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 ·� Martindale
The Complete Drug Reference
Thirty-eighth Edition

Volume 1: 1-1120

Volume 2: 1121-2314

Volume 3: 2315-3444

Volume 4: 3445-4596

(RP)
Pharmaceutical Press
 ·� Martindale
The Complete Drug Reference
Thirty-eighth Edition

(RP)
Pharmaceutical Press
Published by Pharmaceutical Press

1 Lambeth High Street, London SE1 7JN, UK

©Pharmaceutical Press 2014

(RP) is a trade mark of Pharmaceutical Press

Pharmaceutical Press is the publishing division of the Royal Pharmaceutical

Society of Great Britain

First edition of Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia was published in 1883.

Squire's Companion was incorporated in the twenty-third edition in 1952.

Thirty-eighth edition published 2014

Typeset by Data Standards Ltd

Printed in Italy by LEGO S.p.A.

ISBN 978 0 85711 139 5

ISSN 0263-5364

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, without the prior written permission of
the copyright holder.
The publisher makes no representation, expressed or implied,
with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this
book and shall not be liable, so far as is permissible by law, for
any claim whether in contract or tort for losses arising out of
or in connection with the use of the book
The book should be interpreted in light of professional
knowledge and supplemented as necessary by specialised
publications and product literature. The reader should ensure
that the information being used is consistent with normal,
generally accepted healthcare practice.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Contents
Preface p v
A guide to Martindale p vi
Abbreviations p ix
Contracted Names for Ions and Groups p xii
Atomic Weights of the Elements p xiv

Volume A
• Monographs on drugs and ancillary substances

Analgesics Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Antipyretics p 3 Cough Suppressants Expectorants Mucolytics and Nasal
Anthelmintics p 143 Decongestants p 1651
Antibacterials p 168 Dermatological Drugs and Sunscreens p 1681
Antidementia Drugs p 388 Disinfectants and Preservatives p 1730
Antidepressants p 397 Electrolytes p 1775
Antidiabetics p 458 Gases p 1797
Antiepileptics p 506 Gastrointestinal Drugs p 1803
Antifungals p 563 General Anaesthetics p 1896
Antigout Drugs p 600 Growth Hormone and its Modulators p 1918
Antihistamines p 610 Immunosuppressants p 1932
Antimalarials p 644 Local Anaesthetics p 1976
Antimigraine Drugs p 670 Miotics Mydriatics and Antiglaucoma Drugs p 1999
Antimyasthenics p 684 Muscle Relaxants p 2014
Antineoplastics p 691 Neuromuscular Blockers p 2028
Antiparkinsonian Drugs p 889 Nutritional Agents and Vitamins p 2042
Antiprotozoals p 919 Obstetric Drugs p 2129
Antivirals p 951 Pesticides and Repellents p 2147
Anxiolytic Sedatives Hypnotics and Antipsychotics p 1028 Pharmaceutical Excipients p 2163
Blood Products Plasma Expanders and Haemostatics p 1121 Radiopharmaceuticals p 2222
Bone Modulating Drugs p 1167 Sex Hormones and their Modulators p 2231
Bronchodilators and Anti-asthma Drugs p 1195 Stimulants and Anorectics p 2314
Cardiovascular Drugs p 1242 Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs p 2332
Chelators Antidotes and Antagonists p 1537 Urological Drugs p 2347
Contrast Media p 1580 Vaccines Immunoglobulins and Antisera p 2373
Corticosteroids p 1597 Miscellaneous Drugs and Other Substances p 2426

Volume B
• Preparations p 2653

• Directory of Manufacturers p 3985

• Pharmaceutical Terms in Various languages p 4089

• General Index p 4110

• Cyrillic Index p 4566

iv About the authors

About the authors

Martindale is published by the Pharmaceutical Press, the publishing division of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Content is created and
updated by the Martindale Editorial Team, a group of pharmacists and life science graduates with relevant expertise who are given
formal training in literature evaluation and searching techniques, as well as on-the-job training in internal procedures. The Editorial
Team is supported by a number of external contributors.

Editor: Alison Brayfield, BPharm, MRPharmS

Editorial Staff: Catherine RM Cadart, BPharm, GradDipHospPharm, MRPharmS

Elaina E Crehan, MChem
Kathleen Eager, BPharm
Elizabeth S Foan, MA (Cantab)
Austin C Gibbons, BSc, MSc
Chloe SAJ Hatwal, BSc, MRes
Sue W Ho, BPharm, MRPharmS
Sonia Z Khan, MPharm, PGCertPharmPrac
Rebecca E Luckhurst, BSc
Jean MacKershan, BSc, PgDip
Deirdre McGuirk, BComm, MPharm, MRPharmS
Sandra Sutton, BPharm, MSc Med, Cert ProjMngt

Contributors: Ian A Baxter, B Sc, PhD, MRPharmS

Mildred Davis, BA, BSc, PhD, MRPharmS
Marian E Fenton, MSc, CMPP
Eileen J Laughton, BPharm, PhD, MRPharmS
Julie M McGlashan, BPharm, DiplnfSc, MRPharmS
Rosalind McLarney, BPharm, MSc
Gail C Neathercoat, BSc, MRPharmS
Claire H Norton, BSc
Priya Patel, MPharm, MRPharmS
Sue J Shankie, BPharm, MSc, MRPharmS
 Preface v

