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Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services, Second Edition

Copyright © 2006 by Susan Echaore-McDavid

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permis-
sion in writing from the publisher. For information contact:

Ferguson
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001

ISBN-10: 0-8160-6070-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6070-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Echaore-McDavid, Susan.
Career opportunities in law enforcement, security, and protective services/Susan Echaore-McDavid.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-6070-3 (alk. paper)
1. Law enforcement—Vocational guidance—United States. 2. Police—Vocational guidance—United States.
3. Private security services—Vocational guidance—United States. 4. Safety engineers—Vocational guidance—
United States. I. Title.
HV8143.E34 2005
363.2′023′73—dc22 2005040520

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Printed in the United States of America

VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

 To Richard McDavid and to Frances D. Echaore—
two wonderful people who give me much inspiration, joy, and love!
 CONTENTS
Acknowledgments vii Forensic Pathologist 73
How to Use This Book ix Polygraph Examiner 76
Introduction xi

PRIVATE INVESTIGATIONS
POLICE WORK
Private Investigator 80
Police Officer 2
Background Investigator 83
Campus Police Officer 5
Arson Investigator 85
Police Detective 8
Insurance Investigator 87
Police Chief (Municipal Police Department) 10
Legal Investigator 90
Deputy Sheriff 13
Financial Investigator 92
State Trooper 15
Store Detective 94
Conservation Officer 18
Personal Protection Specialist 96
Deputy U.S. Marshal 20
FBI Special Agent 22
DEA Special Agent 24 PUBLIC SAFETY
Secret Service Special Agent 26
Border Patrol Agent 28 Public Safety Dispatcher 100
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Officer 30 Firefighter 102
U.S. Coast Guard Boarding Team Personnel 33 Emergency Medical Technician 105
EPA Special Agent (Criminal Investigation Rescue Technician 108
Division) 36 Park Ranger 110
Postal Inspector 39 Lifeguard 113

SPECIAL POLICE UNITS PHYSICAL SECURITY

Bike Patrol Officer 44
Locksmith 118
K9 Handler 46
Alarm Installer 121
Observer 48
Fire Protection Engineer 123
Bomb Technician 50
Security Guard 126
SWAT Sniper 52
Gaming Surveillance Officer 129
Crime Prevention Specialist 54
Security Supervisor 132
Parking Enforcement Officer 56
Security Manager 134

FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS
AVIATION SAFETY AND SECURITY
Crime Scene Technician 60
Latent Print Examiner 63 Air Traffic Controller 138
Forensic Chemist 65 Aircraft Dispatcher 141
Trace Evidence Examiner 67 Airport Firefighter 143
Firearms and Toolmark Examiner 69 Airport Police Officer 146
Questioned Document Examiner 71 Transportation Security Screener 149
COMPUTER SECURITY Mechanical Inspector 204
Electrical Inspector 206
Data Security Specialist 154 Plumbing Inspector 208
Information Systems Security (Infosec) Construction Inspector 210
Specialist 156
Information Systems Security (Infosec)
Manager 158 WORKPLACE SAFETY AND SECURITY
Computer Forensics Specialist 161 Industrial Hygienist 214
Quality Assurance Specialist 163 Safety Training Specialist 216
Safety Manager 219
CORRECTIONS Loss Control Representative 221
Security Consultant 223
Bailiff 166
Correctional Officer (Sheriff’s Department) 169
Correctional Officer (State or Federal) 171 APPENDIXES
Probation Officer 173 I. Education and Training Resources 229
Parole Officer 176 II. Professional Certifications 233
III. State Licensing Agencies for Private
COMPLIANCE INSPECTIONS Investigators 237
IV. Professional Unions and Associations 241
Food Inspector 180 V. Federal Agencies 249
Agricultural Commodity Grader 182 VI. Resources on the World Wide Web 251
Consumer Safety Inspector 184
Environmental Health Inspector 186 Glossary 259
Compliance Safety and Health Officer 188 Bibliography 263
Aviation Safety Inspector 190 Index 269
Bank Examiner 193
Revenue Officer 195

