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 Agnew and Livingstone
‘Agnew and Livingstone have put together a Handbook that recasts geography’s history in original, thought-
provoking ways. It fleshes out often-neglected aspects of the discipline’s history, even as it consistently
encourages thinking about the relationship between geographical practices and the places, circumstances, and
understandings in which those practices are embedded.’
Alexander B. Murphy, Department of Geography, University of Oregon

‘The Handbook provides a refreshingly innovative approach to charting geographical knowledge. A wide
range of authors trace the social construction and contestation of geographical ideas through the sites of their
production and their relational geographies of engagement. This creative and comprehensive book offers an The SAGE Handbook of
Geographical Knowledge
extremely valuable tool to professionals and students alike.’

Edited by
Victoria Lawson, University of Washington

The SAGE Handbook of Geographical Knowledge is a critical inquiry into how Geography as a field of
knowledge has been produced, re-produced, and re-imagined.

It comprises three sections on Geographical Orientations, Geography’s Venues, and Critical Geographical
Concepts and Controversies. The first provides an overview of the genealogy of ‘geography’. The second

Geographical Knowledge
highlights the types of spatial settings and locations in which geographical knowledge has been produced.
The third focuses on venues of primary importance in the historical geography of geographical knowledge.

• ORIENTATIONS: Geography’s Geneaologies; Geography’s Narratives and Intellectual History

• GEOGRAPHY’S VENUES: Field; Museums; Laboratory/Observatory; Archive; Botanical Gardens/Zoos;
Learned Societies; Geographical Information Systems Laboratory; Art Studio; Weather Station and
Meteorological Office; Centre of Calculation; Remote Sensing; Places of Financial Knowledge;
Mission; Battlefield; Mathematical Models in Geographical Space; Subaltern Space; Public Sphere;
Policy and Government

The SAGE Handbook of

• CRITICAL CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES: Nature and Society; Landscape; Space and Place;
Time; Region and Regionalism; Map; Environmental Determinism; Spatial Analysis; Dynamics and
Complexity; Social Class; Race/Ethnicity; Gender; Evolution; Ecosystem; Landform; Cycle of Erosion;
Glaciation and Ice Ages; Rivers and Drainage Basins; Environmental Change; Climate Change;
The City; Urban–Rural; Mobility; Conservation; Development; Geopolitics

Comprehensive without claiming to be encyclopedic, textured and nuanced, this Handbook will be a key
resource for all researchers with an interest in the pasts, presents and future Geography. Edited by
John A. Agnew is Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.
David N. Livingstone is Professor at Queen’s University, Belfast.
John A. Agnew
and David N. Livingstone

Cover image © iStockphoto I Cover design by Wendy Scott

 The SAGE Handbook of
Geographical Knowledge

FM.indd i 1/19/2011 12:51:57 PM

 Editorial Board

Professor Keith Richards, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Cambridge

Professor Robert Mayhew, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol

Professor Glen MacDonald, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles,

USA

Professor Susan Schulten, Department of History, University of Denver, USA

FM.indd ii 1/19/2011 12:51:58 PM

 The SAGE Handbook of
Geographical Knowledge

Edited by
John A. Agnew
and David N. Livingstone

FM.indd iii 1/19/2011 12:51:58 PM

 © Editorial Arrangement and Editorial Introduction John A. Agnew and David N. Livingstone 2011