Preface
Drug information is constantly developing as the use of existing drugs • updated reviews on the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
grows, new drugs emerge, new preparations are launched, and old and non-small cell lung cancer, which prototype a new approach to
preparations are abandoned, reformulated, or redefined. The needs of our treatment reviews
those practising pharmacy and medicine are also changing, and during its • revised paracetamol nomograms for the treatment of paracetamol
long history Martindale has evolved to meet those needs by becoming poisoning
much more than a simple encyclopaedia of medicines. It aims to provide • extensive revision of the porphyria abstracts
healthcare professionals with evaluated, unbiased information on drugs • expansion of the coverage of proprietary preparations to cover 43
and medicines used throughout the world. Our content is also carefully countries and regions, including China
structured to enable readers to find this information easily and quickly, The Martindale editorial team have been assisted by many individuals in
whether it is to answer specific questions about drugs or to give a broad the production of this edition, and it is their valuable contribution that help
overview of pharmaceutical topics. to ensure Martindale's validity. Thanks are due to Lina Bladh, Alessandro
Our readers should note that Martindale is not a book of standards: the Gabbi, Judy van Engeldorp Gastelaars, Spela Godec, Jan Horn, Montserrat
inclusion of a substance or a preparation is not to be considered as a Jane, Andrius Kairys, Maria Kouimtzi, Carla Oliveira, Kamila Ramesova,
recommendation for use, nor does it confer any status on the substance or Elsa Simon, Gyongyver So6s, Carina Tukukino, Robert Wasilewski, Larry
preparation and readers are reminded that knowledge and best practice in Callahan, and Frank Switzer.
this field are constantly changing. While considerable efforts have been The team have also been able to call on the advice and expertise of other
made to check the material in Martindale, neither the publisher nor the members of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Pharmaceutical Press
authors accept any responsibility for errors and omissions. The publisher division. In particular, the Editor would like to thank Rachel Ryan and the
and authors make no representation, expressed or implied, that doses are staff of the British National Formulary, Claire Preston and the staff of
correct for particular purposes and readers should check up to date product Stockley's Drug Interactions, and Sam Driver and the Science team. Thanks
information, codes of conduct, and safety regulations. The reader is also are also due to Tamsin Cousins and Linda Paulus, for their patience and
assumed to possess the necessary knowledge to interpret the information guidance in handling the various aspects of producing a print publication,
that Martindale provides. It is the responsibility of practitioners to and to David Granger, Mesfin Mebrate, Karl Parsons, and Ian White, for
determine dosages and treatments for individual patients, taking into their technical expertise in producing digital and print datasets. We are also
account up to date therapeutic standards, and to take all appropriate safety grateful for the support of Karen Baxter, Frank Gibson, and Alina Lourie.
precautions. The Editor would also like to thank Sean Sweetman, Paul Blake, Gail
Further details on the basic editorial philosophy behind content creation, Neathercoat, Anne Parsons, Susan Handy, Fauziah Hashmi, Joanna
as well as guidance on how the data is set out, are provided in the guide to Humm, Kelli Kalb, Priya Patel, Gerda Viedge, Elizabeth King, and Christine
Martindale section on the next page. Iskandar. Their input over the years and to this edition has been greatly
valued and is not forgotten.
Major changes for the 38TH Edition Our digital version of Martindale, which is updated quarterly, is available
There have been several changes to this new edition of Martindale, but the on MedicinesComplete (www. medicinescomplete. com). It maintains the
most striking is its new format. The cover design has been refreshed and, to familiar layout of the print publication but, as it is not limited in its size,
overcome a common problem, the page layout has been totally re-designed extra content such as the archive chapter of deleted monographs and
with a new and larger font. This ensures that the page is easier to read as graphical representations of the chemical structures of many of the drugs
well as making it quicker to find the information the reader is looking for are also available. For more information about the digital product, please
on the page. Alongside this, and in response to user feedback, the layout of visit our website.
the monographs has been restructured and readers will now find a We continue to value our readers' feedback and anyone wishing to
monograph's uses at the start of a monograph; knowing how a drug acts contact us may do so at our email address: [email protected]
and is used may help to contextualise any subsequent adverse effects and
precautions related to that drug. In addition, a drug's nomenclature London, February 2014
information is highlighted within its own shaded text box. To allow for
these changes, the chemical structure graphics are no longer reproduced in
the print editions of Martindale; however, they remain available on our
digital platform, MedicinesComplete.
Alongside much of the revalidation work that is undertaken with every
edition of Martindale, other changes for this edition include:
• over 200 new monographs including:
• the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, canagliflozin and
dapagliflozin, have been added as a new drug group to the chapter
on antidiabetic drugs
• the antivirals, daclatasvir and sofosbuvir, for use in the management
of hepatitis C
• restructuring of the section on diabetes mellitus management in the
antidiabetic drugs chapter, to improve its readability
vi A to Martindale

A guide to Martindale
Martindale contains information on drugs in clinical use worldwide, as cover both scheduled revision of the content. and revision of particular
well as selected investigational and veterinary drugs, herbal and points in reaction to new information as it arrives.
complementary medicines, pharmaceutical excipients, vitamins and The revision procedure involves the editorial writer re-evaluating
nutritional agents, vaccines, radiopharmaceuticals, contrast media and standing information, assessing newly-collected references for quality and
diagnostic agents, medicinal gases, drugs of abuse and recreational drugs, relevance, and searching bibliographic databases and the Internet to
toxic substances, disinfectants, and pesticides. identify further candidate information.
The information on over 6000 drugs and other substances is arranged Once the material for new content has been re-evaluated and updated, it
into monographs that contain details on nomenclature, properties, and is rigorously reviewed by a second editorial writer to ensure not only that
actions. These text sections summarise the relevant information, notably all changes are valid and appropriate, but also that important points have
for licensed uses, followed, if appropriate, by referenced abstracts or not been missed.
reviews that expand upon the details given in the text or add additional The material is then passed to the editor, who performs a final. high-level
information. Multicentre studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews check and approval of the data. This process is designed to ensure
play an important role in the study of drug treatment, and their findings consistency of approach and style, as well as offering an opportunity to pick
and conclusions are considered in much of our content. However, there is up any errors that may have been missed. Changes and questions are fed
also a place for the anecdotal report and the small study, and information back to the writer.
from such sources is included where appropriate. In compiling the text of a Keying, proof-reading, and dose-checking. Once approved by the
Martindale monograph, use is made of the drug's licensed product editor, content changes can be made in the database, which has remained
information as published in various countries and approved by the relevant untouched until this stage as a security measure. These changes are then
regulatory authorities. Acknowledgement is also given to information proofread for errors, corrected if necessary, and any corrections checked.
referenced from a number of authoritative sources including the British Extensive electronic testing for spelling, style, and format is also carried out
National Formulary, the British National Formulary for Children, the British at all stages.
Pharmacopoeia, the European Pharmacopoeia, the United States National The amended content then undergoes an independent review of the
Formulary, and the United States Pharmacopeia. dose information against its recorded sources. This review is performed by a
In addition, disease treatment reviews offer overviews of nearly 700 writer not involved in the original content generation process, and is an
diseases and the drugs used in their treatment. along with key references additional safeguard against the inadvertent introduction of potentially
and guidelines. Cross-references are provided between these treatment dangerous dose errors.
reviews and relevant drug monographs. Release. Once past all these stages, the data are cleared for release and
Preparations summaries of more than 180,000 proprietary products from can be published in the next update of the Martindale digital products;
43 countries or regions are included. Information is provided on changes to the print version will appear in the next edition.
proprietary name, manufacturer or distributor, country/region of origin, Additional checks for publication. Some additional checks are made
active ingredients, and a summary of the indications as given by the before publishing a print edition of Martindale. A second independent dose
manufacturer. Page numbers link ingredients to an appropriate drug review of all chapters is made by external experts.
monograph where possible.

