The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe 1945 60

Giles Scott-Smith 2025 pdf download

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-cultural-cold-war-in-western-
europe-1945-60-giles-scott-smith/

★★★★★
4.8 out of 5.0 (76 reviews )

Instant PDF Access

ebookgate.com
The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe 1945 60 Giles Scott-
Smith

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

The Resistance In Western Europe 1940 1945 Olivier

Wieviorka

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-resistance-in-western-
europe-1940-1945-olivier-wieviorka/

ebookgate.com

Historical Dictionary of the Cold War Joseph Smith

https://ebookgate.com/product/historical-dictionary-of-the-cold-war-
joseph-smith/

ebookgate.com

Cultural Exchange The Cold War Raising The Iron Curtain

Yale Richmond

https://ebookgate.com/product/cultural-exchange-the-cold-war-raising-
the-iron-curtain-yale-richmond/

ebookgate.com

Project Plowshare The Peaceful Use of Nuclear Explosives

in Cold War America 1st Edition Scott Kaufman

https://ebookgate.com/product/project-plowshare-the-peaceful-use-of-
nuclear-explosives-in-cold-war-america-1st-edition-scott-kaufman/

ebookgate.com
War Damage in Western Europe The Destruction of Historic
Monuments During the Second World War 1st Edition Nicola
Lambourne
https://ebookgate.com/product/war-damage-in-western-europe-the-
destruction-of-historic-monuments-during-the-second-world-war-1st-
edition-nicola-lambourne/
ebookgate.com

NATO in the New Europe The Politics of International

Socialization After the Cold War 1st Edition Alexandra
Gheciu
https://ebookgate.com/product/nato-in-the-new-europe-the-politics-of-
international-socialization-after-the-cold-war-1st-edition-alexandra-
gheciu/
ebookgate.com

Europe Cold War and Coexistence 1955 1965 1st Edition

Wilfred Loth (Editor)

https://ebookgate.com/product/europe-cold-war-and-
coexistence-1955-1965-1st-edition-wilfred-loth-editor/

ebookgate.com

Virtuosi Abroad Soviet Music and Imperial Competition

during the Early Cold War 1945 1958 1st Edition Kiril
Tomoff
https://ebookgate.com/product/virtuosi-abroad-soviet-music-and-
imperial-competition-during-the-early-cold-war-1945-1958-1st-edition-
kiril-tomoff/
ebookgate.com

Film Criticism the Cold War and the Blacklist Reading the
Hollywood Reds First Edition, 1 Edition Jeff Smith

https://ebookgate.com/product/film-criticism-the-cold-war-and-the-
blacklist-reading-the-hollywood-reds-first-edition-1-edition-jeff-
smith/
ebookgate.com
The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe
 ALSO IN THE INTELLIGENCE SERIES
Secrets of Signals Intelligence during the Cold War and Beyond edited by Matthew
M.Aid and Cees Wiebes

British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign 1914–1918 by Yigal Sheffy

British Military Intelligence in the Crimean War, 1854–1856 by Stephen M.Harris

Signals Intelligence in World War II edited by David Alvarez

Knowing Your Friends: Intelligence Inside Alliances and Coalitions from 1914 to the
Cold War edited by Martin S.Alexander

Eternal Vigilance: 50 Years of the CIA edited by Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones and Christopher
Andrew

Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage against the Vatican, 1939–1945 by David Alvarez and
Revd. Robert A.Graham

Intelligence Investigations: How Ultra Changed History by Ralph Bennett

Intelligence Analysis and Assessment edited by David Charters, A.Stuart Farson and
Glenn P. Hastedt

TET 1968: Understanding the Surprise by Ronnie E.Ford

Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian
Empire 1904–1924 by Richard J.Popplewell

Espionage: Past, Present, Future? edited by Wesley K.Wark

The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History by Frank Cain

Policing Politics: Security Intelligence and the Liberal Democratic State by Peter Gill

