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 Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Gendering the Late Medieval and Early
Modern World

Series editors: James Daybell (Chair), Victoria E. Burke, Svante Norrhem, and
Merry Wiesner-Hanks

This series provides a forum for studies that investigate women, gender, and/
or sexuality in the late medieval and early modern world. The editors invite
proposals for book-length studies of an interdisciplinary nature, including,
but not exclusively, from the fields of history, literature, art and architectural
history, and visual and material culture. Consideration will be given to both
monographs and collections of essays. Chronologically, we welcome studies that
look at the period between 1400 and 1700, with a focus on any part of the world,
as well as comparative and global works. We invite proposals including, but not
limited to, the following broad themes: methodologies, theories and meanings
of gender; gender, power and political culture; monarchs, courts and power;
constructions of femininity and masculinity; gift-giving, diplomacy and the
politics of exchange; gender and the politics of early modern archives; gender
and architectural spaces (courts, salons, household); consumption and material
culture; objects and gendered power; women’s writing; gendered patronage and
power; gendered activities, behaviours, rituals and fashions.

Books in the series:

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World

English Aristocratic Women’s Religious Patronage, 1450-1550: The Fabric of Piety
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Chivalry, Reading, and Women’s Culture in Early Modern Spain: From Amadís de
Gaula to Don Quixote

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Gendered Temporalities in the Early
Modern World

Edited by Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Amsterdam University Press

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Cover image: Pietro della Vecchia (1608-1678), The Three Fates. The Fates, female deities in
Greek mythology who determined the length and course of each person’s life, often symbolized
time’s passing in Renaissance and baroque art. Photo Credit: Alinari / Art Resource, NY

Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden

Layout: Crius Group, Hulshout

Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by
the University of Chicago Press.
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

isbn 978 94 6298 458 5

e-isbn 978 90 4853 526 2 (pdf)
doi 10.5117/9789462984585
nur 685

© The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2018

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of
this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise)
without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book.

Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations
reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is
advised to contact the publisher.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Table of Contents

Introduction 7
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

Part I Temporality and materiality

1 Time, gender, and the mystery of English wine 19

Frances E. Dolan
2 Women in the sea of time 47
Domestic dated objects in seventeenth-century England
Sophie Cope
3 Time, gender, and nonhuman worlds 69
Emily Kuffner, Elizabeth Crachiolo, and Dyani Johns Taff

Part II Frameworks and taxonomy of time

4 Telling time through medicine 95

A gendered perspective
Alisha Rankin
5 Times told 115
Women narrating the everyday in early modern Rome
Elizabeth S. Cohen
6 Genealogical memory 135
Constructing female rule in seventeenth-century Aceh
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Su Fang Ng
7 Feminist queer temporalities in Aemilia Lanyer and Lucy
Hutchinson 159
Penelope Anderson and Whitney Sperrazza

Part III Embodied time

8 Embodied temporality 187

Lucrezia Tornabuoni de’ Medici’s sacra storia, Donatello’s Judith, and
the performance of gendered authority in Palazzo Medici, Florence
Allie Terry-Fritsch

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 9 Maybe baby 213
Pregnant possibilities in medieval and early modern literature
Holly Barbaccia, Bethany Packard, and Jane Wanninger
10 Evolving families 235
Realities and images of stepfamilies, remarriage, and half-siblings in
early modern Spain
Grace E. Coolidge and Lyndan Warner

Epilogue

11 Navigating the future of early modern women’s writing 261

Pedagogy, feminism, and literary theory
Michelle M. Dowd

Index 283

List of figures

Figure 2.1 Tin-glazed earthenware mug, dated 1642, London.

Victoria and Albert Museum, London 48
Figure 2.2 Brass and iron spit jack, dated 1670, England. Victoria
and Albert Museum, London 53
Figure 2.3 E  lm chest, dated 1640, England. Victoria and Albert
Museum, London 56
Figure 2.4 S ilk, leather, and beadwork bag, dated 1625, England.
Collection of John H. Bryan, used by permission 63
Figure 4.1 ‘Astrological’ or ‘zodiac’ man in a portable folding
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

almanac, 1451–81. Wellcome Library London 100

Figure 4.2 D  etail of Peter Slovacius’s 1581 almanac with zodiac
man and symbols indicating auspicious dates for
various procedures. Wellcome Library London 101
Figure 8.1 D onatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi), Judith,
c. 1464, bronze, located between mid-1460s and 1495
in the garden of Palazzo Medici, today in the Sala dei
Gigli, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Photo: author 188
Figure 8.2 D  etail of Figure 8.1. Photo: author 204
Figure 10.1 J uan Bautista Martínez del Mazo, The Painter’s
Family, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
Used by permission 246

