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Legends of the Wild West
Sitting Bull
Calamity Jane
Crazy Horse
Davy Crockett
Wyatt Earp
Geronimo
Jesse James
Nat Love
Annie Oakley
Ronald A. Reis
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have changed since publication and may no longer be valid.
1 Muffled Cries 7
2 The Lakota Way 16
3 Wasichu Challenge 26
4 Determined Foe 36
5 Hostiles and Friendlies 46
6 Soldiers Upside Down 58
7 Winter of Discontent 69
8 Grandmother’s Refuge 78
9 Celebrity Prisoner 88
10 Hunkpapa Patriot 98
Muffled Cries
Just 14 years old in 1845, “Slow,” as the Hunkpapa youth was called,
sought to prove himself in battle. Like all young men of his Plains
Indian tribe, he wanted to enter the coveted warrior ranks.
His nickname in no way implied dim-wittedness, but rather a
thoughtful hesitancy before plunging into new endeavors. Yet on
this scorching midsummer day, Slow, as he raced his powerful gray
mount to meet up with 10 Hunkpapa tribal warriors off to gather
scalps, horses, and glory, decided to take a risk. He would beg his
older warrior “brothers,” one of whom was his father, to take him
along, to allow him, young and generally untested as he was, to duel
against the hated Crow. In doing so, Slow hoped to gain his moment
in the sun, to garner his first coup (pronounced “coo”), or victory
against an enemy.
With Slow reluctantly accepted, the war party proceeded up the
Powder River (in what is now central and north-central Wyoming)
to search for adversaries. On the third day out, a dozen mounted
Crow were spotted beside a creek. As the Hunkpapa immediately
charged, the Crow spread out, with one warrior attempting to es-
cape. Slow, his naked body (except for a breechcloth) painted yel-
low from head to foot, shrieked a war cry and galloped in pursuit.
Pulling abreast of the Crow (who had notched an arrow, ready to
shoot), Slow smashed his foe with a tomahawk, knocking him from
his mount. A fellow Hunkpapa quickly finished the fallen warrior.
7
Silence Is Golden
Within minutes, perhaps seconds, of his birth in 1831, Sitting Bull
was, according to custom, forced into silence, his baby cries muf-
fled, or snuffed out. The boy’s mother, Her-Holy-Door, immediately
took her infant son’s nose, as he puckered to release a scream, be-
tween her thumb and forefinger, with her palm placed gently over
his mouth. The boy’s cry thus suppressed, he twisted for breath and
his mother let go, but only a little. At the first sign of another cry, his
air would be cut off again.
And so it would go, with Sitting Bull’s mother day after day,
weaning her newborn into silence. According to Mari Sandoz, au-
thor of These Were the Sioux:
Sitting Bull, one of the most important figures in American Indian history, was
a member of the Hunkpapa tribe of the Plains region. Raised to be tough and
fearless, he became a warrior at an early age and later, as an adult, the leader
of a union of tribes and nations militantly opposed to the westward expansion
of the U.S. government.
out west, on the vast Plains, were the Lakota. The Lakota probably
numbered no more than 20,000 to 30,000 in 1830.
The Lakota culture was (according to Utley) hardly a generation
old at the time of Sitting Bull’s birth. It was only at the beginning of
the nineteenth century that they fully transitioned from pedestrians
to mounted nomads. On horseback, the Lakota ranged, east to west,
from the high Plains between the Missouri River and the Bighorn
Mountains, to the Canadian prairies to the north and the Platte and
Republican rivers to the south.
Within the Lakota grouping were seven tribes, one of which
was the Hunkpapa (“gatekeepers”). It was into this large grouping,
with its approximately 500 lodges, sheltering 3,500 individuals, that
Sitting Bull was brought silently into the world.
The ability of any Plains Indian tribe, particularly the Hunk-
papas, to travel far and wide rested entirely on the back, literally,
of the amazing horse. Brought north out of Mexico by the Spanish
centuries earlier, the horse first penetrated the southern and then
the northern Plains. Tribes everywhere begged, borrowed, stole, or
traded with one another for what the Sioux soon came to call sunka
wakan, the “sacred dog.” It was a just tribute. After all, compared to
the dog, the horse ranged farther, pulled larger and heavier loads,
and most remarkably, bore a rider. To the Hunkpapa, the horse was,
indeed, wakan—powerful and sacred.
The horse enabled the Plains Indians to break out into a full-
time nomadic life. As Thomas Mails declared in The Mystic War-
riors of the Plains:
It was this ability, above all, to hunt buffalo in a new and more
effective way that elevated the horse to its exalted status and allowed
Plains Indians, most notably the Hunkpapa-Lakota, to enter into
their mid-nineteenth-century golden age.