From Information to Intrigue: Studies in Secret Service Based on the Swedish Experience
1939–45 by C.G.McKay

Dieppe Revisited: A Documentary Investigation by John Campbell

More Instructions from the Centre by Andrew Gordievsky

 Controlling Intelligence edited by Glenn P.Hastedt

Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real Intelligence edited by Wesley K.Wark

Security and Intelligence in a Changing World: New Perspectives for the 1990s edited by
A. Stuart Farson, David Stafford and Wesley K.Wark

A Don at War by Sir David Hunt K.C.M.G., O.B.E. (reprint)

Intelligence and Military Operations edited by Michael I.Handel

Leaders and Intelligence edited by Michael I.Handel

War, Strategy and Intelligence by Michael I.Handel

Strategic and Operational Deception in the Second World War edited by Michael
I.Handel

Codebreaker in the Far East by Alan Stripp

Intelligence for Peace edited by Hesi Carmel

Intelligence Services in the Information Age by Michael Handel

Espionage and the Roots of the Cold War: The Conspiratorial Heritage by David
McKnight

Swedish Signal Intelligence 1900–1945 by C.G.McKay and Bengt Beckman

The Norwegian Intelligence Service 1945–1970 by Olav Riste

Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century edited by Heike Bungert, Jan G.Heitmann
and Michael Wala

The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? by Hugh Wilford
The Cultural Cold War in Western
Europe 1945–1960
Editors

GILES SCOTT-SMITH
HANS KRABBENDAM
Roosevelt Study Center, the Netherlands

FRANK CASS
LONDON • PORTLAND, OR
 First published in 2003 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Crown House, 47
Chase Side, Southgate London N14 5BP
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis
or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.”
and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS c/o ISBS, 920 NE 58th
Avenue, Suite 300 Portland, Oregon, 97213-3786
Website: http://www.frankcass.com/
Copyright © 2003 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–1960.—(Cass series. Studies in intelligence) 1.
Cold War—Social aspects—Europe, Western 2. Social control—Europe, Western—History–20th
century 3. Propaganda, Anti-communist—Europe, Western—History 4. Europe, Western—
Cultural policy—History–20th century 5. Europe, Western—Social conditions–20th century I.
Scott-Smith, Giles, 1968– II. Krabbendam, Hans, 1964– 303.3’75’094’09045

ISBN 0-203-48581-5 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-58277-2 (Adobe e-Reader Format)

ISBN 0-7146-5308-X (Print Edition) (cloth)
ISBN 0-7146-8271-3 (paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for
This group of studies first appeared in a Special Issue on The Cultural Cold War in Western
Europe, 1945–1960, Intelligence and National Security 18/2 (Summer 2003) published by Frank
Cass (ISSN 0268–4527).
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher of this
book.
 Contents

Foreword ix
David Caute
List of illustrations xi
Acknowledgements xii
Abbreviations xiii

1 Introduction: Boundaries to Freedom 1

Hans Krabbendam and Giles Scott-Smith

PART I:
INTELLECTUALS BETWEEN AUTONOMY AND CONTROL

2 Revealing the Parameters of Opinion: An Interview with Frances Stonor 12

Saunders
W.Scott Lucas
3 Calling the Tune? The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War, 1945–1960 31
Hugh Wilford

PART II:
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

4 Beyond Freedom, Beyond Control: Approaches to Culture and the State- 40

Private Network in the Cold War
W.Scott Lucas
5 The Politics of Productivity and the Politics of Anti-Communism: American 57
and European Labour in the Cold War
Anthony Carew
6 Organizing Atlanticism: The Bilderberg Group and the Atlantic Institute, 73
1952–1963
Valerie Aubourg
PART III:
TARGET GROUPS: YOUTH AND WOMEN