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Introduction
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

Is time gendered? This collection of essays addresses this question with

a focus on the early modern period, an era that is itself designated by a
contested periodization. It examines gendered and embodied temporalities,
and the ways that time structured early modern lives and the textual and
material commemorations of those lives.
The essays examine aspects of gendered temporality in England, Italy,
Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Aceh, and Virginia, thus allowing trans­
regional and transnational comparisons. The authors come from different
scholarly disciplines, including art history, English, history, Spanish, and
women’s and gender studies, and several are written by interdisciplinary
groups of authors. The collection is divided into three parts—temporal­
ity and materiality, frameworks and taxonomies of time, and embodied
time—followed by an epilogue that considers how these issues play out in the
classroom, and explores the contemporary stakes of this research. The essays
draw on a broad array of textual and material primary sources—letters, me­
dicinal recipes, almanacs, scholarly works, poems, plays, court testimonies,
biographies and autobiographies, sacred stories, puzzles, wills, petitions,
financial records, royal edicts, mirrors for princes, paintings, sculpture,
needlework, and household objects. The use of a wide variety of material
objects as sources is particularly noteworthy. Material culture is becoming
an increasingly important part of the analysis of the past, and the essays in
the book that analyze how material objects express, shape, complicate, and
extend human concepts of time represent this trend. Among the material
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

objects examined in the book is the human body, as some essays explore
somatic experiences of temporality in periods that range from the moment
to the family life course. Whether they use material or textual evidence,
or both, essays examine categories, definitions, and conceptualizations
of time set out by both women and men, and by individuals across the
social scale, thus examining elite and popular culture. Taken together, the
essays allow an assessment of the ways that gender and other categories of
difference condition understandings of time, and note how contemporary

Wiesner-Hanks, M.E. (ed.), Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam
University Press, 2018.
DOI: 10.5117/9789462984585/INTRO

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 8 Merry E. Wiesner-Hank s

and early modern conceptions of time inform one another and our work
as scholars and teachers.
Most of the essays in this volume began as presentations and conversa­
tions at the ninth Attending to Early Modern Women conference, held
in 2015 at the University of Wisconsin– Milwaukee, for which the title
was the rather playful: ‘It’s About Time’. In choosing this focus, we were
both responding to and extending the renewed critical attention that is
being paid to temporality. As the cultural theorist Emily Apter put it in
another playful phrase in a recent forum on feminist theory, ‘It’s Time’s
time.’1 Time and temporality are now featured in handbooks and guides
for undergraduate students as ‘critical concepts’ or ‘key terms’ they should
understand.2 After a decade or so in which some queer theorists rejected
periodization, chronology, change over time, and sometimes time itself as
teleological, heterosexist, and normalizing metanarratives and advocated
‘unhistoricism’ or ‘new presentism’, literary critics are increasingly calling
for approaches that recognize the communal investments of historicist,
feminist, and queer methodologies.3 In the same summer that Attending
to Women was discussing time in Milwaukee, the International Society of
Cultural History was doing so in Bucharest, with a conference focusing on
culture and time.4 Peter Burke has examined the history of the idea that time
is culturally constructed, and in the 2006 Natalie Zemon Davis lectures at
Central European University, Lynn Hunt focused on changes in chronological
frameworks, past, present, and future.5 These considerations assert what

1 Apter, ‘Women’s Time’, p. 1.

2 Handbooks include Adam, Time, and West-Pavlov, Temporalities. The revised Advanced
Placement course for European, world, and US history also includes periodization as one its
nine key historical thinking skills, thus extending this concern to secondary school students.
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

