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Royal Wales and Fr Rev template.indd 2 14/03/2013 14:21:51
 WALES AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

General Editors: Mary-Ann Constantine and Dafydd Johnston

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 1 3/6/2013 8:35:55 PM

 ‘A Fishguard Fencible’, 1797, artist unknown

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 2 3/6/2013 8:35:56 PM

 WALES AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

‘Footsteps of Liberty and Revolt’

Essays on Wales and the French Revolution

edited by

MARY-ANN CONSTANTINE
AND
DAFYDD JOHNSTON

UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS

CARDIFF
2013

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 © The Contributors, 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form
(including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and
whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication)
without the written permission of the copyright owner except in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Applications for the
copyright owner’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should
be addressed to The University of Wales Press, 10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place,
Cardiff CF10 4UP.

www.uwp.co.uk

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-0-7083-2590-2
e-ISBN 978-0-7083-2591-9

The rights of the Contributors to be identified as authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with sections 77, 78 and 79 of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.

Typeset in Wales by Eira Fenn Gaunt, Cardiff

Printed by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 4 3/6/2013 8:35:56 PM

 ‘We are generally dismissed with loud applause and with the cry of “Vive la
Nation. Toujours le tiers État!” . . . We were stop’d by similar inquiries, and as
we travers’d along we found that we did not outrun the footsteps of Liberty and
Revolt.’
 George Cadogan Morgan, France, July 1789

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 5 3/6/2013 8:35:56 PM

 WALES AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

The French Revolution of 1789 was perhaps the defining event of the
Romantic period in Europe. It unsettled not only the ordering of society
but language and thought itself: its effects were profoundly cultural, and
they were long-lasting. The last twenty years have radically altered our
under­standing of the impact of the Revolution and its aftermath on British
culture. In literature, as critical attention has shifted from a handful of major
poets to the non-canonical edges, we can now see how the works of women
writers, self-educated authors, radical pamphleteers, prophets and loyalist
propagandists both shaped and were shaped by the language and ideas of
the period. Yet surprising gaps remain, and even recent studies of the ‘British’
reaction to the Revolution remain poorly informed about responses from
the regions. In literary and historical discussions of the so-called ‘four nations’
of Britain, Wales has been virtually invisible; many researchers working in
this period are unaware of the kinds of sources available for comparative
study.
The Wales and the French Revolution Series is the product of a four-year
project funded by the AHRC and the University of Wales at the Centre
for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. It makes available a wide range of
Welsh material from the decades spanning the revolution and the subsequent
wars with France. Each volume, edited by an expert in the field, presents a
collection of texts (including, where relevant, translations) from a particular
genre with a critical essay situating the material in its historical and literary
context. A great deal of material is published here for the first time, and all
kinds of genres are explored. From ballads and pamphlets to personal letters
and prize-winning poems, essays, journals, sermons, songs and satires, the
range of texts covered by this series is a stimulating reflection of the political
and cultural complexity of the time. We hope these volumes will encourage
scholars and students of Welsh history and literature to rediscover this
fascinating period, and will offer ample comparative scope for those working
further afield.

Mary-Ann Constantine and Dafydd Johnston

General Editors

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 Contents

List of Figures ix
List of Contributors xi
Prefacexiii
Acknowledgementsxv
List of Abbreviations xvii

1 Introduction: Writing the Revolution in Wales 1

Mary-Ann Constantine and Dafydd Johnston

2 Wales as Nowhere: the tabula rasa of the ‘Jacobin’ imagination 11

Caroline Franklin

3 Rousseau and Wales 35

Heather Williams

4 ‘Our first concern as lovers of our country must be to enlighten it’:

Richard Price’s response to the French Revolution 53
Paul Frame and Geoffrey W. Powell

5 The Welsh in Revolutionary Paris 69

Mary-Ann Constantine

6 The ‘Marseillaise’ in Wales 93

Marion Löffler

7 The ‘Rural Voltaire’ and the ‘French madcaps’ 115

Geraint H. Jenkins

8 Networking the nation: the bardic and correspondence

networks of Wales and London in the 1790s 143
Cathryn A. Charnell-White

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 7 3/6/2013 8:35:57 PM

Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
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 viii Contents