Chapter 1 © Robert J. Mayhew 2011 Chapter 24 © Mike Crang 2011

Chapter 2 © Charles W. J. Withers 2011 Chapter 25 © J. Nicholas Entrikin 2011
Chapter 3 © Keith Richards 2011 Chapter 26 © Anne Godlewska and Jason Grek Martin 2011
Chapter 4 © Simon Naylor and Jude Hill 2011 Chapter 27 © David N. Livingstone 2011
Chapter 5 © Scott Kirsch 2011 Chapter 28 © Trevor J. Barnes 2011
Chapter 6 © Miles Ogborn 2011 Chapter 29 © Christopher J. Keylock 2011
Chapter 7 © Nuala C. Johnson 2011 Chapter 30 © Eric Sheppard and James Glassman 2011
Chapter 8 © Michael Heffernan 2011 Chapter 31 © Caroline Bressey 2011
Chapter 9 © Michael F. Goodchild 2011 Chapter 32 © Joanne Sharp 2011
Chapter 10 © Stephen Daniels 2011 Chapter 33 © Neil Roberts 2011
Chapter 11 © Keith Richards 2011 Chapter 34 © George P. Malanson 2011
Chapter 12 © Heike Jöns 2011 Chapter 35 © Nick Spedding 2011
Chapter 13 © Yongwei Sheng 2011 Chapter 36 © Antony R. Orme 2011
Chapter 14 © Roger Lee 2011 Chapter 37 © Bryan Mark 2011
Chapter 15 © Georgina Endfield 2011 Chapter 38 © Nick Clifford 2011
Chapter 16 © Gerard Toal/Gearóid Ó Tuathail 2011 Chapter 39 © Andrew Goudie 2011
Chapter 17 © Stuart N. Lane 2011 Chapter 40 © Glen M. Macdonald 2011
Chapter 18 © Daniel Clayton 2011 Chapter 41 © Phil Hubbard 2011
Chapter 19 © Mustafa Dikeç 2011 Chapter 42 © Paul Cloke 2011
Chapter 20 © Tim Unwin 2011 Chapter 43 © Tim Cresswell 2011
Chapter 21 © Noel Castree 2011 Chapter 44 © Michael Williams 2011
Chapter 22 © John Wylie 2011 Chapter 45 © Robert B. Potter and Dennis Conway 2011
Chapter 23 © John A. Agnew 2011 Chapter 46 © Gerry Kearns 2011

First published 2011

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or
by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction,
in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction
outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

SAGE Publications Ltd

1 Oliver’s Yard
55 City Road Library of Congress Control Number 2010929493
London EC1Y 1SP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
SAGE Publications Inc.
2455 Teller Road A catalogue record for this book is available from the
Thousand Oaks, California 91320 British Library

SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd

B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area ISBN 978-1-4129-1081-1
Mathura Road, Post Bag 7
New Delhi 110 044
Typeset by Glyph International, Bangalore, India
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Group,
33 Pekin Street #02-01 Bodmin, Cornwall
Far East Square Printed on paper from sustainable resources
Singapore 048763

