(Ebook) A Primer of Botanical Latin With Vocabulary by Emma Short A S George ISBN 9781107693753, 1107693756 Online Version
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Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: FM Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Date:22/10/12 Time:18:08:10 Page Number: 1
A Primer of
Botanical Latin with
Vocabulary
Latin is one of two acceptable languages for describing new plants, and
taxonomists must be able to translate earlier texts in Latin. Providing a
simple explanation of Latin grammar along with an in-depth vocabu-
lary, this is an indispensable guide for systematic botanists worldwide.
All relevant parts of speech are discussed, with accompanying
examples, as well as worked exercises for translating diagnoses and
descriptions to and from Latin. Guidelines for forming specific epithets
are also included. The authors cross-reference their grammar to Stearn’s
Botanical Latin and to articles in the International Code of Nomenclat-
ure for Algae, Fungi and Plants. The comprehensive vocabulary is
enhanced with terms from recent glossaries for non-flowering plants –
lichens, mosses, algae, fungi and ferns – making this an ideal resource
for anyone looking to hone their understanding of Latin grammar and
to translate botanical texts from the past 300 years.
Emma Short worked for 5 years at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK,
on the Index Kewensis database, before co-editing the Authors of Plant
Names database with R. K. Brummitt. She has regularly checked Latin
for Australian Systematic Botany, and has recently taught courses in
Botanical Latin.
A Primer of
Botanical Latin with
Vocabulary
Emma Short
Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107693753
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
To my parents Tudor and Enid Powell, who encouraged the Latin, and
Edward Mason who taught the botany: multae gratiae. (ES)
Contents
Preface page ix
Acknowledgments x
Introduction xi
Part I Grammar
1 The noun 3
2 The adjective and the participle 21
3 The adverb 34
4 The preposition 36
5 The conjunction 38
6 The pronoun 40
7 The verb 47
8 Numerals, measurements 50
9 Prefixes and suffixes 57
10 Miscellany 59
Part IV Vocabulary
Preface
This primer is based on short courses in botanical Latin run in Australia at the
Northern Territory Herbarium, Darwin, and the Western Australian Herb-
arium, Perth. We presented these independently and, on discovering that we
had similar approaches, decided to combine them as a book.
Between 1 January 1935 and 31 December 2011 it was mandatory that new
plant names be accompanied by a diagnosis or description in Latin. For non-
fossil algae the period was 1 January 1958 to 31 December 2011, while for
fossil plants published on or after 1 January 1996 either Latin or English could
be used. From 1 January 2012, descriptions of all of these will be permissible in
either Latin or English. Besides this, there will always remain a need for
translating from Latin in order to understand the many botanical texts in this
language.
William Stearn’s wonderful Botanical Latin appeared in 1966 and has gone
through many new impressions and editions, as well as a Chinese translation.
It provides almost all one could require for translating to and from Latin, but a
primer (in the sense of works such as Kennedy’s Shorter Latin Primer,
providing the basic needs) may be useful for those who need to translate the
more straightforward diagnoses and short descriptions now widely used when
describing new taxa. Besides its concise approach, our work also differs from
Stearn’s in including many more terms (especially from cryptogamic groups)
in the vocabulary, while excluding many terms not used in descriptions.
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: FM Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Date:22/10/12 Time:18:08:14 Page Number: 10
Acknowledgements
Our gratitude goes to those who read and commented upon our manuscript,
especially to Vivienne Kent, who worked her way through the book and taught
herself botanical Latin in the process, to Katherine Challis, who checked for
inconsistencies, Matthew Barrett who suggested some fruitful glossaries of
fungi, and William Powell, who gave advice. A number of colleagues assisted
with advice on terms to be included.
To those who attended our courses, which provided the inspiration for Alex
George’s course notes, and Emma Short’s Aide-mémoire, and who attended
our classes faithfully in spite of the seemingly indigestible nature of Latin
grammar, many thanks.
We are grateful to the Northern Territory Herbarium for providing desk
space for our working bees (Apis mellifera).