9 Radical adaptation: translations of medieval Welsh poetry

in the 1790s 169
Dafydd Johnston

10 ‘Brave Republicans’: representing the Revolution in a

Welsh interlude 191
Ffion Mair Jones

11 ‘A good Cambrio-Briton’: Hester Thrale Piozzi,

Helen Maria Williams and the Welsh sublime in the 1790s 213
Jon Mee

12 What is a national Gothic? 231

Murray Pittock

13 Terror, treason and tourism: the French in Pembrokeshire 1797 247

Hywel M. Davies

14 The voices of war: poetry from Wales 1794–1804 271

Elizabeth Edwards

15 The Revd William Howels (1778–1832) of Cowbridge

and London: the making of an anti-radical 291
Stephen K. Roberts

Index309

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 Figures

Frontispiece: ‘A Fishguard Fencible’, 1797, artist unknown

Fig. 1 ‘Hafod House (1810)’, engraving by Joseph C. Stadler,

after a painting by John ‘Warwick’ Smith 40

Fig. 2 ‘Richard Price, D.D. F.R.S.’, engraving by Thomas

Holloway, 1793, after a painting by Benjamin West 52

Fig. 3 Map: Revolutionary Paris 71

Fig. 4 David Samwell, 1798. A ‘physionotrace’ portrait

taken in Paris by Gilles-Louis Chrétien 84

Fig. 5 ‘Marche des Marseillois’, published in London

in 1792 92

Fig. 6 ‘A Sketch of the Life of William Jones’. Unattributed

engraving from Cambrian Register, II (1799) 119

Fig. 7 John Jones ( Jac Glan-y-gors), from frontispiece

to 1923 edition of Seren Tan Gwmmwl152

Fig. 8 ‘Mrs Piozzi’, engraving by Thomas Holloway, 1786,

after a painting of 1781 by Robert Edge Pine 212

Fig. 9 Detail from ‘A Plan of Fishguard Bay’ by

Thomas Propert, 1798 249

Fig. 10 Portrait of William Howels by Thomas Overton, signed

by Howels. Published as frontispiece to Sermons . . . by
the Late Rev. William Howels (London, 1836) 293

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00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 10 3/6/2013 8:35:57 PM
 Contributors

Dr Cathryn A. Charnell-White, Research Fellow, University of Wales Centre

for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies

Dr Mary-Ann Constantine, Senior Research Fellow, University of Wales

Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies

Dr Hywel M. Davies, Director of Recruitment and Admissions, Aberystwyth

University

Dr Elizabeth Edwards, Research Fellow, University of Wales Centre for

Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies

Mr Paul Frame, Independent Researcher, Swansea

Professor Caroline Franklin, Professor of English Literature, Swansea University

Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, Emeritus Professor and Former Director,

University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies

Professor Dafydd Johnston, Director, University of Wales Centre for Advanced

Welsh and Celtic Studies

Dr Ffion Mair Jones, Research Fellow, University of Wales Centre for Advanced
Welsh and Celtic Studies

Dr Marion Löffler, Research Fellow, University of Wales Centre for Advanced

Welsh and Celtic Studies

Professor Jon Mee, Professor of Romanticism Studies, University of Warwick

Professor Murray Pittock, Bradley Professor of English Literature and Vice-

Principal, University of Glasgow

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 xii contributors

Mr Geoffrey W. Powell, Formerly Lecturer in Education, Keele University,

and Tutor in Philosophy, Coleg Harlech

Dr Stephen K. Roberts, Editor, House of Commons 1640–1660, History of

Parliament Trust, London

Dr Heather Williams, Research Fellow, University of Wales Centre for

Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies

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 Preface

This collection of essays comes out of a four-year research project at the

University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, which
set out to explore the impact of the French Revolution and the subsequent
wars with France on the culture of Wales. A range of fascinating texts is
being published as part of the Wales and the French Revolution Series,
which is discussed further in the Introduction below. This volume, however,
is devoted to consideration of some of the broader themes of the period,
and to many of the extraordinary people who played their part in shaping
perceptions of Wales’s place within Britain, Europe and the wider world.
The image on the cover of the volume is a water-colour study made
by the twenty-three year old J. M. W. Turner on a seven-week tour of north
Wales in 1798. From its alarming, weirdly lit mass of shapes and colours
emerge, with a little concentration, the bulk of Caernarfon castle, troubling
symbol of defence (against whom?) in times of war, and the skewed masts
of ships, linking Wales to the conflict on the seas. The pull of the picture
is both back into history and outwards into current affairs: both past and
present are challenging and bloody. That complex pulling and meshing of
different loyalties with and against new and inherited identities (Welsh,
British, ‘Citizen of the World’, republican, Dissenter, loyalist, Volunteer)
is explored, in a variety of different contexts, in the contributions published
here.
We are hugely grateful to all our authors, therefore, and to the people and
institutions that have made the work possible. The AHRC and the University
of Wales have between them funded four years of intense research; the
National Library of Wales, repository of many of the period’s most interesting
texts, has been a pleasant second home to many of us. We are especially
grateful to the Library for the use of several images in this volume, and to
Tom Lloyd and Martin Crampin for the delightful ‘Fishguard Fencible’ who
guards the entrance to this book. Thanks go also to the director and staff of
the University of Wales Press for their enthusiasm and practical support for
this project from the very beginning. Members of our Advisory Panel have
been generous with time and ideas – some have contributed essays here – and

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 13 3/6/2013 8:35:57 PM

 xiv preface

it has been a real pleasure to work with them. Nia Davies, Angharad Elias
and Annie Carruthers, our administrative staff in the Centre, have all made
the load lighter on many occasions. Most of all, we would like to thank our
immediate colleagues on the project for their work and commitment over
the last four years: Cathryn Charnell-White, Elizabeth Edwards, Ffion Mair
Jones, Marion Löffler, Heather Williams – and our heroic copy editor, Gwen
Gruffudd.

February 2013 Mary-Ann Constantine and Dafydd Johnston

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 14 3/6/2013 8:35:57 PM

 Acknowledgements

Martin Crampin and Tom Lloyd: Frontispiece

The National Library of Wales: Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8

David Parsons: Fig. 3

The British Library: Fig. 5

Stephen K. Roberts: Fig. 10

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 15 3/6/2013 8:35:57 PM

00 PRELIMS Footsteps_ 2013_3_7.indd 16 3/6/2013 8:35:57 PM
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