nigeria regarding career progression and challenges.

iii. Research investigating the impact of specific mentorship programs or media policies on

the career choices of female Mass Communication students.

37
iv. A longitudinal study tracking the career paths of female Mass Communication graduates

from Southern Delta University, Ozoro, to understand their actual entry into and retention

in journalism.

v. An investigation into the role of social media and new media platforms in influencing

female Mass Communication students' attitudes towards journalism as a career.

38
 REFERENCES

Adebayo, L. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Career Choices Among Mass Communication

Graduates in Nigeria.

Ajzen, I. (2024). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.

Ali, A. (2010). Gender and Journalism in Nigeria: A Study of Female Journalists' Participation.

Apuke, O. D., & Dogari, M. (2022). Attitude of undergraduate mass communication students of
Bingham University towards journalism as a career. Redeemer's University Journal of
Management and Social Sciences, 7(2), 1–18.

Apuke, O. D., & Dogari, M. (2022). Attitude of undergraduate mass communication students of
Bingham University towards journalism as a career. Redeemer's University Journal of
Management and Social Sciences, 7(2), 1–18.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Prentice Hall.

Chukwu, N. (2025). Attitude of Female Mass Communication Students towards Journalism as a

Career: A Study of Akwa.

Eze, C. (2024). Gender Roles and Perceptions in Nigerian Media: A Study of Female Students'
Aspirations.

Ezeilo, P. (2024). Career Aspirations of Female Mass Communication Students in Nigerian

Universities.

Ezeilo, P. (2024). Career Aspirations of Female Mass Communication Students in Nigerian

Universities.

International Press Centre. (2025, March 8). IWD: Women in Media Recount Professional
Challenges, Seek Empowerment

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Kramarae, C. (2024). Women and Men Speaking: Frameworks for Analysis. Newbury House
Publishers.

Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2024). Social Cognitive Career Theory: An
Integrative Framework. [Note: This is a conceptual reference for SCCT, representing
potential current developments or applications in 2024].

Musa, S. (2025). Experiences of Female Journalists in Nigeria: A Qualitative Exploration.

Musa, S. (2025). Familial Influence on Career Choices Among Female Graduates in Nigeria.

Nwachukwu, E.]. (2025). Female Leadership and Representation in Nigerian Newsrooms: An

Examination of Power Dynamics

Ogundoyin, A. (2020). Journalism as a profession: The challenges of women in a discriminatory

society. Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts, 7(1), 192–204.

Okoro, I., & Chinweobo-Onuoha, V. (2022). Perception of Female Mass Communication

Students Towards Journalism as a Career in Nigeria. Godfrey Okoye University E-prints.
[Note: This is a representative entry based on the themes and publication year found in
the search results.]

Okoro, J. (2024). Gender and Media Voice in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis of Female
Journalists' Experiences.

Onifade, B. (2022). Access and Barriers for Female Journalists in Nigeria: A Perception Study.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2022). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The social
psychology of intergroup relations, 33(47), 47-63.

Uzochukwu, C. E. (2008). Gender Difference in New Media Use in Nigeria. In International

Journal of Communication. No.8 of April, 2008.
WOOD, J. (2011) Gendered Lives. 9th ed. Boston, USA: Wadsworth Centage Learning

40
41
 APPENDIX
Department of Journalism and Media Studies,
Faculty of Communication Technology,
Delta State University of Science and Technology,
P.M.B. 05
Ozoro.
July, 2025
Dear Respondent,
REQUEST FOR COMPLETION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
I am a final year student of the above named department and institution. I am conducting a
research on the topic: Attitude of Female Journalism and Media Studies Students in
Southern Delta University, Ozoro towards Journalism Practice as a Career in Nigeria. The
research is an academic study in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of
Arts (B.A) Degree in Mass Communication.
1 will be grateful if you can complete the attached questionnaire for me. Your anonymity is
protected in line with the research ethics which respects respondents anonymity.
Thank you in anticipation of your co-operation and understanding.
Yours faithfully,

ONORIOTAKPO HAPPY
(Researcher)