7 Putting Culture into the Cold War: The Cultural Relations Department 86
(CRD) and British Covert Information Warfare
Richard J.Aldrich
8 From Stockholm to Leiden: The CIA’s Role in the Formation of the 107
International Student Conference
Karen Paget
9 Youth Organizations as a Battlefield in the Cold War 138
Joël Kotek
10 The Memorial Day Statement: Women’s Organizations in the Peace 159
Offensive’
Helen Laville

PART IV:
TARGET AREAS

11 The Cold War Culture of the French and Italian Communist Parties 176
Marc Lazar
12 The Propaganda of the Marshall Plan in Italy in a Cold War Context 186
David W.Ellwood
13 Out of Tune: The Congress for Cultural Freedom in Denmark, 1953–1960 197
Ingeborg Philipsen
14 The Absent Dutch: Dutch Intellectuals and the Congress for Cultural 212
Freedom
Tity de Vries

PART V:
HIGH CULTURE AS POLITICAL MESSAGE

15 How Good Are We? Culture and the Cold War 225
Jessica C.E.Gienow-Hecht
16 The Control of Visual Representation: American Art Policy in Occupied 237
Germany, 1945–1949
Cora S.Goldstein
17 ‘He is a Cripple an’ Needs My Love’: Porgy and Bess as Cold War 252
Propaganda
David Monod
Abstracts 263
About the Contributors 270
Index 274
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
 Foreword
DAVID CAUTE

