311/1

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

MARKING SCHEME
JULY/AUGUST 2012

BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONAL IMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

Paper 1

MARKING SCHEME
(CONFIDENTIAL)

THIS MARKING SCHEME IS THE PROPERTY OF BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONAL

EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

This marking scheme consists of 11 printed pages

© 2012 BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE

1
 SECTION A (25 marks)
Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided

1. Give two written sources of history on the East African Coast. (2 marks)

- Swahili histories and chronicles

- Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
- Ptolemy Geography
- Christian Topography
- Accounts of Arab travellers
- Graeco Roman documentary
- Natural history by Pliny
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
2. Identify two pre historic sites in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Hyrax Hill
- Gedi
- Eliye Springs
- Lewa
- Kanapoi
- Nairokotone
- Kanjera
- Chesowanja
- Kariandusi
- Rusinga Island
- Njoro River Cave
- Gambles Cave
- Olorgesailie
- Fort Ternan
- Koobi Fora (Lake Turkana)
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
3. What was the basis of political power in decentralized societies in pre-colonial Kenya?
(1 mark)
- The Clan headed by the Council of Elders

Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

4. What was the main reason for the coming of the Arabs to the East African Coast? (1 mark)
- To trade
Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

2
5. Identify two values of a Kenyan citizen. (2 marks)
- A good citizen respects the laws of the land always.
- Take part in activities that foster national unity including economic activities like trade and
agriculture which boosts the economy
- Respecting others regardless race, ethnicity or age
- Participating in democratic processes like elections.
- Respecting the rights and freedoms of other citizens.
- Being respectful of social justice like protecting public land from grabbers and
safeguarding environment destruction
- Should be loyal and patriotic towards his or her country.
- Supporting the government by taking parts in development projects that ensure sustainable
development of the country.
- Being accountable and transparent especially public servants and other citizens in dealing
with issues.
- Maintaining high level of integrity in the society like avoiding vices like corruption.
- Respecting elected leaders and supporting them in initiating development projects.
- Paying taxes to the government so that it can generate revenue for development
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
6. State two political factors that can limit national unity. (2 marks)
- Different party affiliations/ party membership
- Different political ideologies
- Misuse of power by leaders
- Irresponsible utterances by political leaders
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
7. Mention one factor that determines the form of a constitution. (1 mark)
- The historical background of the country.
- Religious beliefs of the people.
- Geographical factors e.g. countries like Japan are made up of many islands that should be
catered for.
- Racial composition of a country.
Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
8. Name one classification of human rights. (1 mark)
- Solidarity rights
- Social, Economic and Cultural rights
- Civil and Political Rights
Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

3
9. Identify two powers given to the Imperial British East Africa Company. (2 marks)
- To levy and collect taxes.
- To discourage slave trading.
- To suppressed African resistance
- To promote legitimate trade.
- To maintain law and order
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
10. State one role of Mekatilili during the Agiriama resistance. (1 mark)
- She administered oaths to unite the people for the war.
- She presented grievances of the Agiriama, some of which were addressed by the
British.
- She rallied the people together against a common enemy.
- Her leadership highlighted the role of women in the struggle for independence in
colonial Kenya.
Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
11. Identify two objectives of the Local Native Councils during the colonial period. (2 marks)
- To link African people and the Central government
- To involve Africans in the management of their affairs
- To use them as a forum through which Africans would express themselves
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
12. Mention one positive impact of urbanization during the colonial period. (1 mark)
- It created employment opportunities for the Africans.
- Towns became centers of nationalistic activities as they had the best facilities to spread ideas.
- It led to development of areas around the towns to feed the urban population
Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
13. Give one characteristic of early political parties in colonial Kenya. (1 mark)
- They were ethnic or tribal based
- They were urban based
- They were non militant
- They were led by missionary educated Africans
- The demands mainly focused on the welfare of the people
- They addressed specific grievances affecting the ethnic groups
- They had limited membership
- They were assisted by the Asians with materials and legal support
4
 Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
14. Identify two requirements for political parties in Kenya today. (2 marks)
- They should reflect a national character as prescribed by an Act of parliament
- They should have a democratically govern body
- They should promote and uphold National unity
- They should abide by the democratic principles of good governance, promote and practice
democracy
- They should respect the rights of all persons to participate in the political processes
- They should respect and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms and gender
equality and equity
- They should promote the principles of the constitution and the rule of law
- They should subscribe to and observe the code of conduct for political parties
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
15. State one factor that may disqualify one for election as a member of the National Assembly.
(1 mark)
- If one is an holder of a public office
- If one is not a registered voter
- If one is of unsound mind
- If one is declared bankrupt by a court of law
- If one is serving a sentence of imprisonment exceeding six months
- If one is a member of the county Assembly.
- If one has not been a Kenyan citizen for at least ten years preceding the election date.
- If one is found to have misused or abused state office.
- If one held office as a member of the IEBC within five years immediately preceding the
date of election.
Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
16. Identify one subordinate court in Kenya. (1 mark)
- The Magistrate Courts
- The Kadhi Courts
- The Court Martial
- The Tribunals
Any 1 point, @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
17. Give two effects of industrial development in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Increase in employment opportunities thus improvement of peoples standards of living.
- It has enabled Kenya to diversify her economy.
5
 - Roads and railways have been expanded to serve industrial regions.
- It has led to utilization of available natural resources.
- It has contributed to the growth and expansion of urban centers.
- It has earned the country foreign exchange.
- It has enabled the country to be self reliant in some products
- It has promoted cultural interaction
Any 2 points, @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
SECTION B (45 marks)
Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided

18. (a) Identify five reasons for the migration of the Bantu into Kenya during the pre-
colonial period. (3 marks)
- Increase in population due to increased food production.
- They were searching for land for cultivation.
- They were looking for additional pastures and water for their livestock.
- Due to internal conflicts or family and clan feuds.
- Some migrated due to external attacks from hostile communities.
- Diseases and epidemics forced some to migrate.
- To escape drought and famine.
- Some migrated to satisfy their desire for adventure and curiosity.
Any 5 points, @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda during the pre-colonial period.
(12 marks)
- They had a decentralized system of government.
- They were divided into between 4 - 6 clans with many sub- clans.
- Each clan lived in protected villages called Kayas.
- Young men became members of age sets after going through circumcision and there
after took part in political activities.
- Senior age set members made up a governing council called Kambi.
- The council was responsible for the administration of the clan.
- The council settled disputes, was the final court of appeal on judicial matters, presided
over religious matters and ceremonies as well as declaring war on their neighbours.
- The council meetings were chaired by headmen.
- Junior age set members made up the warrior class charged with defending the
community.
Any 5 points, @ 2 mark each (10 marks)
6
19. (a) Give three reasons why the Akamba were prominent in the long distance trade.
(3 marks)
- The environmental conditions forced them to take part in trading activities. This is because
they occupied the region which was dry and infertile.
- Ukambani is centrally located between the coast the interior.
- They had much experience in both local and inter-community trade.
- They were skilled hunters and iron workers.
- Their leaders e.g. Chief Kivoi encouraged trading activities among his people.
- There was high demand of their commodities.
- Existence of well established trade or caravan routes
Any 3 points, @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
(b) Explain six consequences of the long distance trade on the people of East Africa.
(12 marks)
- It encouraged trade between different Africa communities.
- The local people developed a taste of imported goods like clothes and glassware.
- It led to decline of traditional industries due to preference of imported goods.
- New crops were introduced in the interior of East Africa e.g. Maize.
- Some traders got a lot of wealth and become very powerful people, some rising to positions
importance e.g. Chief Kivoi.
- There was intermarriage between the African communities in the interior and the coastal
traders.
- The use of Kiswahili spread to the interior.
- Islam religion was introduced into the interior.
- Caravan routes were later adopted for highways.
- Importation of luxury articles and new crops influenced the way of life of the people in the
region.
- Traders paved way for European colonization.
- Slave raids caused suffering, insecurity and loss of lives.
- Some trading centers developed into urban centers or towns
Any 6 points, @ 2 mark each (12 marks)
20. (a) Give five reasons why the Wanga collaborated with the British. (5 marks)

- He wanted the British to help him expand his territory.

- He wanted gain prestige by his association with the British.

7
 - He desired to obtain modern weapons which he could use in conquering his enemies like the
Bukusu.
- He wanted to benefit from British western civilization e.g. education, religion.
- He wanted to benefit by trading with the British.
- He had a tradition of welcoming strangers as he had worked with long distance traders.
- He was influenced by his neighbours like the Baganda.
- To help him consolidate his power in the whole of western Kenya
- He wanted to get protection against his traditional enemies like the Luo of Ugenya, Nandi
e.t.c
- He saw the futility of resistance
Any 5 points, @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Explain five results of Nabongo Mumia's collaboration with the British. (10 marks)

- He was made the paramount chief of the Wanga in 1909 thus gained prestige.
- Some of his relatives were used as agents of the British administration and were deployed as
chiefs to other areas of Western Kenya.
- Elureko (Mumias) was made the administrative center of British rule in Western Kenya.
- The British assisted Mumia in acquiring more territories like Bunyala and Samia.
- He gained material benefits like firearms and manufactured goods like clothes.
- His people were converted to Christianity.
- He was assisted by the British to subdue his enemies like the Luo of Ugenya and other
Abaluhyia clans.
- The kingdom was used as a base to colonize communities in western Kenya
- They lost their independence to the British
- He enjoyed lucrative trade with the British
- He provided the colonial administration with vital information over appointment of chiefs and
headmen
- It intensified enemity and hostility between his people and other Abaluhyia sub groups

Any 5 points, @ 2 mark each (10 marks)

21. (a) Identify three ways in which the Nyayo philosophy promoted the development of health

in Kenya. (3 marks)

- It led to the building of health centers, hospitals and Nyayowards

8
 - It mobilized people to contribute money for purchasing drugs for the needy.
- Money contributed through the philosophy enabled sick people to seek for specialized
treatment within and outside the country.
- It motivated some medical personnel to offer free medical services to the people.
- It led to construction of medical training institutions and training personnel.