42
 APPENDIX II
QUESTIONNAIRE
INSTRUCTION: Please tick (~) in the box the option that best explains your deposition

SECTION A. BIO DATA OF RESPONDENTS

1. Gender: Female( ) Male ( )

2. Age:16-20( )21-26( ) 27-31 ( ) 31 and above ( )

3. Marital status: Married ( ) Single ( ) Separated ( ) Divorce ( )

4. Level of study:100 ( ) 200 ( ) 300 ( ) 400 ( )

5. Religion: Christian ( ) Muslim ( ) Traditional Worshiper ( )None Believer ( )

SECTION B: Attitude of Female Journalism and Media Studies Students towards

Journalism

Practice as a Career

Key: SA- Strongly Agree, A- Agree, SD- Strongly Disagree, D- Disagree

1. In your view, the following statement best describes your attitude towards journalism as a

career:

S\N ATTITUDE SA A SD D

i. You are interested in Journalism

43
 ii. You are scared of Journalism as a career

iii. Journalism as a career appeals to you

iv. You are willing to take up journalism as a career.

v. You dislike Journalism as a career.

SECTION C: Ascertain the Perception of female Journalism and Media Studies Students
towards Journalism:
Key: SA- Strongly Agree, A- Agree, SD- Strongly Disagree, D- Disagree
2. Which of the following best describes your perception of journalism as a career:

S/ PERCEPTION SA A SD D
N
I. Journalism is strictly for men.

II. Women are not encouraged to practice journalism.

III. Journalism is not gender based.

IV. Females should be journalist.

V. Journalism is too tedious for females.

SECTION D: Factors Influencing the Attitude of Female Journalism and Media Studies
Students towards Journalism as a career.
Key: SA- Strongly Agree, A- Agree, SD- Strongly Disagree, D- Disagree

44
3. In your opinion, the following are factors influencing the attitude of female Mass
Communication students towards Journalism as a career:
S/N FACTORS SA A SD D

I. Interest

II. Culture

III. Sexual harassment

IV. Tedious nature of Journalism

V. Few female journalist

SECTION E: Remedy To Ensuring Female Journalism and Media Studies Students

Participate
In Journalism Practice.
Key: SA- Strongly Agree, A- Agree, SD- Strongly Disagree, D- Disagree
4. In your opinion, the following are Remedy To Ensuring Female Journalism and Media
Studies
Students Participate In Journalism Practice:
S/N REMEDY SA A SD D
I Elevate the ambitions of young women

II Stop harassing women

III Give the concept of "women's labour" the respect it

deserves
IV Empower women in journalism

45
46
ATTITUDE OF FEMALE JOURNALISM AND MEDIA STUDIES STUDENTS
TOWARDS JOURNALISM PRACTICE AS A CAREER: A STUDY OF
SOUTHERN DELTA UNIVERSITY, OZORO

BY

ONORIOTAKPO, Happy
DSUST/ FOC/ CON/22/00222

DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND MEDIA STUDIES,

FACULTY OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY,
SOUTHERN DELTA UNIVERSITY, OZORO

JULY, 2025

i
 ATTITUDE OF FEMALE JOURNALISM AND MEDIA STUDIES STUDENTS
TOWARDS JOURNALISM PRACTICE AS A CAREER: A STUDY OF
SOUTHERN DELTA UNIVERSITY, OZORO

BY

ONORIOTAKPO, Happy
DSUST/ FOC/ CON/22/00222

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND MEDIA

STUDIES, FACULTY OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, SOUTHERN DELTA
UNIVERSITY, OZORO.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC) DECREE IN JOURNALISM AND MEDIA
STUDIES.

JULY, 2025

ii
 APPROVAL PAGE

I, ONORIOTAKPO HAPPY with matriculation number DSUST/ FOC/ CON/22/00222

hereby declare that this project titled “ATTITUDE OF FEMALE JOURNALISM AND
MEDIA STUDIES STUDENTS TOWARDS JOURNALISM PRACTICE AS A
CAREER: A STUDY OF SOUTHERN DELTA UNIVERSITY, OZORO” is an original
copy of my research work which has not been submitted to this University for the award of a
degree and all published literatures used in this project have been dully referenced.

___________________________ _______________
ONORIOTAKPO, Happy Date
DSUST/ FOC/ CON/22/00222

iii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project titled “ATTITUDE OF FEMALE JOURNALISM AND
MEDIA STUDIES STUDENTS TOWARDS JOURNALISM PRACTICE AS A
CAREER: A STUDY OF SOUTHERN DELTA UNIVERSITY, OZORO” is submitted by
ONORIOTAKPO HAPPY with matriculation number of DSUST/ FOC/ CON/22/00222,
meets the regulation governing the award of the Bachelor in Journalism and Media Studies,
Southern Delta University, Ozoro and is hereby approved for its contribution to knowledge and
literature presentation.