FM.indd iv 1/19/2011 12:51:58 PM

 Contents

List of Contributors ix

INTRODUCTION 1
John A. Agnew and David N. Livingstone

PART 1 ORIENTATIONS 19

1 Geography’s Genealogies 21
Robert J. Mayhew

2 Geography’s Narratives and Intellectual History 39

Charles W.J. Withers

PART 2 GEOGRAPHY’S VENUES 51

3 The Field 53
Keith Richards

4 Museums 64
Simon Naylor and Jude Hill

5 Laboratory/Observatory 76
Scott Kirsch

6 Archive 88
Miles Ogborn

7 Botanical Gardens and Zoos 99

Nuala C. Johnson

8 Learned Societies 111

Michael Heffernan

9 Geographical Information Systems Laboratory 126

Michael F. Goodchild

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 vi CONTENTS

10 Art Studio 137

Stephen Daniels

11 The Weather Station and the Meteorological Office 149

Keith Richards

12 Centre of Calculation 158

Heike Jöns

13 Remote Sensing 171

Yongwei Sheng

14 Spaces of Hegemony? Circuits of Value, Finance Capital and

Places of Financial Knowledge 185
Roger Lee

15 The Mission 202

Georgina Endfield

16 Battlefield 217
Gerard Toal/Gearóid Ó Tuathail

17 Making Mathematical Models Perform in Geographical Space(s) 228

Stuart N. Lane

18 Subaltern Space 246

Daniel Clayton

19 Public Sphere 261

Mustafa Dikeç

20 The Role of Geography and Geographers in Policy and

Government Departments 271
Tim Unwin

PART 3 CRITICAL CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES 285

21 Nature and Society 287

Noel Castree

22 Landscape 300
John Wylie

23 Space and Place 316

John A. Agnew

24 Time 331
Mike Crang

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 CONTENTS vii

25 Region and Regionalism 344

J. Nicholas Entrikin

26 Map 357
Anne Godlewska and Jason Grek Martin

27 Environmental Determinism 368

David N. Livingstone

28 Spatial Analysis 381

Trevor J. Barnes

29 Dynamics and Complexity 393

Christopher J. Keylock

30 Social Class 405

Eric Sheppard and James Glassman

31 Race/Ethnicity 418
Caroline Bressey

32 Gender 430
Joanne Sharp

33 The Idea of Evolution in Geographical Thought 441

Neil Roberts

34 Ecosystem 452
George P. Malanson

35 Landform 465
Nick Spedding

36 The Cycle of Erosion: Changing Times, Changing Science 475

Antony R. Orme

37 Glaciation and Ice Ages 492

Bryan Mark

38 Rivers and Drainage Basins 502

Nick Clifford

39 Environmental Change 528

Andrew Goudie

40 Global Climate Change 540

Glen M. MacDonald

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 viii CONTENTS

41 The City 549

Phil Hubbard

42 Urban–Rural 563
Paul Cloke

43 Mobility 571
Tim Cresswell

44 Conservation and Environmental Concern 581

Michael Williams

45 Development 595
Robert B. Potter and Dennis Conway

46 Geopolitics 610
Gerry Kearns

Index 623

FM.indd viii 1/19/2011 12:51:58 PM

 List of Contributors

John A. Agnew is Distinguished Professor of Geography at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,

USA. In 2008–9 he was President of the Association of American Geographers. He is the author,
co-author, or editor of many books and articles including, most recently, Globalization and
Sovereignty (2009), Berlusconi’s Italy (2008), and Companion to Human Geography (2011).

Trevor Barnes is a Professor and Distinguished University Scholar at the Department of

Geography, University of British Columbia,Vancouver. His research interests are in the new
economy, the video game and film and tv industries, and in the history of geography. He is
currently writing a book, Notes from the Underground, about the influence of World War II and
the Cold War on the development of American geography.

Caroline Bressey is a lecturer in the Department of Geography, University College London.

Her research focuses on the historical geographies of the black presence in Victorian Britain,
particularly London. The aim of her research is to recover geographical biographies of black
people including their experiences of race and racism. This is closely linked to her examination
of the early anti-racist community which emerged in Britain at the end of the Victorian period.
Dr Bressey also investigates the representation of these histories in public spaces such as gal-
leries and museums. A member of the London Mayor’s Commission on African and Asian
Heritage, she has undertaken curatorial roles for the National Portrait Gallery and the Museum
in Docklands and is a member of the management committee of BASA (the Black and Asian
Studies Association).

Noel Castree is a Professor of Geography at Manchester University, England. His main

research interest is in the political economy of environmental change. His is managing editor
of the journal Progress in Human Geography and author of Nature (2005). He is also co-editor
of the books Questioning Geography (2005), David Harvey: A Critical Reader (2006), Social
Nature (2001) and Remaking Reality (1998).

Daniel Clayton teaches in the School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews.
His teaching and research interests are in the area of cultural and historical geography, and
alight on questions of colonialism and postcolonialism. He is the author of Islands of Truth: The
Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island (2000), and is currently working (with Gavin Bowd)
on a book entitled ‘Impure and Worldly Geography’: Pierre Gourou and Tropicality.

Nicholas Clifford is a Chartered Geographer, and obtained his undergraduate and post-graduate
degrees at the University of Cambridge. He is currently Professor of Physical Geography
at King’s College, London, and was formerly Professor of River Science at the University
of Nottingham. His research interests span sediment transport in fluvial and estuarine

FM.indd ix 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

environments; hydrodynamic and morphodynamic modelling of river environments; and river

restoration design and appraisal. He is Managing Editor of the Sage journal Progress in
Physical Geography, and co-editor of Sage’s Key Methods (2010) and Key Concepts (2009) in
Geography. He has authored more than 100 academic and conference papers.

Paul Cloke is Professor of Human Geography in the College of Life and Environmental
Sciences at the University of Exeter and has longstanding research interests in rural geography
and rural change. He has been the Founder Editor of Journal of Rural Studies since 1985, and
is Editor (with Terry Marsden and Patrick Mooney) of The Sage Handbook of Rural Studies.

Dennis Conway is Professor Emeritus of Geography at Indiana University, Bloomington,

Indiana. He has written over 140 articles and book chapters on Nepalese migration and develop-
ment, environmental and ecological issues, Caribbean urbanization, migration, economic devel-
opment, alternative tourism and the environmental consequences of these societal processes.
His recent books include Return Migration of the Next Generations: 21st Century Transnational
Mobility (with Robert B. Potter, 2009); The Experience of Return Migration: Caribbean
Perspectives (with Robert B. Potter and Joan Phillips, 2005); and Globalization’s Contradictions:
Geographies of Discipline, Destruction and Transformation (with Nik Heynen, 2006).