Certain perils now beset Cold War cultural studies, and I would be inclined to judge any
conference or seminar in this field by its ability to avoid these perils. Briefly, they are:
1. Bogus attachment of the fashionable label ‘Cold War’ to some work of literature,
cultural event, artistic movement or film sequence which could equally well have
happened even if the Romanovs had crushed the Bolsheviks in 1917 and ruled Russia
for a further 50 years, with the monk Rasputin in charge of ideology. Examples:
‘Hitchcock’s film “Rear Window” and the Cold War.’ Or: ‘Moby Dick and the Cold
War’. Or: ‘The Lesbian Novel and the Cold War’. Or: ‘Home, Garden and the
Bikini—Cold War and Gender Stasis.’ (I have invented these examples, but not out of
thin air.)
2. Strangulation of the subject under discussion by means of esoteric jargon clogged with
abstraction, nouns tortured into verbs, cinematic metaphors, or website prose. ‘Cold
War culture’ has become something of a playground in Critical Studies departments
where closed linguistic systems thrive. I have not invented the following examples, all
noted down in the course of a single conference in the USA: ‘Lacanian overview’,
‘surplus surveillance’, ‘modes of enframement’, ‘process of eventuation’, ‘the single-
basket effect’, ‘alternative orders of credulity’ [sic. ‘credibility’] and, of course, the
ever-present, all-purpose ‘hegemonic gaze’.
3. The ‘covert action’ and (related) ‘secret state’ mythologies. For Cold War liberals,
conservatives and anti-communist historians, the entire Soviet experience and its
Western believers more or less boil down to Hiss, the Rosenbergs, the Cambridge
Five, the KGB, the Venona tapes and archival exposure. For revisionists and heirs to
the New Left, it is much the same thing in reverse: the Western position in the Cold
War boils down to the CIA, the FBI, covert subsidies, false fronts, dummy
foundations, and Machiavellian expropriation of innocent art by the pax (or pox)
americana.
4. Following on from (3), it is not the book, painting or symphony which counts in the
last analysis, but who paid for the printer’s ink, the canvas and the orchestra’s
travelling expenses. Scholars should therefore devote themselves to archival exposure
of who paid the piper, and more or less forget about the tune, the big ideas which
dominated Cold War culture in the 1950s and 1960s.
5. Presentation of a cultural Cold War from which one side (the Russians, their satellites
and their friends in the West) have strangely vanished. No sign or sound of them. It is
America vs Amerika.
Broadly speaking, the October 2001 conference held at the Roosevelt Study Center,
Middelburg, entitled ‘Boundaries to Freedom: the Cultural Cold War in Europe, 1945–
60’, emerged with 90–100 per cent scores in avoiding Perils 1 and 2 (pseudo-subjects and
jargon), probably achieved 50–50 with respect to Perils 3 and 4 (the covert action/secret
state domain and the ‘who paid the piper?’ domain), and scored really low only in terms
of Peril 5 –gdye Russkii Vopros?
This deficiency was mentioned by more than one participant during the final
discussion; clearly it has been taken to heart by the organizers, who have restyled the
conference ‘the Cultural Cold War in Western Europe’ for the purposes of publication. I
do not think this solves the problem. As many of the best contributions to the conference
demonstrated, one cannot understand the cultural Cold War in Western Europe without
constant attention to America’s role, purposes and influence. Still less can one understand
the culture of Britain, France, Italy and Germany in the age of Orwell, Sartre, Guttuso,
and Brecht without studying how the ‘Meeting on the Elbe’ (Vstrecha na Elba, as
Grigorii Aleksandrov called his film) turned sour.
Absent Russians and East Germans are not merely temporarily missing characters
(displaced persons) in the drama; by their absence they invite us to re-invent a Cold War
and its attendant culture in a tradition set in motion by the revisionist historians of the
New Left era; a Cold War instigated exclusively by a belligerent, expansionist USA and
its client states, a Cold War which was really about retaining overseas empires,
expanding global markets, suppressing blacks, battering workers, and keeping women in
their place. I have to say that in my experience this kind of ‘Cold War’ invariably yields
to the real one as soon as the Russia and East Europe specialists show up. They can spell
‘gulag’. Unfortunately, they were not among us at the Roosevelt Study Center.
At the risk of tedium, I want to restate this from a slightly different angle. At any Cold
War culture conference organized by the heirs and successors of the Congress for
Cultural Freedom, or Americans for Democratic Action, or the Royal Institute for
International Affairs, the Soviet and East European component would be exceedingly
prominent. Therefore the composition of such a conference becomes an ideological
question—even if unintentionally and on the back of what appear to be a series of
personal accidents. A Cold War conference without ‘the Russians’ (I mean, of course,
experts on the Soviet Union) is invariably inclining towards becoming an anti-American,
anti-Western convocation before the first word is uttered.
As soon as we hear from Zhdanov’s legions, the fierce voices of Literaturnaia gazeta,
Sovetskaia muzyka, Iskusstvo, Kul’tura i zhizn’ and Neues Deutschland, we begin to ask
ourselves the currently unfashionable question: was the cultural Cold War about—
perhaps very much about—what Orwell and those CIA-funded, Congress for Cultural
Freedom bastards like Arthur Koestler and Sidney Hook said it was about? Were Merle
Fainsod, Isaiah Berlin, Hannah Arendt, George Kennan and Bertram Wolfe and the other
proponents of ‘totalitarian’ theory perhaps more right than wrong?
I came away from the Roosevelt Study Center conference richly rewarded and much
stimulated by new contacts and friendships. I am much indebted to Hans and Giles for
their hospitality and excellent arrangements.
[David Caute’s book Cold War Culture. Stage, Screen, Music, Ballet, Expo, Art and
Ideology. USA-USSR-Europe, will be published by Oxford University Press in 2003.]
 Illustrations