(For European history, see: College Board, ‘AP European History’, 2017, https://secure-media.
collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap-course-overviews/ap-european-history-course-
overview.pdf).
3 Queer theory’s rejection of futurity and of differences between past and present began
with Edelman, No Future, and Goldberg and Menon, ‘Queering History’. These were critiqued
by Valerie Traub, among others, in her ‘New Unhistoricism in Queer Studies’ and Thinking Sex
with the Early Moderns. Reviews of this debate, and calls to recognize commonalities as well as
differences, can be found in Friedlander, ‘Desiring History and Historicizing Desire’, several of
the essays in Loomba and Sanchez, eds., Rethinking Feminism in Early Modern Studies, and the
essay by Penelope Anderson and Whitney Sperrazza in this volume.
4 Five of the papers from this conference, along with several others, are in Arcangeli and
Korhonen, eds., ‘A Time of Their Own’. Some of the articles in this special issue focus on women’s
understanding and measurement of time.
5 Burke, ‘Reflections on the Cultural History of Time’. Hunt’s Davis lectures have been published
as Hunt, Measuring Time, Making History.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
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 Introduc tion 9

many of the essays in this volume do: time is an embodied aspect of human
existence, but also mediated by culture; experiences and understandings
of time change, and the early modern period may have been an era when
they changed significantly, with the introduction of new vocabularies and
technologies of time; time is gendered and also structured by other social
hierarchies; material objects shape experiences and conceptions of time.6
The three essays in Part I, ‘Temporality and Materiality’, take up this focus
on objects. In ‘Time, Gender and the Mystery of English Wine’, Frances E.
Dolan examines what at first appears to be a familiar ‘timeless’ beverage
but was actually unstable and unknowable. Although we often associate
the English with beer, ale, and cider, wine was everywhere in sixteenth- and
seventeenth-century England, Dolan notes. More than a beverage, it was
invested with all kinds of significance, starting with the communion cup,
but those meanings were often contested. This was in part because wine,
while highly valued, had often fallen victim to the ravages of time and
transport by the time it reached English consumers, and was doctored by
those who sold and served it, from coopers and tavern keepers to cooks
and housewives. As a consequence, wine was widely distrusted as foreign,
spoiled, and adulterated. It was also understood to have its own timeline
or life course, moving from ‘fresh’, ‘young’, or ‘brisk’ wines that were prized
above older vintages to the spent wines that formed the basis for distilled
spirits and medicines. Wine’s unpredictability was associated with feminin­
ity, as it made women and men alike more disordered and vulnerable, but
was particularly dangerous for women, who were warned not to drink in
excess and praised for abstinence or moderation. Wine also occasionally
provided an opportunity for women, however, who joined experiments
in growing grapes and making wine in England. Ranging across a wide
variety of sources, from Elizabethan London to colonial Virginia, and from
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

the sixteenth century to popular depictions of that period today, Dolan

tells the story of the gendering of wine, its consumption and production.
Tackling wine as a work in progress, she argues that wine connects us to the
past largely to the extent that it continues to be a mystery or a knowledge
problem, a beverage at once familiar and inscrutable.
We may not know what the wine consumed by early modern women
and men was, but we know it was served in drinking vessels and at all
hours of the day, as were other fermented beverages. In ‘Women in the Sea
of Time: Domestic Dated Objects in Early Modern England’, Sophie Cope

6 For a cross-temporal look at how objects we use to ‘tell’ time, especially calendars and
clocks, shape our experiences and conceptions of time, see Birth, Objects of Time.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 10  Merry E. Wiesner-Hank s

begins with one of those vessels, a tin-glazed earthenware mug inscribed

with the name of a woman and a date.7 She uses this and other domestic
dated objects to analyze the relationship between people and time, both
quotidian and eternal, focusing particularly on objects that circulated within
women’s networks, including cooking wares, chests, and embroideries. She
investigates how ideas of personal time were expressed by women through
the inscription of objects in their physical surroundings, arguing that such
objects demonstrate the significance of dates in marking and extending
social connections between women. Dated objects would ideally outlive
their owner and reach forward to posterity and beyond. Thus through their
inscriptions, women were able to mark out their own place in the much
wider sea of time.
In their jointly authored essay, ‘Time, Gender, and Nonhuman Worlds’,
the author team of Emily Kuffner, Elizabeth Crachiolo, and Dyani Johns Taff
continue this focus on the material, reaching beyond human temporal realms
to examine botanical, nautical, and disease-based perspectives on time that
disrupt hierarchies of gender and redefine ontological boundaries. They
discuss representations of the plant guaiac, used to combat the spread
of the so-called ‘French disease’ through Europe, that expose temporally
contingent definitions of masculinity, texts that portray human characters
with plant-like characteristics that contravene human chronologies, and
maritime metaphors in Shakespeare that disrupt human attempts to describe
masculine erotic desire as everlasting and female erotic desire as having
an expiration date. Their investigations reveal that nonhuman realms and
agents unsettle early modern writers’ attempts to establish essentialized
constructs of gender and time, thus revealing the interdependence between
human and nonhuman worlds.
The four essays in Part II, ‘Frameworks and Taxonomies of Time’, examine
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