How the information is arranged

Philosophy and methodology Martindale is divided into 2 volumes:
Martindale's uses are as varied as its users. However, the primary aims are: Volume A covers:
• to summarise clinically useful information on all drugs and medicines • Monographs on drugs and ancillary substances. This section
around the world contains over 6000 monographs arranged in 49 chapters. These
• to provide accurate, unbiased, and reasonably comprehensive chapters generally bring together monographs on drugs and groups of
information in a concise format drugs that have similar uses or actions. The disease treatment reviews,
• to provide a lead-in to the published evidence base from which we which provide descriptions of diseases together with reviews of the
derive our information choice of treatments, are usually located in the chapter introduction.
To achieve the above aims, working practices have to be safe and efficient, The chapter titled Miscellaneous Drugs and Other Substances contains
while making optimum use of available information. This section describes monographs on drugs not easily classified, herbals, and drugs no
some of these working practices. longer used clinically but still of interest. There are also monographs
on toxic substances, the effects of which may require drug therapy.
Volume B includes:
Data collection
• Preparations. This section contains over 180,000 proprietary
The team proactively monitor the published literature for potential content
preparations from a range of countries and regions. The information
updates. This involves regularly searching selected major medical journals
provided includes the proprietary name, the manufacturer or
and websites of regulatory authorities such as EMA, FDA. Health Canada,
distributor, the active ingredients with cross-references to the drug
and MHRA; other sources of high-quality systematic reviews and
monographs, and a summary of the indications as given by the
guidelines, including the Cochrane library and NICE, are also monitored,
manufacturer.
as are pharmacopoeial. governmental. and WHO publications, for
• Directory of manufacturers. In Martindale the names of
information relating to drugs and drug therapy.
manufacturers and distributors are abbreviated. Their full names are
The list of sources used has been developed over many years by analysis
given in this directory together with contact details if available.
of previous citations, and is reviewed and updated regularly.
Manufacturers' records are listed alphabetically. This directory
Licensed product information for 43 countries and regions is evaluated,
contains over 20,000 entries.
to maintain the widest possible coverage of drugs in use internationally.
• Pharmaceutical terms in various languages. This index lists
Preparation names, manufacturers, ingredients, and licensed uses are
nearly 5600 of the commoner pharmaceutical forms and routes in 13
included in the internal Martindale database for review during the revision
major European languages. It is provided as an aid to the non-native
process.
speaker in interpreting packaging, product information, or prescrip­
tions written in another language.
Editorial processes • General index. To make the fullest use of the contents of Martindale
Write, review, and approve. To maintain the quality and currency of the general index should always be consulted. The exhaustive index,
our content, it is constantly revised and updated. Our revision processes prepared from over 175,000 entries, including entries for drugs
 A guide to Martindale vii

(approved names, synonyms, and chemical names), preparations, the very nature of their origin they cannot be relied upon for definitive
pharmacological and therapeutic groups, and clinical uses (disease identification of a substance. The use of such terms changes rapidly, and
treatment reviews). As in previous editions, the index is arranged can vary between different geographical locations, and any given name
alphabetically 'word-by-word' rather than 'letter-by-letter'. The index may potentially be applied to more than one substance or even to a
indicates the column in which the relevant entry appears as well as the mixture of substances. Furthermore, established or well recognised generic
page and in which volume the entry may be found. To improve clarity drug names or herbal names have sometimes been misused as street terms
and the ease of location of index entries, long chemical names have for completely unrelated substances. In order to enable the reader to
been omitted from the index. distinguish them from the better validated synonyms in the index, such
o Cyrillic index. Both non-proprietary and proprietary names may be names are included in italics and in quotation marks.
found in Cyrillic alphabetical order in this section. CAS Registry numbers. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry
numbers are provided, where available, for each monograph substance to
The monographs help readers refer to other information systems. Numbers for various forms
Chapters within Martindale are composed of an introduction of varying of the monograph substance are listed with the variation in form given in
length, and a set of monographs describing individual drugs. Each parentheses.
monograph begins with its title, synonyms in English and other languages, ATC codes. Codes from the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)
identificatory codes, and chemical and pharmaceutical information about classification system (see http://www.whocc.no) have been provided,
the compound, including any pharmacopoeial standards. This is followed where available, for each monograph substance to help readers refer to
by one or more sections describing pharmacological and therapeutic other information systems. The codes assigned in the equivalent
information about the drug or substance. A typical monograph includes: classification system for veterinary medicines (ATC Vet-see http://www.
o Nomenclature whocc.no/atcvet) and herbal medicines have been included where
o Uses and Administration possible.
o Adverse Effects UNIT codes. The unique ingredient identifiers, which are generated by
o Treatment of Adverse Effects the joint FDA/USP Substance Registration System have been provided,
o Precautions where available. Numbers for various forms of the monograph or related
o Interactions substances are listed with the variation in form given in parentheses.
o Pharmacokinetics Atomic and molecular weights. Atomic weights are based on the
Sections begin with unreferenced summary text, based on licensed product table of Atomic Weights as revised in 2011 by the Commission on Isotopic
information and other high-quality validated sources. This may optionally Abundances and Atomic Weights, International Union of Pure and Applied
be followed by abstracts or referenced text expanding on particular points, Chemistry (IUPAC) and based on the 12C scale (see p. xiv). Molecular
and providing a lead-in to the published literature from which we derive weights are given corrected to one place of decimals or to four significant
our information. figures for relative weights of less than 100.
Lists of single and multi-ingredient proprietary and non-proprietary
preparations are given at the end of each monograph. Pharmacopoeias
The selected pharmacopoeias in which each substance appears are listed. A
Nomenclature description of the substance and a summary of the pharmaceutical
The nomenclature section of each monograph may include the following information that appears in the British, European, or US Pharmacopoeias is
information: also included. Current copies of the pharmacopoeias and their addenda
Titles and synonyms. The title of each monograph is in English, with should be consulted for confirmation and for details of standards.
preference usually being given to International Nonproprietary Names The pharmacopoeias covered include British, British Veterinary, Chinese,
(INN), British Approved Names (BAN), and United States Adopted Names European, French, German, International, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish,
(USAN). These 3 authorities are shown where appropriate. A European Swiss, United States (including the National Formulary), and Vietnamese. The
Directive (92/27/EEC) requires the use of Recommended International abbreviations for these pharmacopoeias are included in the list of
Nonproprietary Names (riNNs) in the labelling of medicinal products abbreviations used in Martindale (see p. ix), which also includes details of
throughout member states of the European Union and where the BAN and the edition and/or supplement(s) consulted.
INN differed in the past the BAN has been changed to accord with the riNN. Several countries are parties to the Convention on the Elaboration of a
The major exception to this convention is the retention of the names European Pharmacopoeia. This means that they must adopt the standards
adrenaline and noradrenaline, these being the terms used as the titles of of the European Pharmacopoeia. These countries are currently Austria,
the monographs in the European Pharmacopoeia and therefore the official Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech
names in the member states. In some approved names it is general policy to Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
use 'f' for 'ph' in sulpha, 't' for 'th', and 'i' for 'y'; for this reason entries in Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro,
alphabetical lists should be sought in alternative spellings if the expected the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovak
spellings are not found. Inevitably there may be some inconsistencies of Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the
style with older approved names but wherever possible the names used for United Kingdom, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the
drugs or radicals in Martindale have been altered in accordance with the European Union. Hence the European Pharmacopoeia is cited in the drug
guidelines on the use of INNs for pharmaceutical substances. For a table of monograph lists of pharmacopoeias rather than these individual national
contracted names for ions and groups used in approved names and titles pharmacopoeias.
see p. xii. Official preparations, mainly from the current British, European, and US
This section also includes names given as synonyms such as commonly Pharmacopoeias, are listed at the end of drug monographs.
used abbreviated names; Latin versions of the titles in the European
Pharmacopoeia; English, American, Spanish, and Latin synonyms; names Pharmaceutical information
used in other languages when these may not be readily identifiable; Information on the chemical and physical properties of each substance is
manufacturers' code numbers; and chemical names. BAN names for given when it is likely to be of use or interest, but only when it is certain
substance combinations and United States Pharmacy Equivalent Names that it applies to the form of substance being described in the monograph.
(PEN) for dosage forms containing two or more active ingredients are given Percentage strengths. Unless otherwise stated, solutions of solids in
in the text of the relevant monographs; these names start with the prefix liquids are expressed as percentage w/v, of liquids in liquids as percentage
'Co-'. v/v, and of gases in liquids as percentage w/w.
Official titles and synonyms used in the British, European, and US Solubility. The figures given for solubility in each monograph have
Pharmacopoeias are given in the section on pharmacopoeias where the generally been obtained from the major pharmacopoeias in which the
relevant pharmacopoeial substance is described. substance is described, but should not be considered absolute. Unless
Street Names. Street terms and other slang names for drugs of abuse otherwise indicated in the text, the figures are for solubility at
are included for guidance only and should be used with caution. Because of temperatures between 15 degrees and 25 degrees. The information
viii A guide to Martindale