Buffalo Runners
Just how many buffalo (also known as bison) roamed the vast Great
Plains at the time of Sitting Bull no one knows. Dale Lott, a noted
authority on the subject, put the number at 30 million, though less-
informed investigators are often willing to double that figure. No
matter, 30 million is an awesome number. Early travelers could
spend days moving cautiously among the plodding mammals.
Some herds stretched for mile upon mile, covering the land from
one horizon to the next.
It was a good thing there were so many buffalo, for by the early
1800s Plains Indians had become totally dependent on every inch
of the animal for their wants and for their survival. According to the
authors of Indian Wars:
To bring a buffalo down, to slay it for all these uses, was not an
easy task, however. Only the most able tribal hunters were up to the
challenge.
Key to accomplishing the deed was, of course, the horse. Not
any horse would do, to be sure, but only one groomed specifically
for the task, one with breakaway speed that could also stop short
and make quick turns. Known as a “buffalo runner,” the animal
would be drilled from an early age to race and parallel any galloping
Buffalo was a major resource for many Native American tribes and
nations. One animal could provide meat for food, skins for clothes and
teepees, bones for tools and weapons, and more. At an early age, Sitting
Bull knew how important the buffalo were to his people and killed his first
buffalo calf when he was 10 years old.
bison, a beast the horse instinctively knew was more powerful and
faster than it.
Since a rider required the use of both hands to work his favor-
ite killing weapon, the all but silent bow and arrow, his horse was
disciplined to respond to his voice, the shifting of his hips, and the
pressure of his knees. A truly skilled hunter could send an arrow
clean through a buffalo, emerging on the animal’s far side. Each ar-
row had a long, tapered head, with its rear sloping backward, which
made it all the better to recover and reuse. A groove along the shaft
would allow the buffalo’s blood to flow freely, helping the fallen ani-
mal to bleed to death.
Brave as an Elk
Among the Sioux, a child was considered to have been sent by Wa-
kan Tanka, the Great Spirit, as a precious gift, to be treasured not
only by his biological parents but also by the community as a whole.
“Every fire became like that of his parents, welcoming the explor-
ing, the sleepy, or injured toddler,” Mari Sandoz notes. “Every pot
would have a little extra for a hungry boy, and every ear was open to
young sorrow, young joys and aspirations.”
So it was with Slow when, as a child, he sought to know and
explore the world around him. As a Hunkpapa infant, he would
have been taught to swim almost from birth. “After all,” as Sandoz
points out, “every Indian child had to keep himself afloat awhile if
he slipped off into deep water, was caught in a cloudburst or in a
river accident while the people were fleeing enemies or a buffalo
stampede.”
As Slow grew, his father impressed upon him the need to study
the animals and model himself after them. According to Albert
Marrin, “He should be brave as an elk, watchful as the frog, patient
as the spider, quiet as the snake, swift as the dragonfly, elusive as
the coyote, and strong as a buffalo.” A boy would be taught to pick
up animal droppings, feel them, their hardness and warmth telling
him what animal had left them, what it had eaten, and how close it
was. He even learned to “read” a patch of dried urine. “The position
of urine in relation to a horse’s hoof prints revealed its sex and its
rider’s mission,” Marrin notes.
It was, of course, a kinship with horses that Slow, above all else,
was expected to establish at an early age. At three, he could probably
mount a horse, even if it meant shinnying up the animal’s foreleg,
as a squirrel ascends a tree. At five, Slow would probably have been
given his own horse to care for. By the age of seven, he was undoubt-
edly looking after the family herd.
And at the age of 10, Slow killed his first buffalo. “When I was
ten years old,” Slow later boasted, according to Robert Utley, “I
was famous as a hunter. My specialty was buffalo calves. I gave the
calves that I killed to the poor that had no horses. I was considered
a good man.”
By the time Slow reached his teens, he was clearly an accom-
plished horseman. Slow, no doubt, had learned to ride hour upon
hour at the fastest speed. He would have been taught to leap from
a tired horse to a fresh mount while both were at full gallop. Slow,
most assuredly, even learned to sleep while riding. According to
Thomas Mails, “Groups would divide into sections while being pur-
sued, one section sleeping hanging over their horse’s necks, while
the other led them—and drove a stolen herd at the same time.”
Thus, at the age of 14 when Slow was given his new name, Sitting
Bull, he had learned and absorbed much. A Hunkpapa hunter/war-
rior, provider/protector, of extraordinary promise had emerged.
The Sun Dance was a religious ceremony common to the American Indian
tribes of the Great Plains. Dancing to honor their connection to the Great Spirit
(or as the Lakota called it, the “Great Mystery”), these tribes would gather in
a circle and sing, dance, fast, experience visions, and sometimes men would
self-mutilate as a religious offering.
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