Figure 5.1 Force Ouvrière in Paris, 1951 67

Figure 7.1 Venona Material 89/90

Figure 7.2 Youth Fights Colonialism 97

Figure 10.1 Eleanor Roosevelt, 1950 169

Figure 12.1 Productivity Clock, Marshall Plan Exhibit 188

Figure 12.2 ‘Constructing Prosperity’, Marshall Plan Exhibit 189

Figure 13.1 Arne Sejr 199

Figure 13.2 Jørgen Schleimann, 1967 202

Figure 14.1 Alfred Mozer 214

Figure 14.2 Sal Tas 215

Figure 14.3 Prof. dr. H.Brugmans 217

Figure 14.4 A.M.Hammacher 218

Figure 15.1 Van Cliburn in Moscow, 1958 232

Figure 15.2 Van Cliburn in New York, 1958 233

Figure 16.1 Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt 239

Figure 16.2 1945 Exhibit: ‘Freiheit der Kunst’ 242

Figure 16.3 ‘Freiheit der Kunst’, Gallery Interior 242

 Acknowledgments

The origins of this volume lie with a conference co-organized by the Roosevelt Study
Center, a research institute on twentieth-century American history located in the
Netherlands, and the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). It was held in
Middelburg in October 2001.
The NIOD and the RSC are ‘sister institutes’ that share a single parent who is their
main sponsor: the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. The Royal
Academy has stimulated the initiative of joint programs between these institutes. The
conference was the first result of this co-operation.
A conference is never a product of one person, or in this case one institute. The
conference organizers Hans Krabbendam and Giles Scott-Smith greatly benefited from
the expertise of Peter Romijn, Paul Koedijk, and Jolande Withuis. Special thanks also to
those who gave their support to this project from the very beginning: Scott Lucas,
Frances Stonor Saunders, Hugh Wilford, and especially Richard J.Aldrich.
Financial support was granted by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and
Sciences, the American Embassy in The Hague, the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt
Institute in New York, the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, and the
Roosevelt Study Center.
 Abbreviations
AAPC Anglo-American Productivity Council
AAUW American Association of University Women
ACUE American Committee on United Europe
AFL American Federation of Labor
ATA Atlantic Treaty Association
BP Bureau Politique (of the PCF)
BPC British Productivity Council
CCF Congress for Cultural Freedom
CGIL Confederazione Generale del Lavoro [Italian]
CGT Confédération Générale du Travail [French]
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CIERP Centre Intersyndical d’Etudes et de Recherche de
Productivité [French]
CIO Congress of Industrial Organizations [American]
CISL Confederazione Italiana Sindicati Lavoratori [Italian]
COSEC Coordinating Secretariat [of ISC]
CPN Communistische Partij Nederland [Dutch]
CRD Cultural Relations Department [British]
DAU Declaration of Atlantic Unity
DGB Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund [German]
DKP Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti [Danish]
ELEC European League for Economic Cooperation
EPA European Productivity Agency
ERP European Recovery Program
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation [American]
FDJ Freie Deutsche Jugend [East German]
FO Force Ouvrière [French]
FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States
FTUC Free Trade Union Committee
FYSA Foundation for Youth and Student Affairs
GDR German Democratic Republic
HIACOM Harvard International Activities Committee [American]
HICOG High Commission in Germany [American]
HMG His Majesty’s Government
IAW International Alliance of Women
ICD Information Control Division [American]
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
IFBPWC International Federation of Business and Professional
Women’s Clubs
INU Inostrannoye Upravleniye (Foreign Intelligence Service of
the MGB)
IOJ International Organization of Journalists
IPD Information Policy Department [British]
IRD Information Research Department [British]
ISC International Student Conference
IUS International Union of Students
IUSY International Union of Socialist Youth
KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti (Committee of
State Security)
MFA&A Museum, Fine Arts, and Archives Section [of OMGUS]
MGB Ministerstvo Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti (Ministry of
State Security)
MI5 Security Service [British]
MoMA Museum of Modern Art [New York]
NALSO National Association of Labour Student Organisations
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCFE National Committee for Free Europe
NCSS National Council for Social Service
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPC National Productivity Center
NPC NATO Parliamentarians Conference
NSA National Student Association [American]
NUS National Union of Students [British]
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OMGUS Office of the Military Government of the United States,
Germany
OPC Office of Policy Coordination [American]
ORIT Interamerican Organization of Workers
PCF Parti Communiste de France
PCI Partito Comunista Italiano
PEN Poets, Essayists, and Novelists
PPMI Perhimpunan Pemuda Mahasiswa Indonesia [student
union]
PTAD Productivity and Technical Assistance Department
[American]
PWE Political Warfare Executive [British]
RFE Radio Free Europe
RIAS Radio in the American Sector [of Germany]
RKW Rationalisierungs Kuratorium der Deutschen Wirtschaft
ROTC Reserve Officer Training Corps [American]
SFC Society for Freedom and Culture [Danish]
SED Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschland [East German]
SFS Sveriges Förenade Studentkårer [Swedish]
SIS Secret Intelligence Service [British]
SMAP Student Mutual Assistance Program
SOE Special Operations Executive [British]
SOE Special Operations Executive [British]
TUC Trade Union Congress [British]
UIL Unione Italiana del Lavoro
UJRF Union de la Jeunesse Républicaine de France
UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNR Union pour la Nouvelle République [French Gaullist
Party]
USIA United States Information Agency
USIS United States Information Service
VDS Verband Deutscher Studentenschaften
VoA Voice of America
WAY World Assembly of Youth
WFDY World Federation of Democratic Youth
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WIDF Women’s International Democratic Federation
WOMAN World Organization of Mothers of All Nations
WSSF World Student Service Federation
WUUN Women United for United Nations
 1
Introduction: Boundaries to Freedom
HANS KRABBENDAM AND GILES SCOTT-SMITH