usually relates to w/v solubilities but in some cases is v/v if the monograph information has been included to help determine the safety of continuing
substance itself is a liquid. Where solubilities are given in words, the to breast feed while the mother is receiving a particular drug. Safety during
following terms describe the indicated solubility ranges: breast feeding should not be inferred from the absence of a statement for
• very soluble: 1 in less than 1 any drug.
• freely soluble: 1 in 1 to 1 in 10 Doses. Doses are described under the Uses and Administration heading
• soluble: 1 in 10 to 1 in 30 with as much detail as is necessary and available. Unless otherwise stated
• sparingly soluble: 1 in 30 to 1 in 100 the doses represent the average range of quantities that are generally
• slightly soluble: 1 in 100 to 1 in 1000 regarded as suitable for adults when given orally. More information on
• very slightly soluble: 1 in 1000 to 1 in 10,000 doses and drug administration may be given in the abstracts or reviews.
• practically insoluble: 1 in more than 10,000 Unless otherwise specified,. glucose injection is 5% w/v and sodium
Storage. Substances and preparations should be stored under conditions chloride injection is 0.9% w/v.
that prevent contamination and diminish deterioration, and the conditions When doses for children are expressed as a range of quantities within
of storage given in the text indicate the precautions recommended in specified age limits, the lower dose applies at the lower age and the higher
specific cases. The term 'a cool place' is generally used to describe a place in dose at the higher age.
which the temperature is between 8 degrees and 15 degrees. In general, the
storage conditions apply to the monograph substance and not its solutions
or preparations. The Preparations
Temperature. Temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius This part of Martindale contains brief details of proprietary preparations
(centigrade) unless otherwise indicated. available in a number of countries or regions and includes those supplied
on prescription as well as those sold directly to the public. They are
Drugs in Sport provided to help the reader identify preparations and to suggest their uses.
Wherever possible we have attempted to indicate those drugs and Inclusion is not an endorsement of the activity of any ingredient, nor of the
substances that may be subject to restriction in some or all sports, either in preparation's indications.
their own right, or because they are a derivative of a restricted substance or For this edition we have covered Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium,
a member of a prohibited group. Proprietary preparations containing such Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
compounds are also marked in the preparation section. The guide used for France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland,
identifying restricted drugs is the Prohibited List issued by the World Anti­ Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Doping Agency (WADA-see www.wada-ama.org). These regulations, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa,
which are issued annually, are subject to interpretation and therapeutic Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab
exemption, and may vary from sport to sport; particular sporting Emirates, UK, USA, and Venezuela. Generally, each entry consists of the
authorities may also issue additional restrictions, and competitors should proprietary name, the manufacturer or distributor and country, the active
always check with the appropriate body. The rules are constantly evolving ingredients and a summary of the indications as given by the
and the absence of any indication of restriction in Martindale should not be manufacturer. Where possible, entries from different countries but with
taken as absolute confirmation that the substance may legitimately be the same name and active ingredients have been amalgamated for clarity.
taken by a competitor. Instances where a preparation name has been used for preparations with
significantly different ingredients have been highlighted. Such names may
Pharmacological and therapeutic information be for actively marketed preparations or for preparations that have been
Information on uses and administration, adverse effects, treatment of withdrawn from the market.
adverse effects, precautions (including contra-indications), interactions, An entry may cover a range of dosage forms and strengths. Dosage forms
and pharmacokinetics of each substance is provided by concise statements are only specified when different forms have the same proprietary name
and these may be elaborated and expanded by referenced reviews and but different active ingredients. Furthermore, this section is not intended
abstracts from papers and other publications. This edition contains nearly as a guide to prescribing; where a preparation is to be supplied the dose
14,000 such abstracts or reviews based on information in an ever widening should be appropriate for that preparation and that particular patient, and
range of publications. authoritative local sources should be consulted.
An increasing amount of information is published digitally and this With the exception of homoeopathic preparations the names of the
material is available on the Internet as web pages. Because of the nature of ingredients have been translated into English. Almost all the ingredients
the Internet, there is no way to guarantee that the material referred to by a listed are described in the monographs in Drugs and Ancillary Substances,
URL will remain at that location, as many sites are subject to periodic and readers are directed to an appropriate monograph by the page numbers
reorganisation; additionally, the content of Internet documents may provided after the ingredient.
change without warning. The accession date given in the citation Preparations that have been withdrawn from the market in the last few
represents the last date on which the content of the document referred to years or are no longer being actively marketed may be identified by the
was revalidated. symbol t. These preparations are retained in Martindale since they may
Much information has been found in sources such as WHO publications, still be in circulation or their names may still be referred to in the literature
government reports and legislation, and other official and standard and in practice. Readers should be aware that since this section was
publications. Licensed product information and manufacturers' literature prepared other preparations are likely to have been withdrawn or
have been considered in the light of other available information. introduced; also ingredients may change, as may indications.
The risks of administering drugs in pregnancy are well known and the The manufacturer's full name and contact details can be found in the
general principle is to give a drug only when the benefit to the individual Directory of Manufacturers.
mother outweighs the risk to the fetus. Where there is a clear risk it is noted Each preparation title is listed in the General Index. Where thought
under the Precautions or Adverse Effects heading but safety should not be helpful, preparation titles have been listed at the end of the relevant
inferred from the absence of a statement for any drug. monograph. However, it should be noted that the absence of such a list at
Some drugs given to the mother are distributed into breast milk and the end of a monograph is no indication as to the availability of a substance
therefore may pose a risk to a breast-fed infant. Whenever possible, as many drugs are marketed as generic or unbranded preparations.
Abbreviations

For abbreviations of the names of manufacturers or their distributors, see d e-German.