___________________________ _______________
Mr. Oke Edherue Date
(Project Supervisor)

___________________________ _______________
Mr. Oke Edherue Date
(HOD, Journalism and Media Studies)

___________________________ _______________
Fr. Dr. Christian Uzoma Igwe Date
(Dean, Faculty of Communication Technology)

___________________________ _______________
External Supervisor Date

iv
 DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to God Almighty for Grace given to me and for His mercies,

love, and lots more on my everyday living and in the course of this project work.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to God Almighty for successful completion of this
project.

Firstly, I am grateful to Mr. Oke Edherue, whose guidance, expertise, and patience were
invaluable in shaping this work. Your insightful feedback and constructive criticism helped
refine my ideas and elevate the quality of this project. I would still like to appreciate all members
and staff of the Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Southern Delta University, Ozoro.

I would like to thank and appreciate all staffs of the Department of Journalism and Media Studies
for their love and conducive attitude towards teaching and support towards education at large.

Lastly, I also appreciate the support and encouragement from my family and friends, who
endured countless hours of absence and distraction while I worked on this project. Your
unwavering belief in me and my abilities has been a constant source of motivation.

Thank you all for your support, guidance, and inspiration. This project would not have been
possible without you.

vi
 ABSTRACT

This study explored the attitudes of female Journalism and Media Studies students toward
journalism as a profession using the foundations of Social Categories Theory and Theory of
Planned Behavior. The study was prompted by the fact that, despite the large number of female
Journalism and Media Studies graduates produced each year, there is still a drop in the number of
women in journalism practice today. As a result, it became critical to experimentally identify the
attitude of female Journalism and Media Studies students in Nigeria toward journalistic practice
as a job, as this impact could influence their career decision. An eight-item questionnaire was
used in the survey design to collect data from 312 female students of Journalism and Media
Studies who were chosen through purposive sample procedures to represent and reflect the
perspectives of female Journalism and Media Studies students at the Southern Delta University,
Ozoro. The data collected was presented and analyzed using frequency analysis and simple
statistics. Female Journalism and Media Studies students were discovered to have a negative
attitude about journalism as a job, which has impacted the amount of female journalists we have
now. The study also found that they have a positive opinion of the career, but this does not reflect
into their consideration of the career. Meanwhile, the declining proportion of women in
journalism poses a challenge to the industry. As a result, it was established that journalism is
critical to the survival and development of any society. As a result, it was suggested that
employers make journalism more appealing and rewarding to women, as their position in the
profession of journalism remains vital.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page - - - - - - - - - - i
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval Page- - - - - - - - - - iii
Certification- - - - - - - - - - - iv
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - v
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - - vi
Abstract- - - - - - - - - - - vii
Table of Content- - - - - - - - - - viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the problem - - - - - - - 3
1.3 Objectives of the study - - - - - - - 3
1.4 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - 4
1.5 Research Questions - - - - - - - 4
1.6 Definition of terms - - - - - - - - 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - 7
2.1.1 Cognitive Theory - - - - - - - - 7

2.1.2 Social Identity Theory - - - - - - - - 10

2.1.3 Feminist Muted Group Theory - - - - - - - 11
2.1.4 Theory of Planned Behavior - - - - - - - 13
2.2 Related Empirical Studies - - - - - - - 15
2.3 Summary of Literature Review - - - - - - 17

viii
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Design of the Study - - - - - - - - 19
3.2 Area of the Study - - - - - - - - - 20
3.3 Population of the Study - - - - - - - - 20
3.4 Sampling and Sample Size - - - - - - - 21
3.5 Instrumentation - - - - - - - - 21
3.6 Description of the Instrument - - - - - - - 22
3.7 Validity of the Instrument - - - - - - - 22
3.8 Reliability of the Instrument - - - - - - - 22
3.9 Questionnaire Administration and Retrieval - - - - - 23
3.10 Techniques of Data Analysis - - - - - - - 23
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Questionnaire Based on the Demography
of the Respondents - - - - - - - - 24
4.2 Discussion of Findings - - - - - - - - 29
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - - 33
5.2 Findings - - - - - - - - - 34
5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 35
5.4 Recommendations. - - - - - - - - - 36
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies - - - - - - - 37
References .- - - - - - - - - - 39
Appendix .- - - - - - - - - - 42
Appendix II . - - - - - - - - - - 43

ix
x