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

INSPECTIONS
Plan Reviewer 198
Building Inspector 201
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I could not have completed this second edition of Career ciation; Janet Fox, Special Agent, Federal Bureau of Inves-
Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective tigation; Amy Geffen, Director of Professional Develop-
Services without the help of many people and organizations. ment, Risk and Insurance Management Society; Ed Ger-
In particular, I would like to thank the following people who man, Special Agent, United States Army Criminal
helped me with various occupations for this edition: Investigation Laboratory.
Michael Drapkin, National Treasury Employees Union; Robert Heard, President, California Association of Poly-
John Firman, Director of Research, International Associa- graph Examiners; Lt. Tom Honan, Charleston County Sher-
tion of Chiefs of Police; Lieutenant William Kitzerow, Traf- iff’s Office, South Carolina; Morgan Hurley, Technical Direc-
fic Services Section, Fairfax Police Department, Fairfax, tor, Society of Fire Protection Engineers; Rhonda A. Jackson,
Virginia; John Murray, National Park Service Ranger; Don- Building Officials and Code Administrators International;
ald P. Sims, Special Agent in Charge, U.S. Environmental M. E. Kabay, Ph.D., CISSP, Director of Education, ICSA,
Protection Agency, Criminal Investigation Division, Port- Inc.; Ken Kerle, Managing Editor, American Jail Association;
land Area Office; and Stephanie Wallace, Surveillance Man- Jim King, International Association of Personal Protection
ager, American Casino and Entertainment Properties, LLC, Agents; Chris Krall, CIRSA, Inc.; Robert E. Kramer, Investi-
Las Vegas, Nevada. gator, Cedar Falls Police Department, Iowa; Mike Lane, Cor-
I would also like to say thanks to Richard McDavid, my porate Investigative Services; Donald C. Lhotka, CSP (Ret.),
patient and generous husband, for checking my grammar American Society of Safety Engineers.
and convoluted sentence structures before the words headed Sgt. Steve Lindley, Anderson County Sheriff’s Office,
over to the wonderful folks at Facts On File, Inc. Thank you, South Carolina; Ning Ludovico, U.S. Postal Inspection Ser-
Sarah Fogarty and Vanessa Nittoli, and especially my many
vice; Doug McDavid, Consultant, IBM Global Services;
thanks and appreciation to my editor James Chambers.
Mary McKendree, Manager, Assessment and Continuing
And once again, I want to thank the following people and
Education, American Society of Clinical Pathologists; Gary
organizations who helped me learn about the various occu-
Martin, North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers
pations in this book while I was writing the first edition.
Association; Sgt. Jonathan B. Mills, Calistoga Police
American Academy of Forensic Sciences; American
Department, California; Ron Morris, President, Sheffield
Industrial Hygiene Association; American Society for
School of Aeronautics; Jeff Obrecht, Information Officer,
Industrial Security; Charlottesville-Albemarle Rescue
Squad, Inc. Services Division, Wyoming Game and Fish Department;
Sgt. Jack Adkins, Bomb Squad Commander, Big Ben Captain Ken R. Pence, Metro Nashville Police.
Bomb Squad, Tallahassee Police Department; Alex Arends, Detective Carl Rackley and Bubba, Cedar Park Police
Crime Prevention Association of Michigan; David Arndt, Department, Williamson County, Texas; Joseph Remigio,
Education Assistant, International Association of Fire Fight- Special Agent, Deputy U.S. Marshal; Selwyn Russell,
ers; Patrick Barker, WALMART Investigation Task Force; SIGMOD, Association for Computing Machinery; Glenn
Jon Berryhill, Berryhill Computer Forensics. Sanders, Illinois Conservation Police; WCO John G. Smith,
Jeanne Choy-Allen, Special Agent, Drug Enforcement Pennsylvania Game Commission; Anthony W. Stoll, Master
Administration; Diane L. Cowan, Certified Legal Investiga- Indiana Conservation Officer, Indiana Conservation Officers
tor; Jamey Crandall, Personnel Administrator, Nebraska Organization, VP.
Game and Parks; Leroy Dal Porto, Special-Agent-in- Ralph Thomas, Director, National Association of Inves-
Charge, San Francisco Field Office, Secret Service; Joseph tigative Specialists, Inc.; Jim Watson, National Secretary,
N. Dassaro, VP, Local 1613-San Diego, National Border North American Police Work Dog Association; Emily Will,
Patrol Council; Dr. Edmund R. Donoghue, Chief Medical Questioned Documents Expert; Steve Wolin, Society of Fire
Examiner of Cook County, Illinois; Jerry Elder, VP, Airline Protection Engineers; Dawn Wright, Air Traffic Controller,
Dispatchers Federation. Otis ANGB (Air National Guard Base), Massachusetts; Sgt.
Rodney Eldridge, Loss Prevention Training Specialist, Brian Wunderlich, Douglas Co. Sheriff’s Office, Castle