Mike Crang is a Reader in Geography at Durham University. His research on time has focused
upon urban rhythms and the role of Information and communication technologies in changing
the organisation of the times and spaces of daily life. He has published several books, including
recently co-editing the Handbook of Qualitative Geography (Sage), the International
Encyclopedia of Human Geography (12 volumes, Elsevier), the Encyclopedia of Urban Studies
(2 volumes, Sage) and Cultures of Mass Tourism: the Mediterranean in the Age of Banal
Mobilities (Ashgate). He was the editor of the journal Time & Society from 1997–2006.

Tim Cresswell is Professor of Human Geography at Royal Holloway, University of London.

His research interests are broadly in issues surrounding the conceptualization of place and
mobility, spatialities of ordering and geographical theory more generally. He is currently writ-
ing a monograph which reconceptualises place through an account of one hundred years of a
Chicago market. He is the author of On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World
(Routledge, 2006); Place: A Short Introduction (Blackwell, 2004); The Tramp in America
(Reaktion, 2001) and In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology and Transgression
(Minnesota, 1996). He has co-edited four volumes, most recently, Geographies of Mobilities:
Practices, Spaces, Subjects (Ashgate, 2011).

Stephen Daniels is Professor of Cultural Geography at the University of Nottingham. Since

2005 he has been Director of the AHRC programme in Landscape and Environment. His books
include Fields of Vision (1992), Joseph Wright (1999) and Humphry Repton: Landscape
Gardening and the Geography of Georgian England (1999) also the exhibition catalogues Art
of the Garden (Tate, 2004) and Paul Sandby: Picturing Britain (Royal Academy, 2009). He is
presently researching the public value of landscape and environment research and continuing
his work on the history and theory of eighteenth century landscape art and design.

Mustafa Dikeç is Lecturer at the Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of

London. His research interests include space and politics, histories of time and space, and
hospitality. His current research focuses on policies and geographies of asylum in Europe, and
the unification and distribution of time in nineteenth century Paris. He is the author of Badlands
of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy (Blackwell, 2007), and editor (with Nigel

FM.indd x 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi

Clark and Clive Barnett) of Extending Hospitality: Giving Space, Taking Time (Edinburgh
University Press, 2009).

Georgina Endfield is a Reader in Environmental History in the School of Geography,

University of Nottingham. Her research focuses on mainly on the environmental and climate
history of colonial Mexico and nineteenth century central, southern and eastern Africa. She has
published her research in journals across the disciplines of Geography, History, Archaeology
and the History of Science and is the author of Climate and Society in Colonial Mexico: a Study
in Vulnerability (Blackwell, 2008).

J. Nicholas Entrikin is an emeritus faculty member in the Department of Geographyat UCLA,

where he also served as the Vice-Provost for International Studies and directed the International
Institute. Currently, he is Professor of Sociology and Vice President for Internationalization at the
University of Notre Dame. He is the author of The Betweenness of Place (1991), the co-editor of
The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor (2004), and the editor of Regions (2008).

Jim Glassman is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of

British Columbia. His research focuses on uneven development and social struggle, including
the roles of states in these processes. He has conducted most of his research in Thailand,
China, and, more recently, South Korea. He is the author of Thailand at the Margins: Inter-
nationalization of the State and the Transformation of Labour (Oxford University Press, 2004)
and Bounding the Mekong: The Asian Development Bank, China, and Thailand (University of
Hawai’i Press, 2010).

Anne Godlewska is a Professor of Geography at Queen’s University and President of the

Canadian Association of Geographers. Her work is concerned with trans-cultural communica-
tion, the geographic imagination, and the mechanisms and consequences of imperialism.
Among her publications are Geography Unbound (1999), The Napoleonic Survey of Egypt
(1989) and the co-edited book Geography and Empire (1994). She has also authored a web-
based atlas: http://geog.queensu.ca/napoleonatlas/.

Michael F. Goodchild is Professor of Geography at the University of California, Santa

Barbara, and Director of UCSB’s Center for Spatial Studies. He received his BA degree from
Cambridge University in Physics in 1965 and his PhD in Geography from McMaster University
in 1969, and has received four honorary doctorates. He was elected member of the National
Academy of Sciences and Foreign Member of the Royal Society of Canada (2002), member of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006), and Foreign Member of the Royal Society
and Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2010); and in 2007 he received the Prix
Vautrin Lud. He was editor of Geographical Analysis between 1987 and 1990 and editor of the
Methods, Models, and Geographic Information Sciences section of the Annals of the
Association of American Geographers from 2000 to 2006. He serves on the editorial boards of
ten other journals and book series, and has published more than 15 books and 400 articles. He
was Chair of the National Research Council’s Mapping Science Committee from 1997 to 1999,
and currently chairs the Advisory Committee on Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences of
the National Science Foundation. His current research interests center on geographic informa-
tion science, spatial analysis, and uncertainty in geographic data.