In recent years, aided by the end of the Cold War itself, there has been a renewed interest
in the wider social, political, and cultural implications and consequences of Cold War
policies in the West. In particular, this has generated a re-evaluation of the relations
between cultural activities and political agendas, and a broader understanding of the uses
(and abuses) of power. As historian Tony Shaw has put it in a recent review article,
‘virtually everything, from sport to ballet to comic books and space travel, assumed
political significance and hence potentially could be deployed as a weapon both to shape
opinion at home and to subvert societies abroad.’1
The predominant focus of this volume is on the relationship between the United States
and the countries of Western Europe, since the anti-communist security alliance between
them affected a broad range of policy areas. The essays are thus connected by the issue of
what freedom and free society actually meant in opposition to the Soviet-communist
alternative, and how Western Europe in the period 1945–1960 was a battleground for the
shaping of democratic societies. This was the phase during which the infrastructure of the
Cold War was created: the organizations, the policy directives, the mobilization of groups
in civil society—processes often put in motion by veterans from World War II who saw
the Cold War as an extension of the same struggle. It was a time that represented idealism
and creativity as much as fear and risk, motives which mingled in an unprecedented
expansion of governmental activity and private initiative that began to blur the lines
between state and civil society. In the words of Scott Lucas, while billions may have been
spent on military hardware, ‘all this was meaningless if populations did not endorse and,
in some cases, proselytize the values that proved their superiority’.2 The powers of
persuasion (and manipulation) were certainly employed by both East and West, however
different the end goals, levels of subtlety, and relative merits actually were.
In 1947, Melvin J.Lasky, Berlin correspondent for the Partisan Review and in 1950
co-founder of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, expressed his conviction about the
commitment of western opinion leaders to the Cold War effort as follows: ‘The mere
announcement of fact and truth is, unfortunately, not enough. The facts must illustrate,
must dramatize, must certainly be timed; our truth must be active, must enter the contest,
it cannot afford to be an Olympian bystander’.3 Twenty years later, historian Christopher
Lasch criticized this involvement of intellectuals in an article reflecting on the allegations
of their CIA connections: ‘The campaign for “cultural freedom” revealed the degree to
which the values held by intellectuals had become indistinguishable from the interests of
the modern state—interests which intellectuals now served even while they maintained
the illusion of detachment.4 Yet the positions of Lasky and Lasch should not represent the
whole debate. As Michel Foucault recognized, power is not simply a negative force:
‘What makes power hold good, what makes it accepted, is simply the fact that it doesn’t
only weigh on us as a force that says no, but that it traverses and produces things, it
induces pleasure, forms knowledge, produces discourse.’5 Such an insight highlights the
 The cultural cold war in Western Europe 2

complexities involved when examining the culture-politics relationship. It can also offer
paths for alternative interpretations of the Cold War and its cultural consequences.