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: FM Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Date:22/10/12 Time:18:08:14 Page Number: 11
Introduction
Classical Latin – that used by the Romans – is fairly different in many respects
from modern Latin, and from scientific Latin, in particular. In scientific Latin
the basic grammar and syntax remain but much of the vocabulary is different –
understandably, as many terms were unknown to the Romans. In particular, in
botanical Latin we tend to omit most verbs, making a kind of telegraphic style,
so avoiding one of the more difficult parts of the language.
This primer aims to teach you the very basics of botanical Latin, so that
when the time comes for you to compose your own first description or
diagnosis, starting off will not be the drama you feared, as at least you will
understand the basic workings of the language and the methods used in
translation. Likewise, with this primer as a guide, you should be able to
translate most botanical texts written in Latin. Bear in mind that early
botanical Latin – say, until 1850 or later – is more akin to classical Latin,
and so texts from that time will require wider knowledge of grammar, or
assistance from a Latin scholar.
In many examples in this book, we give the literal translation into English as
well as the colloquial so that the differences between the two languages can be
demonstrated. This means that the English may sometimes appear slightly
unusual or stilted, as the word order will be a bit eccentric.
Whereas classical Latin is a dead language, botanical Latin is very much
alive and kicking and has evolved to include a goodly smattering of Greek
words – which are then ‘forced’ into behaving as Latin words instead of being
declined in a Greek way, which can cause wincing, groans and horror in the
Classical establishment. The classical Latin alphabet comprised 23 letters, that
is, the modern Latin alphabet minus ‘j’, ‘u’ and ‘w’. The letter ‘k’ was rarely
used and ‘y’ appeared in few words, mainly of Greek origin. The letter ‘u’,
which was pronounced as a vowel, was represented by ‘v’ and came into use
when lower-case letters were developed much later. (Did you know that lower
case letters didn’t exist when letters were first invented?) In botanical Latin we
use the whole English alphabet. The letter ‘j’ represents the consonantal or
classical ‘i’ and is pronounced like the ‘y’ in ‘yes’.
Latin is a highly inflected language which means that not only do words
change according to whether they are singular or plural, e.g. ‘flower’ and
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: FM Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Date:22/10/12 Time:18:08:15 Page Number: 12
xii Introduction
‘flowers’ in English, but also the relationship of the word to the rest of the
sentence, whether it is the subject or object, whether it is governed by a
preposition, and so on, can be deduced from the ending of the word. In other
words, the subject and object of a verb are not denoted by their positions
relative to the verb within the sentence (in English, sentence construction is
based upon subject, verb and object in that order), but the sense is incorpor-
ated into the nouns themselves, e.g.
The boy picked the fruit
Puer fructum carpit or fructum carpit puer or fructum puer carpit
In each of the three Latin examples above, exactly the same words with
therefore exactly the same meanings are used, although they are written in
three different orders. Grammatically, the sentences are still the same,
although the emphasis has been changed. If this is tried in English, however,
the sentence is rapidly reduced to nonsense (unless the author is writing
Romantic poetry: Alexander Pope ‘Pleasures the sex, as children birds, pursue,
Still out of reach, yet never out of view …’) (Epistle II. To a Lady. Of the
Characters of Women 1743).
A few curiosities about Latin:
xiv Introduction
Overview
We start with the parts of speech. Those that we normally require for botanical
Latin are:
• noun
• adjective
• adverb
• pronoun
• preposition
• conjunction
• verb.
We have to know about declensions, i.e. declining nouns, adjectives and
pronouns. There are five declensions.
We have to know about comparison, i.e. comparing adjectives and
adverbs. There are three degrees though, in practice, we think only of two –
comparative and superlative.
We have to know about gender, i.e. whether nouns are masculine, feminine
or neuter.
We have to know about number, i.e. singular and plural.
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: FM Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Date:22/10/12 Time:18:08:16 Page Number: 15
Overview xv
Part I
Grammar
Comp. by: Vpugazhenthi Stage: Proof Chapter No.: Part I Title Name: SHORTandGEORGE
Date:20/10/12 Time:03:19:27 Page Number: 2
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