Andrew Goudie is a Professor of Geography at the University of Oxford and the Master of St
Cross College. He has spent most of his career working as a geomorphologist in the world’s
deserts. He is a recipient of a Royal Medal from the Royal Geographical Society, the Mungo

FM.indd xi 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Park Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, and the Farouk El-Baz Award of the
Geological Society of America. He is the author of Great Warm Deserts of the World (2002) and
Wheels across the Desert – Exploration of the Libyan Desert by Motorcar 1916–1942 (2009).

Jason Grek Martin is a historical-cultural geographer and his recent research has focused on
the scientific surveying and exploration of western Canada carried out during the late nine-
teenth century by George Dawson and the Geological Survey of Canada. He is also embarking
on a new research project exploring how people’s attachments to cherished ‘places of nature’
(such as urban parks, national parks, and UNESCO World Heritage Sites) have been/are being
altered by profound transformative events, such as natural disasters and climate change.

Jude Hill was awarded her PhD on ‘Cultures and Networks of Collecting: The Henry Wellcome
Collection’ in 2004 from Royal Holloway, University of London. She then worked at the
University of Exeter as lecturer in Human Geography until 2008, when she joined the
University of Bristol’s Research Development team. While Jude no longer works as an aca-
demic, she still has an enduring interest in: historical and cultural geography; collections,
collectors and collecting; museums, and much else besides.

Mike Heffernan is Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Nottingham in the

UK. He is interested in the history and politics of geography and cartography in Europe and
North America from the 18th century to 20th centuries.

Phil Hubbard is Professor of Urban Studies, School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social
Research, University of Kent. He has written widely on the social life of cities, and is author
of numerous books including The Sage Compendium of Urban Studies (2008, co-edited with
John Short and Tim Hall), Key Thinkers on Space and Place (2011, co-edited with Rob Kitchin)
and Key Concepts in Geography The City (2006, Routledge). He is currently working on a
monograph that draws on his many studies of the relationship between sexuality and the city
(to be published by Routledge, 2011).

Nuala C. Johnson is a Reader in Human Geography at the School of Geography, Archaeology

and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast. She is an historical geographer with research
interests in the relationships between memory politics and representation; spaces of scientific
knowledge and aesthetics; and place and literary geographies. Her recent books include
Ireland, the Great War and the Geography of Remembrance (2003, Cambridge University
Press); A Companion to Cultural Geography (co-editor, 2004, Blackwell); Culture and Society
(editor, 2008, Ashgate); Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed: Order and Beauty in Botanic
Gardens (2011, IB Tauris).

Heike Jöns is a Lecturer in Human Geography at Loughborough University (UK). She

received her PhD at the University of Heidelberg (Germany) and spent two years as a Feodor
Lynen Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Nottingham (UK). Her research
examines historical and contemporary geographies of science and higher education, with a
focus on transnational academic mobility.

Gerry Kearns is a Co-Convenor of the Historical-Cultural Research Cluster. He is a director

of the Centre for Gender Studies at Cambridge, and is Historical Geography Convenor for the
European Social Science History Association. His research focuses on the history and cultural
politics of public health; geography and imperialism; and geographical imaginaries of Irish

FM.indd xii 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xiii

nationalism. He has published over forty articles and is co-editor of Selling Places: The City as
Cultural Capital, Past and Present (1993, with Chris Philo) and Urbanising Britain: Essays on
Class and Community in the Nineteenth Century (1991, with Charles Withers). He has recently
finished Geopolitics and Empire, a book about the relations between the ideologies of
Victorian-British and Neo-Conservative-American imperialism, and Vital Politics, an ESRC-
funded international and interdisciplinary seminar series about the political, economic and
social circumstances under which the beginning and end of life are culturally and technologi-
cally constructed (with Simon Reid-Henry, Queen Mary College, University of London). He is
currently working on a book about the geography of Irish nationalism, Young Ireland:
Colonialism, Violence, Nationalism.

Chris Keylock obtained BA, MSc. and PhD. degrees in Geography from the universities of
Oxford, British Columbia and Cambridge, respectively. He is currently a Prize Senior Lecturer
in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield. His research
spans a range of disciplines within Geography but is primarily oriented towards granular mass
flows and their risk assessment, turbulence processes and the development of methods for
analysing nonlinear processes.