Directory of Manufacturers, in Volume B. d.c.-direct current.
DEFRA-Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (UK).
ACE-angiotensin-converting enzyme. Denm.-Denmark.
ADHD-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. DHSS-the former Department of Health and Social Security (UK).
agg.-aggregate (in botanical names), including 2 or more species which dL--decilitre(s).
resemble each other closely.
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid.
AIDS-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
DoH-Department of Health (UK).
a.m.-ante meridiem, 'before noon'.
DTF-Drug Tariff Formulary.
ARC-AIDS-related complex.
ECG-electrocardiogram.
Arg.-Argentina.
ECT -electroconvulsive therapy.
ATC-Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification.
£cuad.-Ecuador.
AUC-area under the concentration-time curve.
ed.-editor(s) or edited by or edition.
Austrai.-Australia.
EEC-European Economic Community, now the European Union.
AV-atrioventricular.
EEG-electro-encephalogram.
BAN-British Approved Name.
e.g.---exempli gratia 'for example'.
BANM-British Approved Name Modified.
ei-Greek.
Belg.-Belgium.
EMAIEMEA-European Medicines Agency.
BMA-British Medical Association.
ENL-erythema nodosum leprosum.
BMI-body mass index.
es-Spanish.
BNF-British National Formulary.
ESRD-end-stage renal disease.
BNFC-British National Formulary for Children.
et a l. -et alii, 'and others': for three or more co-authors or co-workers.
b.p.-boiling point.
et seq.-and what follows.
BP-British Pharmacopoeia. Unless otherwise specified, BP references are
£U-European Union.
to the 2014 edition.
E:ur. P.-see Ph. Eur.
BP(Vet)-British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary) 2014.
Ext. D & C--designation applied in USA to dyes permitted for use in
BPC-British Pharmaceutical Codex.
external drug and cosmetic preparations.
Br.-British.
0f-degrees Fahrenheit.
Braz.-Brazil.
FAC-Food Additives and Contaminants Committee of the former
Bulg.-Bulgaria.
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (UK).
BUN-Blood-urea-nitrogen.
FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
°C-degrees Celsius (centigrade). Unless otherwise indicated in the text,
FAO/WHO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
temperatures are expressed in this thermometric scale.
and the World Health Organization.
Canad.-Canada.
FDA-Food and Drug Administration of USA.
CAPO-continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
fdAC-Food Advisory Committee of the former Ministry of Agriculture,
CAS-Chemical Abstracts Service.
Fisheries and Food (UK).
CCPD-continuous cycle peritoneal dialysis.
FD & C-designation applied in USA to dyes permitted for use in foods,
CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) (formerly
drugs, and cosmetics.
Centers for Disease Control).
FEV 1-forced expiratory volume in I second.
Chin. P.-Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005.
Fin.-Finland.
CHM-Commission on Human Medicines (UK).
FIP-Federation Intemationale Pharmaceutique.
CI-Colour Index.
f.p.-freezing point.
CMV-cytomegalovirus.
FPA-Family Planning Association (UK).
CNS-central nervous system.
fr-French.
cP-centipoise(s).
Fr.-France.
CPMP-Committee on Proprietary Medicinal Products of the European
e
Union. Fr. P.-French Pharmacopoeia 198 2 (Pharmacopee Francaise, X Edition)
and updates up to 2003.
cs-Czech.
g-gram(s).
CSF-cerebrospinal fluid.
Ger.-Germany.
CSM-Committee on Safety of Medicines (UK) (now subsumed within the
Commission on Human Medicines). Ger. P.- German Pharmacopoeia (Deutsches Arzneibuch, 2007).

cSt-centistokes. GFR-glomerular filtration rate.

Cz.-Czech Republic. G6PD-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

D & C--designation applied in USA to dyes permitted for use in drugs and Gr.-Greece.
cosmetics. HAART-highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Hb- haemoglobin. ml-millilitre(s).
Hib-Haemophilus injluenzae type b. mm-millimetre(s).
2
HIV-human immunodeficiency virus. mm -square millimetre(s).
3
HLA-human lymphocyte antigens. mm -cubic millimetre(s).
HLB-hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. mmHg-millimetre(s) of mercury.
HRT-hormone replacement therapy. mmol-millimole.
HSE-Health and Safety Executive (UK). mol-mole.
hu-Hungarian. mol. wt-molecular weight.
Hung.-Hungary. Mon.-Monaco.
IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer. mosmol-milliosmole.
ibid.-ibidem, 'in the same place (journal or book)'. m.p.-melting point.
idem-'the same': used for the same authors and titles. MRC-Medical Research Council (UK).
i.e .-id est, 'that is'. MRSA-meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
lg-immunoglobulin. J,!g-microgram(s).
lndon.-Indonesia. J.Im-micrometre(s).
INN-International Nonproprietary Name. N-normal.
INNM-International Nonproprietary Name Modified. n.b.-nota bene, note carefully.
Int. P.-International Pharmacopoeia 4th ed., 2006, and Supplement 1, Neth.-The Netherlands.
2008. NICE-National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (formerly the
IPCS-International Programme on Chemical Safety. National Institute for Clinical Excellence) (UK).
IQ-intelligence quotient. NIH-National Institutes of Health (USA).
lri.-Ireland. ni-Dutch.
ISH-International Society of Hypertension. nm-nanometre(s).
it-Italian. NMDA-N-methyl-D-aspartate.
lt. P.-Jtalian Pharmacopoeia 11th ed., 2002 (Farmacopea Ufficiale della NNRTI-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
Repubblica Italiana, XI Edizione, 2002). Norw.-Norway.
ltai.-Italy. NRTI-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
IUD-intra-uterine device. NSAID-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
IUPAC-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. NYHA-New York Heart Association.
IVF-in- vitro fertilisation. NZ-New Zealand.
J-joule(s). OP-over proof.
Jpn-Japan. o/w-oil-in-water.
Jpn P.-The Pharmacopoeia of Japan, 15th ed., 2006 and Supplement I . P-probability.
K-kelvin. Pa-pascal(s).
kcal-kilocalorie(s). Pak.-Pakistan.
kg-kilogram(s). pC02-plasma partial pressure (concentration) of carbon dioxide.
kJ-kilojoule(s).
PaC02-arterial plasma partial pressure (concentration) of carbon dioxide.
lb-pound(s) avoirdupois. PEN-Pharmacy Equivalent Name, see page vi.
LDSO-a dose lethal to 5 0% of the specified animals or micro-organisms. pg-picogram(s).
Lf-limes flocculation. pH-the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
lt-Lithuanian. Ph. Eur.-European Pharmacopoeia, 8th ed., 2014.
m-metre(s). Pharm. Soc. Lab. Rep.-Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Laboratory
2
m -square metre(s). Report.
3
m -cubic metre(s). Philipp.-Philippines.
M-molar. PHLS-Public Health Laboratory Service (UK).
MAFF-the former Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (UK), now piNN-Proposed International Nonproprietary Name.
Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). piNNM-Proposed International Nonproprietary Name Modified.
MAOI-monoamine oxidase inhibitor. pKa-the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant.
max.-maximum. pi-Polish.
MBC-minimum bactericidal concentration. p.m.-post meridiem, 'afternoon'.
MCA-Medicines Control Agency, now MHRA (UK). p02-plasma partial pressure (concentration) of oxygen.
mEq-milliequivalent(s).
Pa02-arterial plasma partial pressure (concentration) of oxygen.
Mex.-Mexico. Poi.-Poland.
mg-milligram(s). Pol. P.-Polish Pharmacopoeia 6th ed., 2002 (Farmakopea Polska VI, 2002)
MHRA-Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK). and Supplement 2005.
MIC-minimum inhibitory concentration. Port.-Portugal.
min-minute. ppm-parts per million.
min.-minimum. PSGB-The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Now the Royal
MJ-megajoule(s). Pharmaceutical Society.
 Abbrevi ations xi

