Chapter 1: Factorisation
• a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)
• (x + a)(x + b) = x^2 + (a + b)x + ab
• (x - a)(x - b) = x^2 - (a + b)x + ab
• x^3 + y^3 = (x + y)(x^2 - xy + y^2)
• x^3 - y^3 = (x - y)(x^2 + xy + y^2)
• a^3 + b^3 + c^3 - 3abc = (a + b + c)(a^2 + b^2 + c^2 - ab - bc - ca)
• (x + y + z)^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + 2(xy + yz + zx)
Chapter 2: Simultaneous Linear Equations
• Methods of solving: Elimination, Substitution, Cross-Multiplication
• Cross Multiplication method: x/(b1c2 - b2c1) = y/(c1a2 - c2a1) = 1/(a1b2 - a2b1)
Chapter 3: Problems on Simultaneous Equations
• Applications in: ages, number problems, motion, money, fractions.
Chapter 4: Trigonometrical Ratios
• sin θ = Perpendicular / Hypotenuse
• cos θ = Base / Hypotenuse
• tan θ = Perpendicular / Base
• cot θ = Base / Perpendicular
• sec θ = Hypotenuse / Base
• cosec θ = Hypotenuse / Perpendicular
• Identity: sin^2 θ + cos^2 θ = 1
Chapter 5: Trigonometrical Ratios of Standard Angles
• sin 0°=0, sin 30°=1/2, sin 45°=1/√2, sin 60°=√3/2, sin 90°=1
• cos 0°=1, cos 30°=√3/2, cos 45°=1/√2, cos 60°=1/2, cos 90°=0
• tan 0°=0, tan 30°=1/√3, tan 45°=1, tan 60°=√3, tan 90°=∞
• cot 0°=∞, cot 30°=√3, cot 45°=1, cot 60°=1/√3, cot 90°=0
• sec 0°=1, sec 30°=2/√3, sec 45°=√2, sec 60°=2, sec 90°=∞
• cosec 0°=∞, cosec 30°=2, cosec 45°=√2, cosec 60°=2/√3, cosec 90°=1
Chapter 6: Rational and Irrational Numbers
• Laws:
• Rational + Rational = Rational
• Rational × Rational = Rational
• Rational + Irrational = Irrational
• Rational × Irrational = Irrational (non-zero rational)
• Irrational + Irrational = Irrational (unless cancellation)
• Irrational × Irrational may be Rational (√2 × √2 = 2)
Chapter 7: Compound Interest
• A = P(1 + r/100)^n
• CI = A - P
• Compounded half-yearly: A = P(1 + r/200)^(2n)
• Compounded quarterly: A = P(1 + r/400)^(4n)
• Different rates: A = P(1 + r1/100)(1 + r2/100)(1 + r3/100)...
Chapter 8: Triangles (Congruency & Isosceles)
• Congruency criteria: SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS
• Theorems:
• Angles opposite equal sides are equal.
• Sides opposite equal angles are equal.
• Altitude from vertex in isosceles triangle bisects base and angle.
Chapter 9: Rectilinear Figures
• Sum of interior angles of polygon = (n-2) × 180°
• Each interior angle of regular polygon = [(n-2)×180°]/n
• Each exterior angle of regular polygon = 360°/n
• Theorems:
• Exterior angle of triangle = sum of two opposite interior angles.
• Opposite angles of parallelogram are equal.
• Adjacent angles of parallelogram are supplementary.
• Diagonals of rectangle are equal.
• Diagonals of rhombus bisect at right angles.
• Diagonals of square are equal, bisect at right angles, bisect angles.
Chapter 10: Solution of Right Triangles
• Trig ratios: sin θ = Opp/Hyp, cos θ = Adj/Hyp, tan θ = Opp/Adj
• Pythagoras theorem: Hyp^2 = Base^2 + Perpendicular^2
• Area = 1/2 × base × height
• Heights and distances solved using tan θ, cot θ.