Scott Kirsch is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill. His research on nineteenth and twentieth century American science and technol-
ogy explores the spaces of knowledge production and the relations between science and the
state. He is the author of Proving Grounds: Project Plowshare and the Unrealized Dream of
Nuclear Earthmoving (Rutgers, 2005) and editor, with Colin Flint, of Reconstructing Conflict:
Integrating War and Post-War Geographies (Ashgate, 2011).

Stuart Lane has been professeur de géomorphologie at l’Université de Lausanne, Switzerland,

since February 2011. Before then he was Director of the Institute of Hazard, Risk and
Resilience in Durham University having previously held a Chair in Physical Geography at
Leeds University and a Lectureship at the University of Cambridge. His work is concerned with
the monitoring and mathematical modelling of hydrological and geomorphological processes
and has been recognised by a number of awards including the Jan de Ploey Award of the
International Association of Geomorphologists, the Ralph A Bagnold Award of the European
Geosciences Union, the Annual Award of the Association of Rivers Trusts for contributions to
science and two best paper prizes from scientific journals.

Roger Lee (AcSS) is Emeritus Professor of Geography in the School of Geography, Queen
Mary University of London. His economic geographical interests lie in the socio-material con-
structions of economic geographies with especial reference to alternative systems of value and
to the meanings and effects of money within economic geographies. Recent publications
include Interrogating Alterity Alternative Economic and Political Spaces (edited with Duncan
Fuller and Andrew Jonas, 2010); Economic society/Social geography (in The Sage Handbook
of Social Geographies, edited by Susan J. Smith et al., 2010); Within and outwith/Material and
political? Local economic development and the spatialities of economic geographies
(in A Handbook of Local and Regional Development edited by Andy Pike et al., 2011); Acts of
theory and violence Can the worlds of economic geographies be left intact? (in Postcolonial
Economies, edited by Jane Pollard et al., 2011).

David N. Livingstone is Professor of Geography and Intellectual History at Queen’s University

Belfast and a Fellow of the British Academy. He is the author of numerous books including

FM.indd xiii 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

The Geographical Tradition, Putting Science in it Place and Adam’s Ancestors. He is currently
working on a geography of Darwinism under the title Dealing with Darwin, and is beginning
a major project on the history of climatic determinism entitled The Empire of Climate.

George P. Malanson, is the Coleman-Miller Professor in the Department of Geography,

University of Iowa. He received his PhD in Geography from UCLA (1983). His research and
teaching interests are in biogeography, mountains, physical geography, spatial simulations. He
is the North American editor of Progress in Physical Geography and is a Fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Bryan Mark researches the nature, extent, and biophysical impact of changes in glacier envi-
ronments over time. His collaborative group research focuses on modern glacier recession as
well as Late-Glacial to Holocene variability, and aims to develop transdisciplinary understand-
ing of climate forcing, hydrologic impacts, social adaptation and vulnerability. He specializes
in glacier environmental change in the Andes, but also works in North America and Africa. He
earned his PhD in Earth Sciences from Syracuse University and was a postdoctoral fellow at
the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany.

Robert Mayhew is Professor of Historical Geography and Intellectual History at the University
of Bristol, UK. He is the author of Enlightenment Geography (2000) and many articles on the
history of British geography in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He is currently writing
a study of the ideas and intellectual legacy of Thomas Robert Malthus.

Simon Naylor is Senior Lecturer in Historical Geography at the University of Exeter. He has
written extensively on the spaces of knowledge production and dissemination, including muse-
ums, fieldsites, weather observatories, conversaziones and exhibitions. He is the co-editor (with
James R. Ryan) of New Spaces of Exploration: Geographies of Discovery in the Twentieth
Century (IB Tauris, 2010). He is the author of Regionalizing Science: Placing Knowledges in
Victorian England, (Pickering & Chatto, 2010).

Miles Ogborn is Professor of Geography at Queen Mary University of London. He is the

author of Spaces of Modernity: London’s Geographies, 1680–1780 (1998), Indian Ink: Script
and Print in the Making of the English East India Company (2007) and Global Lives: Britain
and the World, 1550–1800 (2008). He is currently working on the relationships between talk
and text in Britain’s early modern Atlantic world.

Antony R. Orme (PhD, 1961, University of Birmingham, England) is Emeritus Professor of

Geography in the University of California, Los Angeles. His research involves geomorphology,
Quaternary studies, and environmental management, with a focus on the nature and processes
of landscape change, interactive tectonic and climatic forcing, human impacts, and Earth sci-
ence history. He has worked extensively in western North America, the Caribbean, Africa,
Britain and Ireland. Recent research papers address river-mouth and beach morphodynamics,
multidecadal coastal changes, Pleistocene and Holocene pluvial lakes, coastal dunes and sea-
level fluctuations, Clarence Dutton and isostasy, and shifting paradigms in geomorphology.