categories, definitions, and conceptualizations of time set out by early

modern women and men of varying social classes in Europe and Southeast
Asia. In ‘Telling Time through Medicine: A Gendered Perspective’, Alisha
Rankin analyzes the role of gender in concepts of medical time, where
multiple, overlapping systems of time—astrological, seasonal, liturgical,
horological—guided medical theory and practice. She first discusses Renais­
sance medical scholarship by male authors, including learned theories of the
four humors, treatises on disease, and almanacs, all of which embedded the
microcosm of the human in a macrocosm of time. She then shifts the focus

7 This chapter began as a paper at the Gender, Power, and Materiality in Early Modern Europe
1500–1800 conference held at the University of Plymouth in April 2016.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Introduc tion 11

to women’s concepts of medical time. Drawing on letters and medicinal

recipes written by German noblewomen, Rankin argues that women both
reflected broader reckonings of time and drew their own concepts of medical
temporality from the female body, including menstrual cycles, pregnancy,
and childbirth. Women thus engaged in deliberate attempts to understand
and pin down embodied time.
Educated noblewomen were not the only women who drew on many
languages of time to craft their own, as Elizabeth S. Cohen demonstrates in
‘Times Told: Women Narrating the Everyday in Early Modern Rome’. Using
the records of the criminal courts of Rome c. 1600, which include the voices
of non-elite women, many of them illiterate, from whom we seldom hear,
she finds that women’s testimony, delivered in intimidating formal settings
and recorded verbatim, carried serious legal weight. As complainants, as
suspects, and as witnesses, women had to remember, reconstruct, and tell
stories about recent and more distant pasts and to situate their accounts
within convincing temporal frames. Telling time orally was challenging,
and women, like their male counterparts, used varied narrative strategies
and temporal rhetorics to lend veracity to their tales. Cohen stresses that
the abstractions, precisions, and disciplines of official time—the sort that
we moderns take for granted—often gave way in early modern courts, as
in life, to less clear and less efficient, but nevertheless functional practices
of local time.
In ‘Genealogical Memory: Constructing Female Rule in Seventeenth-
Century Aceh’, Su Fang Ng takes us to Southeast Asia to examine the ways
in which a woman at the top of the social scale constructed genealogical
time as she memorialized her father. Four queens ruled Aceh, Sumatra
(present-day Indonesia), from 1641 to 1699; the first, Ṣafiyyat al-Dīn Taj
al-Alam, for 35 years. Ng analyzes similarities between Taj al-Alam’s symbols
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

of royal power and her father Iskandar Muda’s, especially their claim to
Alexander the Great as a legendary ancestor. Contesting the genealogy her
husband crafted, Taj al-Alam reinscribed a continuous genealogy from her
father in her elaborate diplomatic letters sent to foreign kings, including
one sent to Charles II of England in 1661, and in royal edicts. Continuity in
the rhetoric of royal power shows a daughter’s appropriation of paternal
as well as royal power. By the end of the seventeenth century, the myth of
queenship was so prevalent that some English visitors believed Aceh had
always been governed by queens, testifying to the power of Taj al-Alam’s
reworkings of genealogical memory.
With ‘Feminist Queer Temporalities in Aemilia Lanyer and Lucy Hutchin­
son’, Penelope Anderson and Whitney Sperrazza explore times embedded in