Any 5 points, @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

(b) Explain six challenges that have faced the health sector in Kenya since independence.
(12 marks)

- Increase in population which calls for more doctors, nurses and medical facilities.
- Brain drain of qualified personnel has affected the sector.
- Mismanagement of health institutions and embezzlement of funds.
- Illiteracy and ignorance and this may lead to misuse of drugs thus mutation of diseases.
- Escalation of new diseases like HIV/Aids.
- Cultural inhibitions like taboos, myths and misinformation affect proper health care.
- Unavailability of proper medical data on individuals causes delay in treatment.
- Imbalance between urban and rural areas in terms of provision of health services.
- Poverty among the masses which causes patients to resort to cheap treatment.
- The cost sharing policy prevented many poor people from going to hospital
- Pollution of the environment increased allergy related diseases
- High rates of accidents and injuries
Any 6 points, @ 2 mark each (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 Marks)

Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided

22. (a) State five merits of democracy. (5 marks)

- Since it is founded on the consent of the people, the leaders cannot ignore them from whom
they get power to govern them/the interests of the citizens are paramount.
- It fosters equality and unity among all people regardless of their colour, gender or religious
beliefs.
- It has moral and educative value as it helps individuals to develop their personality and sense of
responsibility.
- It balances the liberty of the individual with the power of the state. This is because the state
makes laws based on the consent of the people and the people obey them willingly.

9
 - It promotes patriotism and nationalism among the citizens and thus reduces the chances of a
revolution. This is because the people feel that they are part and parcel of the ruling system and
the welfare of the state is their welfare.
- It promotes peace and stability in the country. This is because it calls for peaceful co-existence
thus a sense of co-operation among the citizens.
- It promotes international harmony.
Any 5 points, @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Explain five rights of an accused person in Kenya. (10 marks)

- The accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty.

- One should be given adequate time to consult with the advocate or witness.
- One should be informed of the charge with sufficient details so as to prepare a defence in a
language one understands.
- One should be present when court proceedings are taking place.
- One should be given a chance to plead leniency.
- One must have free assistance of an interpreter if they cannot understand or speak the language.
- One should not be forced to give evidence.
- One should be allowed to be heard or remain silent and not testify during proceedings
- To refuse to give self- incriminating evidence
- One should be allowed to appeal against the ruling/ challenge the evidence.
- One has the right to legal representation.
- To have trial begin and concluded in the shortest time possible
Any 5 points, @ 2 mark each (10 marks)
23. (a) Identify three branches of the Kenya Defence Forces. (3 marks)
- The Kenya Army
- The Kenya Navy
- The Kenya Air force
Any 3 points, @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
(b) Explain six challenges facing the National Police Service in Kenya. (12 marks)

- Reluctance by the public to volunteer information.

- Poor public relations between police officers and the public.
- Inadequate transport and communication equipment
- Dangerous working conditions hence insecurity
- Political interference in their activities.

10
 - Corruption or bribery within the force.
- Lack or regular in service training to enable them cope with emerging issues.
- High concentration of population in some areas like slums in rural areas.
- The rise of terrorist activities who use indiscriminate methods hence challenging the efforts of
the police
- Possession of sophisticated weapons by criminals.
- Poor working conditions, housing and remunerations
- Incompetence of some police officers due to low academic qualifications and promotion of
officers through nepotism and tribalism.
- High influx of refugees from war torn countries like Somalia has led to smuggling of arms into
the country.
- Modernization and advancement in information technology
Any 6 points, @ 2 mark each (12 marks)
24. (a) Identify three sources of public revenue in Kenya. (3 marks)
- From the Equalization Fund
- From the Consolidated Fund
- The Contingencies Fund
- The Revenue Funds
Any 3 points, @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

(b) Explain six measures in the control and management of public finances (12 marks)

- The parliament has to approve expenditure by any state department.

- The Cabinet Secretary for Finance, with the approval of Parliament may stop transfer of funds
to a State organ or any other public body if it fails to adhere to the laid down procedures.
- The controller of budget oversees the implementation of the national budget by authorizing
withdrawals from public funds such as the Consolidated Fund.
- There are accounting officers answerable to the National Assembly for the financial
management of various public bodies.
- The auditing of accounts of all government and other public bodies is conducted to ensure that
they adhere to the laid down procedures.
- The Auditor General is responsible for the audit of accounts of all government and state organs
at the end of each financial year.

11
- The Public Procurement and Disposal Act set procedures for acquiring and disposing of
obsolete and extra assets and equipment to ensure fairness and transparency.
- Sanctions have been imposed to against contractors who fail to fulfill their obligations.
- Sanctions have been imposed on people who fail to pay their taxes e.g. use of X-ray scanners
to verify cargo on arrival at the port.
- Government contracts are publicly advertised for the awarding of tenders and awards.
- Establishment of Kenya Anti- Corruption Authority.
Any 6 points, @ 2 mark each (12 marks)

12