TJ Maxx; Tammy Empson, American Public Works Asso- Rock, Colorado.
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 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
In Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and The third section describes forensic opportunities, while
Protective Services, you will learn about 86 occupations in section four covers different types of private investigators.
the areas of law enforcement, forensics, corrections, secu- Section five details various public safety occupations,
rity, emergency services, code enforcement, and safety. Per- including a few in emergency medical services.
haps after reading some, or all, of the job profiles, you will In section six, some jobs in physical security are dis-
find your future career. cussed, followed by section seven, which presents profiles
Protective service jobs are often portrayed in the about several occupations that involve aviation safety and
movies, TV shows, books, and media as exciting, intrigu- security. Section eight covers some occupations in the com-
ing, and yes, even dangerous. But how much of what you puter security field.
see or read is fictitious, and how much is real? What is a Section nine discusses several occupations in corrections,
job—as a police officer, for example—really like? What whereas sections 10 and 11 detail such occupations as com-
requirements do you need to be eligible for a job? What are pliance inspectors and code enforcers. Finally, in section 12,
your chances of getting a job? What kind of career can you you will find a few profiles about occupations that address
have? Those are some of the questions that are answered in safety and security issues and measures in the workplace.
this book.
The Job Profiles
Sources of Information Each job profile gives you basic information about one of 86
The information for Career Opportunities in Law Enforce- protective service careers. Each entry starts with Career
ment, Security, and Protective Services comes from many Profile, a summary of a job’s major duties, salary, job out-
different sources. They include: look, and promotion possibilities. In addition, this section
provides a brief description of requirements that are needed
• books about the different professions
to be eligible for a job. Career Ladder is a visual presenta-
• professional textbooks, handbooks, and manuals
tion of a typical career path, showing what positions lead to
• articles from general newspapers and magazines as well
and stem from the job being profiled.
as professional and trade periodicals
The rest of the job profile is a narrative description that is
• brochures, pamphlets, and other written materials from
divided into the following parts:
professional associations, federal agencies, firms, acade-
mic programs and other organizations • Position Description details a job’s major responsibilities
• questionnaires answered by professional individuals as and working conditions; with some positions, duties may
well as organizations vary depending on the type of employers.
• interviews with professionals • Salaries presents a general idea of the kind of wages that
• Web sites of law enforcement agencies, fire departments, workers may earn.
federal agencies, professional associations, security firms, • Employment Prospects describes employers and the job
and other organizations. outlook for today as well as for the future.
• Advancement Prospects discusses promotional opportuni-
How This Book Is Organized ties, and whenever possible, alternative career paths.
Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and • Education and Training describes educational and train-
Protective Services is especially designed to be accessible to ing prerequisistes needed to apply for a job, as well as
the reader. The 86 jobs are divided into 12 sections. A sec- training programs that recruits must successfully com-
tion may have between five to 16 job profiles, and the pro- plete.
files are usually between two to three pages long. Each • Special Requirements lists any professional license, certi-
profile follows the same format so that you can read the job fication, or registration that may be required.
profiles or sections in any order you prefer. • Experience, Skills, and Personality Traits generally covers
The first two sections of the book describe police and the job requirements needed for entry-level positions. It
criminal investigator jobs that can be found in local, state, also discusses some employability skills that employers
and federal law enforcement agencies. desire in candidates. In addition, this section describes
x CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, SECURITY, AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES

some personality traits that successful professionals have the words used in this book—and a bibliography are
in common. included at the back of the book.
• Unions and Associations provides the names of some pro-
fessional associations and other organizations that profes- The Constantly Changing World Wide Web
sionals are eligible to join.
Resources on the Internet are provided throughout the book
• Tips for Entry presents advice for finding jobs; sugges-
so that you can learn more on your own about the occupa-
tions for enhancing your employability and chances for
tions that interest you. All the Web sites were accessible as
promotions; and ways to find out more information on the
the book was being written. Keep in mind that Web site
Internet.
owners sometimes change Web addresses or remove their
sites completely. Many Web sites are continually being
The Appendixes updated, thus a Web page to which you are referred may no
At the end of the book are six appendixes that provide addi- longer be available. If you come across a URL that no
tional information about the various professions described longer works, you may still be able to find the new Web
in Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and address by entering the name of the organization, individ-
Protective Services. ual, Web site, or Web page into a search engine.
You can learn about resources for academic programs,
technical training, and professional certification programs This Book Is Yours
for various occupations. You can also find contact informa-
Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and
tion for professional associations, state private investigator
Protective Services is your reference book. Use it to read
licensing agencies, and federal agencies. In addition, you
about jobs you have often wondered about. Use it to learn
can read about resources on the World Wide Web that may
about protective services that you never knew existed. Use it
give you further information about various occupations in
to start your search for the career of your dreams.
this book. Furthermore, a glossary—which defines some of
Good luck!
 INTRODUCTION
Think of jobs you would find in protective services. What more, contact information and Web site addresses have been
are some of them? updated in the appendixes.
More than likely, you thought of Police Officer, FBI Spe-
cial Agent, and perhaps, Correctional Officer, Security Professional Characteristics
Guard, and Firefighter. Those are jobs we most commonly Those who enter the various protective service fields usually
think of as protective service occupations—and ones that have high ethical and moral standards along with strong
will be described in this book. commitments to protect the general welfare of people and
There are many other types of protective service occupa- businesses. They generally are leaders who have positive
tions, however. You can find protective service professionals attitudes and enjoy helping people. Typically they are reli-
working in both the public and private sectors. Many able, self-motivated individuals who can work with little or
enforce laws, codes, standards, rules, or regulations as part no supervision, yet have the ability to work well with others.
of their jobs. Some conduct investigations into criminal Protective service professionals are analytical, flexible, and
activities, workplace accidents, or other matters. Other pro- can manage multiple tasks and issues. Most are faced with
fessionals develop or manage security or safety plans. Oth- making decisions that may affect the safety and well-being
ers guard individuals, property, premises, or other assets. of their lives and/or others. Furthermore, protective service
Still other professionals provide rescue services in emer- professionals willingly take on the stress that comes with
gency situations; or monitor events, security procedures, or enforcing laws or regulations, inspecting sites for violations,
other types of situations to make sure everything is safe and monitoring potential problems, helping people in trouble,
secure. They perform many other duties and tasks that vary issuing citations for violations, taking criminals into custody,
from job to job; but essentially all protective service profes- or any of the other more dangerous duties that they perform.
sionals do this: in some manner, they provide for the safety Those who choose to work in protective service fields are
and security of people, communities, organizations, busi- brave souls.
nesses, and companies.
Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and Job Outlook
Protective Services covers 86 occupations in a variety of In general, job opportunities continue to be strong and
areas, including law enforcement, criminal investigations, favorable for qualified personnel in the protective services
forensic investigations, private investigations, physical secu- due to increased concern about crime and public safety as
rity, security management, computer security, corrections, well as the need for compliance with governmental laws and
fire protection, emergency services, code enforcement, and regulations. In addition, the terrorist events of September
safety. Many of the occupations that will be described are 11, 2001, in the United States have contributed to the
ones that we don’t normally consider. For example, the fol- demand for stronger security measures.
lowing are also protective service jobs, which will be Job growth varies with the different occupations in pro-
described in this book too: Police Detective, Crime Preven- tective services. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Sta-
tion Specialist, Crime Scene Technician, Polygraph Exam- tistics (an agency within the U.S. Department of Labor)
iner, Financial Investigator, Locksmith, Fire Protection reports that employment through 2012 is expected to grow:
Engineer, Security Consultant, Bailiff, Probation Officer,
Emergency Medical Technician, Food Safety Inspector, • between 21 and 35 percent for police, detectives, correc-
Environmental Health Officer, Plan Reviewer, Plumbing tional officers, security guards, gaming surveillance offi-
Inspector, Industrial Hygienist, and Air Traffic Controller. cers, private investigators, emergency medical techni-
cians, and computer support specialists (which includes
computer security specialists)
What’s New in the Second Edition • between 10 and 20 percent for forensic science techni-
Several new job profiles have been added to the second edi- cians, insurance investigators, probation officers, air traffic
tion of Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, controllers, and occupational health and safety specialists
and Protective Services. In addition, all the original profiles
have been updated with information about salaries, employ- Many job openings will also be created as workers
ment prospects, job requirements, and job duties. Further- advance to higher positions, transfer to other occupations,
xii CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, SECURITY, AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES

retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Opportu- on the Internet that allow you to learn about their different
nities for federal government positions, such as air traffic departments, services, and activities. Many Web sites also
controller, are also expected to increase in the next few list career information and job opportunities; some even let
years due to the large number of federal employees who will you apply for jobs on-line.
become eligible for retirement. Many Web sites also provide a Web page of links that can
Keep in mind that employers generally create new jobs point readers to other relevant Web sites on the Internet.
as their needs grow and expand and as long as funding is Some Web sites allow you to download job applications, job
available. However, when the economy is in a downturn, descriptions, brochures, tables, and even work manuals to
employers hire fewer employees and sometimes lay off your computer for you to read at your leisure when you’re
workers. off the Internet.
In addition, you can find articles on the Internet about
issues, techniques, and other matters written by profession-
Job Requirements als in the different fields. You can learn about prospective
Minimum education and experience requirements vary with employers, and find their names, addresses, and phone num-
the different jobs as well as with the different employers. bers. Furthermore, you can network with professionals
Professionals in the various protective service fields encour- throughout the country by way of the Internet, as many Web
age young people to get life experiences and college educa- sites provide names with their e-mail addresses whom you
tions before applying. In fact, to stay competitive with other can contact for further information.
job seekers and to enhance chances for promotions, college
education is necessary.
As you read the different job descriptions in this book, you One Final Note
may notice that certain employability skills—communica- Keep in mind that Career Opportunities in Law Enforce-
tion, reading, writing, teamwork, and people skills—are ment, Security, and Protective Services introduces you to 86
emphasized again and again. Those skills are highly impor- protective service occupations. The references mentioned
tant to success in protective service careers. In addition, learn- throughout the book and in the appendixes can help you fur-
ing basic computer skills would be to your advantage as most, ther research careers in which you are interested. In addition,
if not all, professionals use computers for routine tasks, such you can learn whether an occupation is right for you by:
as report writing, record keeping, and searching databases.
• reading professional journals, magazines, and other
periodicals
The Selection Process • reading books about the profession
Years ago, to get a job you merely had to complete a job • visiting relevant Web sites on the Internet
application and pass one or more job interviews. Usually, • talking with professionals
you learned whether you got a job in a day or two, or within • attending professional conferences or meetings
one or two weeks. These days, the selection process is more • taking courses related to the profession
complex and can be rather long. In addition to job applica- • volunteering, if possible, in an actual workplace (for
tions and oral interviews, applicants may also need to pass example, a police department if you are interested in
job-related aptitude and skills tests; medical examinations; going into law enforcement or security work)
screenings for drug use; psychological reviews, and poly- • obtaining internships in related businesses, agencies, or
graph examinations. Most employers also complete back- other organizations
ground investigations that may include looking into current • obtaining part-time or seasonal entry-level positions such
and past employment, financial, criminal, driving, and other as security guards, store detectives, lifeguards, or park
relevant records. rangers
For law enforcement positions, particularly with federal
agencies, the selection process can take several months, and If you are in high school, check out high school clubs
sometimes up to a year. Individuals who pass an agency’s and youth groups that promote your interests. For example,
selection process are usually placed on an eligibility list. As if you are interested in the law enforcement field, find out if
positions or training sessions become available, the agency a local law enforcement agency sponsors an Explorer unit.
then recruits individuals from its eligibility list. Law enforcement Explorers are allowed to participate in
various activities, such as “ride alongs” with patrol officers.
Should you decide to pursue a career in protective services
Using the Internet you’ll find that you already have some knowledge of the field,
The Internet has become a valuable tool for career develop- possibly some experience, and perhaps the beginning of a
ment and job hunting. Hundreds of law enforcement agen- valuable network with professionals who can help you with
cies, fire departments, federal agencies, professional associ- the next steps—getting further education, training, and work.
ations, private companies, and professionals have Web sites Good luck!
POLICE WORK
2 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, SECURITY, AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES

POLICE OFFICER
CAREER PROFILE CAREER LADDER

Duties: Enforce laws; preserve peace; protect life and prop-

erty; investigate crime; apprehend lawbreakers; provide Special Assignments,
community service Police Detective, or Police Sergeant

Alternate Title(s): Patrol Officer

Salary Range: $27,000 to $68,000

Police Officer
Employment Prospects: Good

Advancement Prospects: Excellent

Prerequisites:
Police Officer Trainee
Education or Training—High school diploma; police
academy training, field training
Experience—No experience necessary
Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problem-solving,
observational, teamwork, communication, interpersonal,
writing, math, computer, and self-management skills; be
mature, levelheaded, honest, intelligent, cooperative,
courteous, and dependable
Licensure/Certification—Police officer certification;
driver’s license

Position Description also arrest people who are public nuisances, such as drunk
Police Officers work for city or municipal police depart- persons who are bothering others.
ments. Their job is to enforce laws; preserve peace; protect Police Officers also enforce traffic laws on their beats. For
life and property; investigate crime; apprehend lawbreakers; instance, they look for motorists who drive over speed limits
and provide community service. The basic unit of all police or run through red traffic lights and stop signs. Violators
departments is the uniformed Police Officer who performs stopped by an officer are either issued warnings or citations.
patrol duty within the jurisdiction of the police department. As part of their rounds, Police Officers must also be alert
These officers are assigned beats, or areas, in which they to public hazards such as fallen electrical wires, missing
patrol regularly to make sure that people and businesses are traffic signs, potholes, and spilled chemicals. They report
safe. Working alone or with partners, most Police Officers such hazards to the proper authorities; and, if necessary,
patrol their beat in police cars or on foot, keeping in contact block off streets and direct traffic around the danger. When
with their headquarters by two-way radios. Some officers an accident, fire, or other emergency occurs, Police Officers
perform patrol duty on bicycles, on horses, or in boats. must take immediate control of the scene. They make sure
Police Officers must be familiar with the daily routines people are safe and unharmed, provide first aid, and sum-
of people and businesses on their beats. As they do their mon emergency medical help. In addition, they block off the
rounds, they watch for suspicious activities, investigate scene from traffic and crowds.
potential trouble and, if necessary, call their headquarters Throughout their work shift, Police Officers receive dis-
for assistance. Police Officers have the authority to stop patches from headquarters to investigate trouble or provide
people and question them about their actions. In addition, immediate help to individuals and businesses. For example,
they have the power to arrest people who are committing a Police Officer might be called on to respond to the follow-
crimes or are suspected of committing crimes. They may ing situations: a patient is missing from a nursing home; a
 POLICE WORK 3

