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 Domestic Violence Laws in the United States and India

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0001
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DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0001
 Domestic Violence
Laws in the United
States and India: A
Systematic Comparison
of Backgrounds and
Implications
Sudershan Goel
Advocate and Member of the Supreme Court Bar Association,
New Delhi, India

Barbara A. Sims
Professor, Mars Hill College, United States

and
Ravi Sodhi
Advocate and Member of the Punjab and
Haryana High Court Bar Association, Chandigarh, India

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0001
domestic violence laws in the united states and india
Copyright © Sudershan Goel, Barbara A. Sims and Ravi Sodhi, 2014.
Foreword © Ashutosh Mohunta, 2014.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-39970-0

All rights reserved.

First published in 2014 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

ISBN: 978–1–137–38707–3 PDF

ISBN: 978-1-349-48590-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from

the Library of Congress.
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
First edition: 2014
www.palgrave.com/pivot
doi: 10.1057/9781137387073
 To
The millions of silent and helpless
domestic violence sufferers world over

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0001
 Contents
Foreword vii
Hon’ble Mr. Justice Ashutosh Mohunta
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi

Introduction 1

Part I
1 Scope of the Issue within Cultural
Settings 5

Part II
2 Laws of the United States 17
3 Laws of India 30
4 International Human Rights Law 58

Part III
5 Lessons and Moving Forward 65
6 Conclusion 70

Bibliography 74
Index 79

vi DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0001
 Foreword
Hon’ble Mr. Justice Ashutosh Mohunta,
The Acting Chief Justice
Punjab & Haryana High Court,
Chandigarh
August 20, 2014

I am happy to introduce this com-

parative study of domestic violence
laws in the United States and India.
During my association with Mr.
Sudershan Goel spanning over more
than three decades, I have found his
litigation approach blended with
academic research. The study carries
an imprint of Mr. Goel’s work as an International Visiting
Scholar with the School of Law, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
It is heartening to note that in the field of domestic
violence, Indian legal system is as effective as the legal
framework in America. After a detailed comparison of
social and cultural differences in both the countries, the
authors have rightly concluded that domestic violence is a
common phenomenon. The study has exploded the myth
that only the lower classes engage in domestic violence. It
may be an eye-opener for the readers to know that domes-
tic violence deaths in the United States are statistically as
large a social issue as dowry deaths in India.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0002 vii

viii Foreword

The study has found a lot of similarities in behavior pattern of domes-

tic violence in the East and the West by observing: “they burn their
women there,” as opposed to “we shoot our women here.” The authors
have thus bridged the law of two countries having diversified life styles
and cultures. With my experience of 24 years at the Bar and more than 13
years at the Bench, I have seen many judicial officers taking keen inter-
est in helping the victim. In many cases the Judicial Magistrates have
entertained emergency applications at their residence even after working
hours. The authors have cited one such protection order passed by a
Magistrate at 8.30 PM which earned appreciation of the High Court.
The subject of this study needs the attention of jurists and law-makers
in both the countries to protect women from intimate partner violence.
The study will be useful for the law students, lawyers, judges and the
policy makers.
I wish all the best for the authors and the publisher in their endeavor.

Sd/-Ashutosh Mohunta
Acting Chief Justice

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0002
 Preface
One Sunday evening, I reached the police station at
Bedford, NH, armed with an arrest warrant from an
Indian court against an Indian citizen visiting the United
States on a temporary work permit [H-1B]. The man was
accused of domestic violence in India having abandoned
his wife and child after fleecing his wife and her family for
a huge dowry. The man’s wife and child had accompanied
me to the police station. After hearing her story and perus-
ing the arrest warrant, the lady police officer exclaimed:
“I wish US also had such ‘strong’ laws to protect women
against domestic violence.” After I shared this experience
with Dr Ram Goel and Dr Barbara Sims at Penn State, we
decided to pursue this subject keeping in mind the three
million strong population of Indians settled in the United
States.
While America, on the one hand, represents the pin-
nacle of progress, efficiency, and modernization, India, on
the other, symbolizes all that is ancient and traditional. A
comparative study of the domestic violence laws of these
two countries at the micro and the macro levels can teach
us rare and lasting lessons for the future.
The sparks of domestic violence ignite from the secluded
four corners of the house and ultimately consume the major
portions in the world. It is a commonplace experience wit-
nessing brawls, clashes, and fights at the workplace, which
many of us attribute to the man’s recent fight with his wife
at home. These kinds of brawls permeate the majority and
spare very few. Misdirection seems to be their genesis and
tragic avoidable fatalities are their culmination.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0003 ix
x Preface