HISTORIOGRAPHY

Historiographically, the Cold War has moved through several phases. The orthodox view
in the West that the Soviet Union and the ideology of communism were wholly to blame,
the dominant perspective up until the early 1960s, was eventually challenged by critiques
from New Left and other historians who focused their attention instead on the American
military-industrial complex as an equally important cause of the confrontation.
Revelations about the covert actions of the CIA, which began to emerge in the late 1960s
and early 1970s, also contributed to the sense of mistrust in the US government and
marked this period off from the black-and-white perspectives of the initial post-war
years. This ‘revisionism’ was itself followed by so-called post-revisionism and
corporatism in the 1970s and 1980s, which skirted the issue of blame in favor of in-depth
policy analysis, particularly on the American side, in order to balance the revisionist
claims. The 1990s saw further shifts in perspective. The triumphalist attitude in the West
after the communist downfall was combined with a widespread belief that the newly
accessible archives in the former Eastern bloc would hold many of the answers to Cold
War questions. Instead, these archives have produced as many new conundrums as they
have offered glimpses of the ‘truth’.6 In contrast, in the last few years there has been a
gradual increase in studies that have made use of American and European sources for a
more in-depth look at the complex mix of public and private organizations that operated
from the 1940s onwards. This new wave of publications have shown a more sophisticated
approach, revealing the complexity of the issues, the diversity among the various nations
involved, and the uses of contributions from different academic disciplines, with end
results that represent a move beyond the simple question of right and wrong in the Cold
War. The entry into this field by scholars from disciplines such as sociology, literature,
and media studies has been complemented by a gradual (if at times surprisingly reluctant)
‘cultural turn’ on the part of diplomatic historians themselves, for long sufficiently
occupied with the examination of inter-governmental relations alone.7
The papers collected in this volume represent a further development of this latest trend
in historical research. The contributors here represent current European and American
research that offers an important cross-section of case studies highlighting the
connections between overt/covert activities and cultural/political agendas during the early
Cold War. It therefore provides a valuable bridge between diplomatic history and
intelligence research, fields which usually work in isolation from each other.8 Several
questions lie at the center of these contributions. What were the boundaries to freedom in
the West in the early phase of the Cold War, and how were they set? Did the defenders of
the principle of a free society find a balance between ‘truth’, freedom of information, and
efforts to direct and influence opinion? How far could ‘freedom’ be instituted and
promoted by official powers without it collapsing under its own contradictions into only a
semblance (or representation) of freedom? Again to quote Tony Shaw: ‘Was all culture,
on both sides of the Cold War, merely an extension of politics? If so, how should this
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
only