person is attempting to commit suicide; a fight has broken Most openings will be created to replace officers who
out at a shopping center; traffic lights are out at an intersec- retire, resign, or are promoted to higher positions. The cre-
tion; a resident complains about noisy neighbors; a grocery ation of additional positions in a police department will
store is being robbed; people are living in an abandoned depend on its budget. Applicants can expect to face a long
building. and highly competitive selection process for any police job.
Police Officers keep a daily field notebook on their activ-
ities as well as complete accurate accidents and incidents
Advancement Prospects
report. Report-writing is an essential duty for all Police
Police Officers can develop satisfying and diverse law
Officers as their reports are permanent public records that
enforcement careers. Throughout their careers, they can
can be used as evidence in trials.
apply for any number of special units within their police
Police Officers fulfill other duties as they are needed. For
force.
example, they might:
In addition, Police Officers might choose to pursue a
career in police investigations. They usually become eligi-
• escort citizens ble to take the competitive detective exam in their depart-
• guard visiting dignitaries ment after completing two or three years of patrol duty.
• guard prisoners Officers interested in supervisory or administrative duties
• direct traffic around parades, fairs, and other special can seek promotions as sergeants, lieutenants, and captains.
events They must have additional experience and education as well
• assist in crowd control at public demonstrations as pass competitive exams and reviews.
• operate radar equipment to catch speeding violators Police Officers may retire with a pension after serving 20
• investigate serious traffic accidents to 25 years on the force. Many officers retire while still in
• assist in criminal investigations, such as doing surveil- their 40s and 50s and pursue a second career in law enforce-
lance or undercover work ment or another field that interests them.
• collect and process evidence at crime scenes
• testify at court trials
• present crime prevention workshops Education and Training
• perform office duty Applicants must have a high school diploma or general
equivalency diploma. Many departments also require appli-
Occasionally, Police Officers work on assignments with cants to have a minimum number of college credits with
law enforcement officers from other local, state, or federal courses in police science or other related study. Some police
agencies. departments require applicants to have either an associate’s
After serving two to three years of patrol duty, Police or bachelor’s degree.
Officers can apply for positions on special details, such as Police Officer trainees generally complete 12 to 14
the bike patrol unit, bomb squad, SWAT unit, crime preven- weeks of training at a police academy where they study law,
investigative procedures, self-defense, use of firearms, and
tion unit, or traffic enforcement unit. Officers perform spe-
other basic law enforcement skills. After their academy
cial detail duties in addition to their regular duties.
training, trainees are assigned to patrol duty under the
Police Officers work a rotating shift that includes nights,
supervision of field-training officers.
weekends, and holidays. They are on call 24 hours a day,
Throughout their careers, Police Officers enroll in educa-
every day of the year.
tional programs, training seminars, conference workshops,
and so on to increase their knowledge and update their
Salaries skills.
Earnings for Police Officers vary, depending on such factors
as their rank, experience, education, and geographical loca- Special Requirements
tion. According to the November 2003 Occupational All Police Officers must hold a current POST (Peace Officer
Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Standard and Training) certificate, which is earned upon
Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most police completion of basic training at a police academy. In addi-
patrol officers ranged between $26,510 and $68,160. tion, Police Officers must possess a valid driver’s license.

Employment Prospects Experience, Skills, and Personality Traits

According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 440,920 No law enforcement experience is necessary to apply for a
full-time, sworn police officers were employed in the trainee position. Applicants must be U.S. citizens and have
United States in 2000. no criminal records. They must meet certain vision, weight,
4 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, SECURITY, AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES

and height requirements. Age, residency, and other specific Additionally, Police Officers can join professional asso-
qualifications vary from department to department. In addi- ciations that serve the interests of special police units. For
tion, applicants should be in good physical condition. example, Police Officers performing bike patrol duties
To perform their job effectively, Police Officers must have might join the Law Enforcement Bike Association, while
excellent problem-solving, observational, and teamwork officers serving in police aviation units might belong to the
skills. They also need strong communication and interper- Airborne Law Enforcement Association.
sonal skills, as they must be able to work well with people of (For contact information for all of the above organiza-
different backgrounds. Having adequate writing, math, and tions, see Appendix IV.)
computer skills is also important. Additionally, Police Offi-
cers need exceptional self-management skills, such as the Tips for Entry
ability to work independently, handle stressful situations,
1. Gain experience by doing volunteer work with a
prioritize tasks, and understand and follow directions.
police department. Many agencies have a Police
Being mature, levelheaded, honest, intelligent, coopera-
Reserves program, which trains volunteers to assist
tive, courteous, and dependable are some personality traits
Police Officers with some of their duties.
that successful Police Officers share.
2. Earn an associate’s or bachelor’s degree in police sci-
ence or other related field as more and more police
Unions and Associations departments are making a college degree a require-
Police Officers are usually members of a union that repre- ment.
sents them in contract negotiations with their employers. 3. Call a police department or city personnel office to
The union seeks to get the best contract terms in regard to learn about current and upcoming job openings.
pay, benefits, and working conditions. It also handles any 4. According to the BLS, opportunities are generally
grievances that officers may have against their employers. better with police departments that offer lower
Many Police Officers belong to professional associations salaries or that serve communities where the crime
to take advantage of networking opportunities, educational level is high.
programs, and other professional services and resources. 5. You can learn more about police work on the Internet.
Some national and international societies that serve the gen- Many police departments have Web sites that provide
eral interests of Police Officers are the American Federation general agency information as well as job opportunity
of Police and Concerned Citizens, Fraternal Order of Police, listings. To find out if a particular police department
International Association of Women Police, and National has a presence on the Internet, enter its name into a
Black Police Association. search engine.
 POLICE WORK 5

CAMPUS POLICE OFFICER

CAREER PROFILE CAREER LADDER

Duties: Maintain peace and order on a college or university

campus; enforce governmental laws and regulations as Campus Police Officer (Journeyman)
well as institutional policies and rules; perform police,
traffic, crime prevention, and other duties

Alternate Title(s): Campus Public Safety Officer

Campus Police Officer
Salary Range: $27,000 to $68,000

Employment Prospects: Good

Advancement Prospects: Excellent Campus Police Officer Recruit

Prerequisites:
Education or Training—High school diploma; police
academy training
Experience—Previous law enforcement or security
experience in an educational setting preferred
Special Skills and Personality Traits—Self-manage-
ment, communication, writing, interpersonal, teamwork,
and decision-making skills; be calm, composed, friendly,
cooperative, tactful, honest, ethical, and organized
Licensure/Certification—Police officer certification;
driver’s license; firearms certification may be required

Position Description offenders, making arrests, preserving crime scenes, investi-

Campus Police Officers are members of police departments gating crimes, conducting surveillance, and testifying in
that are dedicated to serving two-year colleges, four-year court. Many Campus Police Officers have the authority to
colleges, and universities. These agencies are responsible for carry and use firearms to perform their duties.
the protection of all life and property on academic campuses. Campus Police Officers are assigned areas, or beats, on
Many campus police departments use community-based campus to patrol, which they conduct on foot, on bicycles,
policing to ensure the safety and cooperation of the entire or in marked vehicles. They patrol buildings, grounds, and
campus. This approach involves developing and maintaining facilities, and keep an eye out for criminal and suspicious
a positive relationship with students, faculty, and staff. activity as well as for violations of laws, regulations, poli-
As commissioned law enforcement officers, Campus cies, and rules. They also watch for unusual conditions as
Police Officers maintain peace and order on college and well as for signs of fire and safety hazards. As part of their
university campuses. They make sure that students, faculty, police duty, these law enforcement officers respond to a
employees, and visitors have a safe and secure environment wide range of requests for service from students, faculty,
in which to study, work, and live. Their job involves the and others on campus. The requests may be about criminal
enforcement of federal, state, and local laws and regulations or noncriminal matters. For example, a Campus Police Offi-
on academic campuses. In addition, they make sure that cer might check out a report of vandalism in the student
institutional policies and rules are being upheld. union, a complaint of loud music in a dormitory, or a call for
Campus Police Officers have the power to perform gen- medical emergency assistance in a classroom.
eral police duties, such as deterring and preventing unlawful Traffic duty is another area in which Campus Police Offi-
behavior, issuing citations, serving warrants, apprehending cers are involved. Their tasks include enforcing traffic laws
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