Rob Potter BSc PhD (London) DSc (Reading) AcSS is currently Head of the School of Human
and Environmental Sciences and Professor of Human Geography at the University of Reading.
His research and teaching interests span development geography and development studies;
urban geography; second-generation return migration; transnationality and issues of identity

FM.indd xiv 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xv

and social equity aspects of the use of water in Jordan. He is the founding Editor-in-Chief of
the interdisciplinary journal Progress in Development Studies. He is currently a member of the
International Editorial Boards of the journals Third World Quarterly, Journal of Eastern
Caribbean Studies, and Blackwell Geography Compass.

Keith Richards is Professor of Geography at the University of Cambridge, where he has been
since 1984 as Lecturer, Reader and Professor. His current research focuses on river and catch-
ment science, hydrology and water resource management, especially in East and South-East
Asia (he has undertaken field research in Thailand, India, and China). He is also interested in
science studies, the nature of interdisciplinarity, and methodology in physical geography and
the environmental sciences. He has been Vice President of the RGS-IBG, and has been a
member of the Peer Review Colleges of both NERC and ESRC and Chair of the UK Research
Assessment Exercise panel for Geography and Environmental Studies. His publications
number about 200 (journal articles, chapters, and edited and authored books).

Neil Roberts is Professor of Geography at the University of Plymouth in England. He received

his PhD from the University of London (UCL), and has been subsequently been researcher at
the University of Oxford and Lecturer at Loughborough University. His research emphasizes
past climatic and environmental change since the time of the last glacial maximum, specifically
derived from lake-sediment archives. He has worked extensively in eastern Africa, the
Mediterranean and West Asia, often with close links to archaeology. Since 1993 he has directed
a series of field programmes in Turkey. He is author of the key text, the Holocene, and is an
editor of the journal Quaternary Science Reviews. Professor Roberts is a fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society, and has served on many national and international committees concern-
ing past global changes. This included the National Academies Committee on Surface
Temperature Reconstructions for the Past 2,000 Years, set up at the request of the US Congress
in 2006. In 2007 he was visiting Blaustein research fellow at Stanford University.

Joanne Sharp is a Senior Lecturer in Geography at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. Her
research interests are in feminist, cultural, political and postcolonial geographies, specifically
around issues of identity, geopolitics, and issues of voice and agency in development. She is
author of Condensing the Cold War: Reader’s Digest and American Identity (2000, University
of Minnesota) and Geographies of Postcolonialism: Spaces of Power and Representation
(2009, Sage), and has published in journals such as Third World Quarterly, Society and Space,
Political Geography and Cultural Geographies.

Yongwei Sheng is a scientist in the field of Geospatial Information Systems and Technologies
(GIST) with research interests in remote sensing, photogrammetry, geographic information
systems (GIS), and their applications in large-area environmental monitoring and assessment.
He contributes to the development of scientific, theoretical and methodological aspects of
GIST, and his research includes regional-scale lake dynamics mapping and monitoring using
GIST in the context of climate change through NSF and NASA-funded projects.

Eric Sheppard is Regents Professor of Geography and Associate Director of the Interdisciplinary
Center for the Study of Global Change. University of Minnesota. He has published The
Capitalist Space Economy (with Trevor Barnes), A World of Difference (with Philip Porter,
David Faust and Richa Nagar), A Companion to Economic Geography (with Barnes), Scale
and Geographic Inquiry (with Robert McMaster), Reading Economic Geography and Politics
and Practice in Economic Geography (with Trevor Barnes, Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell),

FM.indd xv 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 xvi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Contesting Neoliberalism (with Helga Leitner and Jamie Peck), and over one hundred refereed
journal articles.

Nick Spedding first became interested in the history of geographical knowledge as an under-
graduate at the University of Cambridge. This interest developed further during his postgradu-
ate studies at the University of Edinburgh, where he completed a PhD in glacial geomorphology.
He is now a lecturer at the University of Aberdeen, where his work continues to focus on the
history and philosophy of the earth and environmental sciences.