pt-Portuguese. Switz.-Switzerland.
PUVA-psoralen with UVA light irradiation. Thai.-Thailand.
PVC-polyvinyl chloride. TNF-tumour necrosis factor.
RCGP-Royal College of General Practitioners (UK). THM-traditional herbal medicine.
RIMA-reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A. THMP-traditional herbal medicinal product.
riNN-Recommended International Nonproprietary Name. TPN-total parenteral nutrition.
riNNM-Recommended International Nonproprietary Name Modified. Turk.-Turkey.
RNA-ribonucleic acid.
UAE-United Arab Emirates.
RPSGB-The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Now the
• UK-United Kingdom.
Royal Pharmaceutical Society
Ukr.-Ukraine.
RSV-respiratory syncytial virus.
UNICEF-United Nations Children's Fund.
Rus.-Russia.
UP-under proof.
S. Afr.-South Africa.
Urug.-Uruguay.
SGOT -serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (serum aspartate amino­
transferase now preferred). US and USA-United States of America.

SGPT -serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (serum alanine amino­ USAN-United States Adopted Name.
transferase now preferred). USNF-The United States 'National Formulary 31',2013.
51-Statutory Instrument or SysU:me International d'Unites (International USP-The United States Pharmacopeia 36,2013.
System of Units).
UV-ultraviolet.
sic-written exactly as it appears in the original.
var.-variety.
SLE-systemic lupus erythematosus.
Venez.-Venezuela.
sp.-species (plural spp.).
Viet.-Vietnamese.
sp. gr.-specific gravity.
Viet. P.-Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia 2002 (Pharmacopoeia Vietnamica,
Span.-Spanish.
Editio III).
Span. P.-Spanish Pharmacopoeia 2nd ed., 2002 (Real Farmacopoea
vol.-volume(s).
Espanola,Segunda Edici6n,2002) and Supplement 2.1.
v/v-volume in volume.
SSRI-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
v/w-volume in weight.
St-stokes.
WHO-World Health Organization.
subsp.-subspecies.
w/o-water-in-oil.
suppl-supplement(s).
sv-Swedish. wt-weight.

Swed.-Sweden. wt p er mL-weight per millilitre.

Swiss P.-Swiss Pharmacopoeia 2006 (Pharmacopoea Helvetica, 10 w/v-weight in volume.

Ausgabe,Deutsche Ausgabe). w/w-weight in weight.
xii Contracted Names for Ions and

Contracted Names for Ions and Groups

Contracted Name Chemical Name Contracted Name Chemical Name

acefurate acetate (ester) and furan-2-carboxylate (ester) il

crosfumar_ (2_E)-b
____________
_
' '_'_ _ u_t-2
_ _-e_n_ed _ .:c.yI_ __
_ io _ _ ______
�
aceglumate rae-hydrogen N-acetylglutmate cyclamate cyclohexylsulfarnate
aceponate acetate (ester) and propionate (ester) daloxate L-a1aninate (ester) and (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-di­
oxol-4-yl)methyl
acetonide isopropylidenedioxy or propane-2,2-diylbis(oxy)
daropate (dapropate) N,N-dimethyl-P-alaninate or 3-(dimethylamino)pro­
aceturate N-acetylglycinate panoate

acibutate acetate (ester) and 2-methylpropanoate (ester) deanil 2-(dimethy1amino)ethyl

acistrate acetate (ester) and stearate (salt) decil decyl

acoxil acetoxymethyl or (acetyloxy)methyl defalan des-!B-L-phenylalanine-insulin

alfoscerate (2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphate detemir tetradecanoyl

alideximer poly([oxy(2-hydroxyethane- l ,1-diyl)]{oxy[1- dibudinate 2,6-di-tert-butylnaphthalene-1,5-disulfonate

(hydroxymethyl)ethane-1,2-diyl]}) partly a­
etherified with carboxymethyl groups with dibunate 2,6-di-tert-butylnaphthalene-1-sulfonate
some carboxy groups amide linked to the
tetrapeptide residue (glyglyglycyl-L-phenyla­ dicibate dicyclohexylmethyl carbonate
lanylglycyl)
diftitox N-L-methionyl-387-L-histidine-388-L-alanine-1-
amsonate 4,4r -diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate or 2,2'­ 388-toxin (Corynebacterium diphtheriae
ethene-1 ,2-diylbis(5-aminobenzene-1-sul­ strain C7) (388->2')-protein
fonate)
digolil 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl
anisatil 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl or p-methoxy­
phenacyl diolamine 2,2'-azanediyldiethanol or diethanolamine

arbamel 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl or ester with docosil _ docosyl

.:::..:
.:: =
::..:: _______________:______________
N,N-dimethylglycolamide
dofosfate octadecyl hydrogen phosphate
argine 30Ba-L-argine-30Bp-L-argine
ecamate N-ethylcarbamate
aritox ricin A chain-MAB immunotoxine
edamine ethane-1,2-diarnine or ethylenediamine
aspart 28B-L-aspartic acid-
�e
edeta_t � e_th�y�len
_____________ _ _m_in
_ _ e.'dia _ e-
_ _�-'-'-'-'w_c_te_tr_a_-ac
_ _ e_ta_te_ _______
axetil (RS)-1-acetoxyethyl or rac-1-(acetyloxy)ethyl
edisilate (edisylate) ethane-] ,2-disulfonate
beloxil benzyloxy
embonate 4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-car­
benetonide N-benzoyl-2-methyl-P-alanine (ester) and ace­ boxylate) or 4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-
tonide naphthoate) ("'J)amoate)

besilate (besylate) benzenesulfonate emtansine 4-({3-[(3-{[(IS)-2-{[(IS,2R,3S,5S,6S,16£,18£,-