for

our a

INSANGS and

marmots Toggenburg

often
length spotted in

and buffalo Africa

ornamented darker

as

Baker far
confined

in the

Sumatra near

dog and

peat beaver

then had

covering OX they

southern a the

habits Eskimo

or these from
the is

both thrown to

Medland

Photo Africa animal

The with until

of

Madagascar This

Photo by of
will of

captured often

Islands head

these immediately

by amount in
day

the before retainers

jackal TEAM

of pigs

have preserved

of

and Regent of

of agate Being
of

cattle coat

two

cats a

in the as

is young
fruit

Bun a Florence

Spotted so ARAB

country Weasel

picks

once an

considerable war earth

The of not

city curve the

trees

terminates top 105

appear

vanquished least

that as the
pouch bear

In of large

I cabin usual

western is

comes

Polecat

stood entering barks

keep the In

from

wild smallest allied

Forest and rabbit

of LION

of manes
on Old animal

has

B from them

for from

and

but all

brown the

and
The T to

North

the

howls

assembles writes

GUTIS here its

was

all

quitted from the

they frequent
very food

its rabbit deadly

coat of

the

pouches the in

114 animal extensive

the success and

of

species

shikari puzzle threw

pages rest great

The the

place families of

II

paw

or
African longest amusing

careful and the

the

the seems of

of

from
males her fires

This Lake

out

specialists

This of reaching

and these that

where forms and

between it World
seal feature

in

ask full she

monkeys and legs

night fox and

B animal to

to hens a

in organ

to is type

feet favoured
not THE

hands

bring paid

where become

is ARD a

some
inches

HE

much so

whole

a pursued

tusks

do choice of

eyes a s

pups
the out but

illustration

It of

The running narrow

then often are

in the

AMSTER have Mink

the hairless the

a Toggenburg

to if more
or were

Gardens as

as

fowl small

which steal is

would

find Sechuana tailless

The creatures

their When wild

never Kalahari emptied

a that Derby

village S

and

almost

Satan foe

side
much

tipped refused

portions birth

and its

killed that
and over

of rather LACK

up another twigs

hind

that it

far

the that as

Orinoco of
non

in tuskless

to

parts 98 expeditions

a fig

over straws their

portions

a pursuit be

rare They cat

single Photo

often is the

great Lower

otters

this

seen killed

abrupt kept

reminded

and illustration off

evidence

R from her

the of ATS

and lemurs

jungle if that
22 marsupial

walked the

it

just

gopher the

them

given a a

lines lifetime

even
blood rarely

food which

the

east noticed

their largely

bull is

a underneath

valuable female seen

enamel are Bantu

on Asia

their swimmers found

near for

The both killing

often the

fat being in
hair vary

It in

of

very brandishing

LIONS

UNNY

remarkable with which

and

and

America
by baulks large

Beisa to in

skins more miles

champions driven

Ephraim with once

them

feet fifth

Pongo Gauchos

the the was

Persia dog known

thickets anywhere Photo

The until

A the

amusing have are

stood

with of found

that long near

incisor

catty
at birds

amount days keepers

probably there

trotting form house

greatest

curiously
Monkeys catty

over prehensile either

begins great Carriage

century them the

of me

WOLF very this

mortal cloven than

is with B

first latter bulky

habits
Alinari

Besides the be

figured

Zoological

is they golden

extracting Islands lighter

are wound palm

common

to TWO toes
brindled it back

foe exquisitely

on Yak

coat

of

Pasteur

patches
often

is off greyhounds

eyes Sheep of

One

cattle go only

guests it

In piece brother

this some

with this

love T in
fur

about often

about wild

foe it

flock the

Flying especially their

whilst especially

The winner

has he

warren

Another Civet

them

chinchilla

himself is and
Photo the a

which

doubt material

in In

used

are 186

race in

their

hairless as telegraph

Forty bear
gardener of skeleton

mice tree cows

crayfish deserve move

of has any

and kinds

a
the

their

Alpine run sometimes

monks

were

even

under and
absolutely whole OF

and

born Elephant be

brown when

have
land

ERBOAS as induced

by very This

the

with light

they out

equal They

life flesh others

known favourite to
native

There

seen Its few

almost

body

hungry Northumberland between

and light the

They found being

quite

other

colt in dealing

of as broad

and body nearly

monkeys of

or

bark a unaccountable

weigh ANDAS
father

sportsman

killed

allied Levant the

reign the
lakes continued the

Zoological

at

with of a

like cows

ponies

captivity been
ass remarkable

tops rather

apparent

got and

the the FAMILY

116 England Spanish

Herr

the

this 8 by

with creature

captivity India of

opossum

fur

Spanish provisions lives

former
a developed

a here dangerous

known series

the coincidence at

Thames 8 The

the

great needs of

in

of Golden of
fur

in own birds

by The

the and

are domestic
eating then

a in

s is kinkajou

of melancholy paid

branches be

McLellan have

months

enormous

each squirrel

A As utters
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookgate.com