Gerard Toal (Gearóid Ó Tuathail) is Professor of Government and International Affairs at

Virginia Tech’s campus in the Washington DC metro region. He was educated in political geog-
raphy at the National University of Ireland at Maynooth (BA, Hons, 1982), the University of
Illinois (MA, 1984), and Syracuse University (PhD, 1989). He is the author of Critical Geo-
politics (Routledge, 1996) and an editor of A Companion to Political Geography (Blackwell,
2002) and The Geopolitics Reader (2nd edition Routledge, 2006) amongst other works. His latest
book is Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and its Reversal (Oxford University Press, 2011).

Tim Unwin is Professor of Geography and UNESCO Chair in ICT4D. He is also Chair of the
Commonwealth Scholarship Commission. In 2007–2008 he was Director and then Senior
Advisor to the World Economic Forum’s Partnerships for Education programme with
UNESCO. From 2001–2004 he led the UK Prime Minister’s Imfundo initiative based in the
Department for International Development, creating partnerships to deliver ICT-based educa-
tional initiatives in Africa. Since returning to Royal Holloway, University of London, he has
created an ICT4D Collective, which undertakes research, teaching and consultancy in the field
of Information and Communication Technologies for Development. His other research interests
include the interface between ethics and geography, contemporary rural change in Europe, and
the historical geography of viticulture and the wine trade.

Michael Williams was Professor of Geography and Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. A Fellow
of the British Academy, he was the author of several books including The Draining of the
Somerset Levels (1970), The Making of the South Australian Landscape (1976), Americans and
their Forests (1989) and Deforesting the Earth, From Prehistory to Global Crisis. At the time
of his death in October 2009, he was completing a biographical study of Carl Sauer which is
now in press.

Charles W. J. Withers is Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Edinburgh.

With David Livingstone, he has co-edited Geography and Enlightenment (1999), Geography
and Revolution (2005) and Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science (2011). Other recent
publications include Placing the Enlightenment: Thinking Geographically about the Age of
Reason (2007) and Geography and Science in Britain 1831–1939: A Study of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science (2010). He is currently working on exploration,
instrumentation and travel writing in the period c.1780–1850.

John Wylie is Senior Lecturer in Cultural Geography at the University of Exeter. His research
focuses on issues of landscape, performance, spectrality and geographical theory more
widely, and he has written a series of articles and book chapters on these topics, as well as a
single-authored book, Landscape (Routledge, 2007).

FM.indd xvi 1/19/2011 12:51:59 PM

 Introduction
John A. Agnew and David N. Livingstone

This Handbook provides an opportunity to Immanuel Kant or Alexander von Humboldt).

think critically about how geography as a Geography as a discipline is, therefore, very
field of knowledge, not so much as a restrain- largely a retrospectively constituted tradition.
ing discipline with fusty conventions but as a Though there are good grounds for feeling
rich set of intellectual traditions producing uneasy and self-conscious about the inven-
new knowledge with reworked concepts, has tion of traditions, we cannot do without a
emerged and fared over the course of its tradition if we are to engage in common dia-
modern institutionalization. Unlike some logue, avoid historical superficiality, think
other fields, geographical scholarship is not critically and creatively about the nature of
neatly demarcated. Frequently physical and the discipline, prepare the next generation of
human geography are separated out from one students, and ground commitments to our
another as if they had completely different fields of study in rapidly changing institu-
historical trajectories. Yet, over a fairly long tional settings. Traditions are inescapable
period of time, it is their very co-existence (Agnew et al. 1996). The issue is to ensure
that is one of the things that has helped to that they remain vital conversations between
constitute the field at large. It is quintessen- past and present without degenerating into
tially an interdisciplinary tradition when its repressive or exclusionary regimes.
various ‘parts’ (physical and human, cultural In this Handbook we adopt a relatively
and economic, etc.) are considered together. broad definition of what constitutes geo-
Given its catholicity and relatively open graphical scholarship, but we do so in the
boundaries, many of its most compelling belief that there is a stream of knowledge
practitioners are only viewed as ‘geographi- sited in discrete locations but circulating over
cal’ in orientation as a result of hindsight. space and flowing across time that can be
Particularly before the creation of university plausibly labeled ‘geographical’. This is not
departments and degree programs in geogra- to imply some a priori commitment to a
phy, the label ‘geographer’ or ‘geographical canon of geographical thought operating as a
writer’ was not a self-evident one for many transcendental touchstone for all that comes
whom we might judge today as central later. Rather, to adopt the metaphor of
figures in the ‘geographical canon’ (e.g. ancients and moderns, it is to recognize that

introduction.indd 1 1/19/2011 11:48:53 AM

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