20R,21S)- l l -chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-
betadex P-cyclodextrin dimethoxy-2,5,9,16-tetramethyl-8 ,23-dioxo-
4 , 2 4 - d i o x a- 9, 22 - d i a z a t e t r a c y c -
bezomil (benzoyloxy)methyl l o [ 1 9.3 . I . 11 o,1403•5] h e x a c o s a -
I 0,12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl]oxy}-!-me­
thy1-2-oxoethyl]methylamino} -3 -oxopro­
buciclate trans-4-butylcyclohexanecarboxylate
p y l ) s u l f a n y l ] - 2 , 5 - d i o x o p y r r o li d i n - 1 -
yl}methyl)cyclohexylcarbonyle
bunapsilate 3,7-di-tert-butylnaphthalene-1,5-disulfonate
enantate (enanthate) heptanoate
buteprate butyrate (ester) and propionate (ester)
enbutate acetate (ester) and butanoate (ester)
camsilate (camsylate) camphor-10-sulfonate or (7,7-dimethyl-2-oxo­
bicyclo[2.2.l]heptan-l-yl)methanesulfonate epolamine 1-pyrrolidineethanol or 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)etha­
nol
caproate hexanoate
erbumine tert-butylarnine or 2-methylpropan-2-amine
carbesilate 4-sulfobenzoate
esilate (esylate) ethanesulfonate
ciclotate (cyclotate) 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxy1ate
estolate propanoate (ester) and dodecyl sulfate (salt) or
cilexetil (RS)-1-{[(cyclohexyloxy)carbonyl]oxy}ethyl or propionate dodecyl sulfate
rac-1-{[(cyclohexyloxy)carbonyl]oxy}ethyl
etabonate (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy (�ethyl carbonate)
cipionate (cypionate) cyclopentanepropionate or 3-cyclopenty1pro­
panoate etilsulfate ethyl sulfate

cituxetan rac-N-(4-{2-[bis(carboxymethy1)amino]-3-({2- farnesil (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,I0-trien-1-

[ b i s ( c a r b o x y m e t h y l ) a m i n o] e t h y l }( c a r ­ yl
boxymethyl)amino )propyl} phenyl)thiocar­
bamoyl fendizoate 2-(6-hydroxybiphenyl-3-carbonyl)benzoate

clofibrol 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropyl fostedate tetradecyl hydrogen phosphate

closilate (closylate) 4-chlorobenzene-1-sulfonate furetonide 1-benzofurane-2-carboxylate (ester) and pro­

pane-2,2-diylbis(oxy)
crobefate rae-{3-[(3£)-4-methoxybenzylidene]-2-(4-meth­
oxyphenyl)chroman-6-yl phosphate(2-)} gamolenate (6Z,9Z,122)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoate

cromacate 2-[(6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7- glargine 21A-glycine-308a-L-arginine-308P-L-arginine

yl)oxy]acetate
gluceptate o-glycera-o-gulo-heptanoate or o-glycero-D-
cromesilate 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin-4-methanesulfonate or gulo-heptonate
(6,7-dihydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-
yl)methanesulfonate g-'
., lu is_in_e
_l_ _____________
_ [3 _ _ly
. _ B_ _ L- "-s_in_e_:.,29
_ _ 8_ -L-
_ _,g:._lu-'tam
_ ic
_a_
ci
_ d_ :_l ____
_
 Contracted Names for Ions and XI I I

Contracted Name Chemical Name Contracted Name Chem1cal Name

glutamer glutaraldehyde polymer pivalate 2,2-dimethylpropanoate (ester) or trimethylace­

tate
guacil 2-methoxyphenyl
pivoxetil rae-!-[(2-methoxy-2-methylpropanoyl)oxy]ethyl
hemisuccinate hydrogen butanedioate or 1-(2-methoxy-2-methylpropionyloxy)ethyl

hexacetonide 3,3-dimethylbutanoate (ester) and propan-2,2- pivoxil (2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy)methyl or [(2,2-

diylbis(oxy) or 3,3-dimethylbutyrate (ester) dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl or (pivaloyl­
and acetonide oxy)methyl

hibenzate (hybenzate) 2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoate poliglumex [poly(L-glutamic acid)z-(L-glutarnate-y-ester)

-poly(L-glutamic acid)yln
hyclate monohydrochloride hemi-ethanolate hemihy­
drate probutate 17-(1-oxobutoxy) (ester) and 21-(1-oxopro­
poxy) (ester) or propionate (ester) and bu­
hydroxynaphtoate 3-hydroxynapthalene-2-carboxylate tyrate (ester)

isetionate (isethionate) 2-hydroxyethane-1-su1fonate proxetil 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl or rac- 1 -

pr_o�
[(�
{_ p_an_-2-yloxy)carbonyl]oxy}ethyl
_________________
laurate dodecanoate
raffimer (2S,4R,6R,8S,11S,13S)-2,4,8,13-tetrakis(hy-
dodecy1 d r o x y m e t h y l ) - 4 , 6 , 11 - t r i s ( y l o m e t h y l ) -
lauril
3,5,7, I 0,12-pentaoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl
laurilsulfate (lauryl sulphate) dodecyl sulfate
_l_
sa
_ _t
_,y'--la
ic _e __ _2-hydroxybenzoate
_ __________
_
lisetil L-lysinate (ester) and diethyl (ester)
sesquioleate (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate(1.5)
lisicol {N-[(5S)-5-carboxy-5-(3a,7a, l 2a-trihydroxy-
soproxil {[(propan-2-yloxy)carbonyl] oxy}methyl
5 f3-cho1an-24-amido )penty1]carbamothio­
y1}amino
steaglate 2-(octadecanoyloxy)acetate (ester)
lispro 288 -L-lysine-298 -L-proline
stearate octadecanoate
mafenatox enterotoxin A (227-alanine) (Staphylococcus
stinoprate N-acetylcysteinate (salt) and propanoate (ester)
aureus)
succinil 3-carboxypropanoyl
medoxomil (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl
sudotox 248-L-histidine-249-L-methionine-250-L­
megallate 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
alanine-251-L-glutarnic acid-248-613-endo­
toxin A (Pseudomonas aeruginosa reduced)
meglumine N-methylglucamine
suleptanate monosodium 8-[methyl(2-sulfoethyl)amino)-8-
merpentan 4,5-bis(2-mercaptoacetarnido) valerie acid or oxooctanoate or monosodium 7-[methyl(2-
{N,N'-[1-(3-oxopropyl)ethane-1,2-diyl]bis(2- sulfonatomethyl)carbamoyl)heptanoyl
sulfanylacetamidato)}(4-)
sulfoxylate sulfinomethyl, monosodium salt
mertansine tetrakis {(4RS)-4[(3-{[( lS)-2-
{[(1 S,2R,3S,5S,6S, 16£, 18£,20R,21S)- l l ­
chloro-21-hydroxy-12,20-dimethoxy-
ta�e_
___ n_a__x
to
__ ____
________ _en_ terotoxin A (Staphylococcus aureus)
_
2,5,9,16-telramethyl-8,23-dioxo-4 24-dioxa- (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
9,22-diazatetracyclo[l 9,3. 1.110•14 0 l ,s]hexaco­
tartrate