The survival of the basic unit in society viz. the family is in a large
measure dependent on the efficacy of domestic violence laws. Humanis-
tic, pragmatic, flexible, yet no-nonsense domestic violence laws are the
need of the hour. This is true, both of the Orient as well as of the West.
Human experience says that when couples are fair, considerate, and
forthright, the laws become redundant, but when they are rigid, obsti-
nate, and dishonest, the laws are broken. The home setting is one such
area where the legal and judicial interference are not only difficult and
impracticable but also minimal. It will remain a question of debate as
to whether domestic violence is essentially a human or a legal problem.
Domestic peace, enforced through the purgatory of domestic violence
laws, enables one to experience the coveted domestic heavenly bliss.
Indians settled abroad suffer from many misgivings about their legal
rights and duties. At times they are afraid of visiting their home in
India while a case of domestic violence law is pending against them or
their relatives. We have attempted to ally some of their fears. This work
provides only a glimpse of the domestic violence laws in India and the
United States. For detailed information, the readers may look out for our
forthcoming comprehensive book on the subject. We thank the readers
in advance and request for their valuable comments.
Sudershan Goel

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0003
 Acknowledgments
The Palgrave Pivot team deserves our warmest regards
for their patience despite several delays on our part. I am
grateful to Dr Ram Goel of Penn State University for his
untiring support and inspiration. My deepest gratitude
for Hon’ble Mr. Justice Yatindra Singh, Chief Justice, High
Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur; Hon’ble Mr. Justice
M.M. Kumar, Chief Justice, Jammu & Kashmir High
Court at Srinagar; and Shri B.C. Rajput [former Judge and
a Member of Punjab Human Rights Commission] for their
valuable support and guidance.
I acknowledge with thanks the contribution of my
interns Joseph D. Turrentine, JD [2014], School of Law,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States;
Shreya Gupta, LL.B [2015], Jindal Global Law School,
Sonepat, India; and my associate Rupinder Kaur, Advocate,
for their research and drafts.
I thank my family and team members for their support.
Sudershan Goel

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0004 xi
 Introduction
Goel, Sudershan, Barbara A. Sims, and Ravi Sodhi.
Domestic Violence Laws in the United States and India:
A Systematic Comparison of Backgrounds and
Implications. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
doi: 10.1057/9781137387073.0005.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0005 
 Domestic Violence Laws in the United States and India

The United States and India are both forms of democracies and consist of
a variety of cultures with very different systems of beliefs and traditions.
Over time, victims of domestic violence in both countries have fought
for legislative relief, with the struggle for women’s rights in general pro-
viding the scaffolding for those efforts. The United States represents the
pinnacle of progress and modernization; India, however, symbolizes all
that is ancient and traditional as it advances forward to take its place
as a major, industrialized nation. A comparative study of the domestic
violence laws of these two countries can illuminate the critical issue of
intimate partner violence through the lenses of two similar, yet different,
societies. Whereas in the United States different ethnic groups form a
somewhat cohesive community, the Indian counterpart comprises a
caste-ridden society with twenty-two official languages.
The United States and India are the two largest democracies in the
world. Though many perceive the cultural differences to be as profound
as the geographic variations, in reality, there are many similarities
between the two.1 The parallels that can be drawn between the United
States and India are particularly insightful when it comes to an analysis
of domestic violence law. The separate but convergent evolutions of
the body of law designed to protect women against abuse by intimate
partners can provide guidance in formulating new solutions to an old
problem.
This project aims to synthesize the similarities and polarities between
United States and Indian domestic violence laws and focuses on the
meaning of domestic violence in different contexts. Part I discusses the
underlying attitudes and approach to the issue of domestic violence
and also provides some pertinent statistics. This way the reader can
see how different perspectives influence the understanding of domestic
violence and understand the scope of the issue. Part II describes the
actual laws of each country, the effects of each on a practical level, and
issues that have been confronted during their implementation. These
issues include constitutional concerns and international human rights
concerns. Part III explores the implications of each set of laws. Each set
implies a theoretical and political statement and conveys something in
relation to the women’s movement and systems of patriarchy in each
society. This book is a compilation of social movement-related and
academic scholarship, as both push for change and provide sociologi-
cal analysis.2

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0005
 Introduction 

Notes
1 The term culture is broad and presents a number of conceptual difficulties
that will be clarified. See generally, Leti Volpp, Feminism Versus
Multiculturalism, 101 Columbia Law Review, Vol. 1181 (2001).
2 Bandana Purkayastha, et al., The Role of Gender in India: A Partial Review,
Gender and Society, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2003) 503, No. 515.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0005
Part I

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0006
 1
Scope of the Issue within
Cultural Settings
Abstract: The United States and India are both democratic
states and consist of a variety of cultures with very different
systems of beliefs and traditions. A comparative study
of the domestic violence laws of these two countries can
illuminate the critical issue of intimate partner violence
through the lenses of two similar, yet different, societies.
While many might view the domestic violence in India
as the product of cultural groups who are “too ignorant,
too primitive, too backward to know any better” the same
violence is characterized as rare individual and deviant
behavior in the United States. There is a greater emphasis
on the situation in India to be a signifier of cultural
backwardness. “They burn their women there,” as opposed
to: “We shoot our women here.” The domestic violence
murders in the United States are just as much a part
of American culture as dowry death is a part of Indian
culture.

Goel, Sudershan, Barbara A. Sims, and Ravi Sodhi.

Domestic Violence Laws in the United States and India:
A Systematic Comparison of Backgrounds and
Implications. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
doi: 10.1057/9781137387073.0007.

DOI: 10.1057/9781137387073.0007 
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