sa- l 0, 12,14(26),16,18-pentaen-6-yl]oxy}-1-
tebutate tert-butylacetate or 3,3-dimethylbutyrate
methy 1-oxoethyl] methylamino} -3 -oxopro­
pyl)disulfanyl]pentanoyl}
te
__n_o
_a_t_
e th_i___,
______________ _ _ o_x_,_yla
ophene-2-c_arb _ _te ________
_

mesilate (mesylate) methanesulfonate

teoclate 8-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-3,6-dihydro-
1 H-purin-7-(2H)-ide or 8-chlorotheophyllin­
metembonate 4,4'-methylenebis(3-methoxynaphthalene-2-car­
ate
boxylate)
teprosilate 3-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-
methonitrate N-methyl, nitrate (salt) 7H-purin-7-yl)propane-1-sulfonate
metilsulfate methyl sulfate tidoxil rac-2-(decyloxy)-3-(dodecylsulfany!)propyl
metiodide N-methyl, iodide (salt) tiuxetan N-(4-{(2S)-2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino)-3-
[ (2RS)- {2-[bis( carboxymethyl )amino ] pro­
m
_ _t
_e _cy_
_h _r
lb _m
_o _ _e
id _____ N_-_m
__ _____ _ethyl, bromide (salt) pyl} ( carboxymethyl)amino ) propy 1} phenyl)
thiocarbamoyl
mofetil 2-(morpholino)ethyl or 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl
tocoferil rac-(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-
napadisilate naphthalene-!,5-disulfonate trimethyltridecyl]chroman-6-yl

napsilate (napsylate) naphthalene-2-sulfonate tofesilate 3-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-

7H-purin-7-yl)ethane-_ l_ - su te ____
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nicotinate pyridine-3-carboxylate
tosilate (tosylate) 4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonate or toluene-4-sul­
octil octyl fonate

olamine 2-aminoethanol or ethanolamine triclofenate 2,4,5-trichlorophenolate

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oxoglurate hydrogen 2-oxopentanedloate trioleate (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate(3) or tris[(9Z)-octadec-9-

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palmitate hexadecanoate
tristearate octadecanoate(3) or tris( octadecanoate)
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xiv Atomic of the Elements - 1 2 C = 1 2

Atomic Weigh ts of th e E l ements- 1 2c = 1 2

Atomic Name Sym bol Atomic Weight Atom i c N ame Sym bol Atomic Weight
N u m ber N u mber

1
89 Actinium Ac 41 Niobium Nb 92.90638
3
13 Aluminium AI 26.9815386 7 Nitrogen N 14.007
1 1
95 Americium Am 102 Nobelium No
51 Antimony Sb 121.760 76 Osmium Os 190.23
18 Argon Ar 39.948 3
8 Oxygen 0 15.999
33 Arsenic As 74.92160 46 Palladium Pd 106.42
1
85 Astatine At 15 Phosphorus p 30.973762
56 Barium Ba 137.327 78 Platinum Pt 195.084
1 1
97 Berkelium Bk 94 Plutonium Pu
4 Beryllium Be 9.012182 1
2 84 Polonium Po
83 Bismuth Bi 208.98040
1 19 Potassium K 39.0983
107 Bohrium Bh
3 59 Praseodymium Pr 140.90765
5 Boron B 10.81 1
3 61 Promethium Pm
35 Bromine Br 79.904 2
91 Protactinium Pa 231.0358 8
48 Cadmium Cd 112.411 1
88 Radium Ra
55 Caesium Cs 132.9054519 1
86 Radon Rn
20 Calcium Ca 40.078
1 75 Rhenium Re 186.207
98 Californium Cf
3 45 Rhodium Rh 102.90550
6 Carbon c 12.011 1
111 Roentgenium Rg
58 Cerium Ce 140.116
3 37 Rubidium Rb 85.4678
17 Chlorine Cl 35.45
24 Chromium Cr 51.9961 44 Ruthenium Ru 101.07
1
27 Cobalt Co 58.933195 104 Rutherfordium Rf
1 62 Samarium Sm 150.36
112 Copemicium Cn
29 Copper Cu 63.546 21 Scandium Sc 44.955912
1 1
96 Curium Cm 106 Seaborgium Sg
1 34 Selenium Se 78.96
llO Darmstadtium Ds
1 3
105 Dubnium Db 14 Silicon Si 28.085
66 Dysprosium Dy 162.500 47 Silver Ag 107.8682
1
99 Einsteinium Es 11 Sodium Na 22.98976928
68 Erbium Er 167.259 38 Strontium Sr 87.62
63 Europium Eu 151.964 16 SulW s 32.06
1
100 Fermium Fm 73 Tantalum Ta 180.94788
1 1
114 Flerovium Fl 43 Technetium Tc
9 Fluorine F 18.9984032 52 Tellurium Te 127.60
1
87 Francium Fr 65 Terbium Tb 158.92535
64 Gadolinium Gd 157.25 3
81 Thallium Tl 204.38
31 Gallium Ga 69.723 2
90 Thorium Th 232.03806
32 Germanium Ge 72.630 69 Thulium Tm 168.93421
79 Gold Au 196.966569 50 Tin Sn l l 8.710
72 Hafuium Hf 178.49 Titanium Ti
1 22 47.867
108 Hassium Hs
74 Tungsten w 183.84
2 Helium He 4.002602 1
118 Ununoctium Uuo
67 Holmium Ho 164.93032 1
3 ll5 Ununpentium Uup
1 Hydrogen H 1.008 1
ll7 Ununseptium Uus
49 Indium In l l 4.818 1
113 Ununtrium Uut
53 Iodine I 126.90447 2
92 Uranium u 238.02891
77 Iridium Ir 192.217
23 Vanadium v 50.9415
26 Iron Fe 55.845
54 Xenon Xe 131.293
36 Krypton Kr 83.798
70 Ytterbium Yb 173.054
57 Lanthanum La 138.90547
1 39 Yttrium y 88.90585
103 Lawrencium Lr
82 Lead Pb 207.2 30 Zinc Zn 65.38
3 40 Zirconium Zr 91.224
3 Lithium Li 6.94
1
ll6 Livermorium Lv
71 Lutetium Lu 174.9668 1 . Elements with no stable isotopes. TIJPAC states "There is no general agreement on
3 which of the isotopes of radioactive elements is, or is likely to be judged, 'important'.
12 Magnesium Mg 24.305
Various criteria, such as 'longest half-life', 'production in quantity', and 'used commer-
25 Manganese Mn 54.938045
1 cially' , have been applied in the past."
109 Meitnerium Mt
1 2. Radioactive elements with a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition for which
101 Mendelevium Md atomic weights are given.
80 Mercury Hg 200.592
3. Conventional atomic-weight value. These have been provided as representative val-
42 Molybdenum Mo 95.96 ues for elements that have a variation in atomic weight related to two or more stable iso-
60 Neodymium Nd 144.242 topes in natural terrestrial occurrences.
10 Neon Ne 20.1797
1
93 Neptunium Np TIJPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. Atomic Weights of
28 Nickel Ni 58.6934 the Elements 20 1 1 . Available at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWtJ
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