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 12  Merry E. Wiesner-Hank s

poems, and from Italy to England. They argue that the multiple temporalities
of Aemilia Lanyer’s ‘The Description of Cooke-ham’ and Lucy Hutchinson’s
Order and Disorder model a mutually galvanizing rather than antagonistic
relationship between feminist and queer theory. Lanyer’s and Hutchinson’s
texts return to long-standing feminist concerns: female communities, the
foundational stories of patriarchy, and a focus on desire both procreative
and emphatically not. But the theories the texts themselves manifest do
the work of queering—not as an alternative to, but in concert with—these
feminist concerns. For Lanyer, this involves not only a focus on the eroticism
of all-female communities, but also a lingering in a kiss oddly material and
suspended in time. For Hutchinson, it concerns the way that the impossibility
of procreative sex shows the needlessness of female harm. Lanyer’s and
Hutchinson’s feminist queer poems, Anderson and Sperrazza assert, rewrite
the sequence of events in order to imagine causality differently: pushing
back against received patriarchal narratives, they locate women at the
poetic origin not due to their reproductive capacities, but rather through a
consequentially queer desire founded upon disparaged affect.
Part III, ‘Embodied Time’, includes three essays that explore somatic
experiences of temporality in periods that range from the brief moment to
the generation. In ‘Embodied Temporality: Lucrezia Tornabuoni de’ Medici’s
sacra storia, Donatello’s Judith, and the Performance of Gendered Authority
in Palazzo Medici, Florence’, Allie Terry-Fritsch approaches Donatello’s
fifteenth-century bronze sculpture of Judith as a dramatic actor in Lucrezia
Tornabuoni de’ Medici’s sacred story, ‘The Story of Judith, Hebrew Widow’,
written in the 1470s. She traces how the performative cues of Lucrezia’s words
about how and when to look, listen, or imagine functioned to connect an
audience sitting in the garden of the Palazzo Medici somaesthetically with
the statue, thus prompting the opportunity for an active coproduction of the
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

narrative that bound performers and audience together in their embodied

temporality. The essay highlights the strategies by which Lucrezia’s narrative
enfolds contemporary Florentine attitudes concerning justice, virtue, and
political power into Judith’s sacred history, and analyzes Lucrezia’s self-
fashioning in relation to both the textual and sculptural biblical heroine as
a strategy to give voice to her critical role within the family and the state.
Gazing at a statue in the Medici Palazzo garden was an experience
shared by only a few, but wondering whether you or someone else were
pregnant was an experience shared by many, and repeated often across the
life course in an era when pregnancy could not really be confirmed until it
ended. In ‘Maybe Baby: Pregnant Possibilities in Medieval and Early Modern
Literature’, Holly Barbaccia, Bethany Packard, and Jane Wanninger examine

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Introduc tion 13

potentially pregnant women in the writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, William

Shakespeare, and John Webster. All three authors write women characters
whose status as mothers-to-be they never totally resolve, thus creating
periods of uncertainty in the supposedly inevitable advance from one phase
of life to the next. Taken together, these authors and their ‘maybe maternal’
female characters illustrate the extent to which potential pregnancy ampli­
fies the inscrutability of women’s bodies and highlights the thwarted efforts
of other characters, readers, and audiences to interpret them. By introducing
the possibility of these women’s pregnancies but leaving their maternal
status unverif ied, Barbaccia, Packard, and Wanninger argue, Chaucer,
Shakespeare, and Webster create experiences of embodiment infused with
epistemological uncertainty and temporal complexity.
If individual bodies could be changeable and complicated, families
were even more so, as Grace E. Coolidge and Lyndan Warner explore in
‘Evolving Families: Realities and Images of Stepfamilies, Remarriage, and
Half-siblings in Early Modern Spain’. One in three children in early modern
Europe experienced the loss of a parent, with the possibility of the surviving
parent’s remarriage to a stepmother or stepfather bringing stepsiblings
or new half-siblings. Coolidge and Warner use advice literature that sug­
gested strategies to cope with the evolution of a family as it moved through
death and remarriage, along with archival records of testaments, estate
inventories, and guardianship arrangements to reveal the gendered patterns
of stepfamilies, in which strong relationships between adult half-siblings
suggest a shared family identity even as families evolved over many years of
extended fertility, a feature of many stepfamilies. Visual representations of
family groups are relatively rare in Spain, but one of the few family portraits
of the seventeenth century – The Painter’s Family by Diego Velázquez’s son-
in-law Juan Bautista del Mazo – captures the expanded age range as well as
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

emotional connections and disruptions imposed by death and remarriage.

The future figures in many of the essays in this book, from wine made
for next year’s drinkers to testaments designed to divide inheritance among
children not yet born. In the final chapter, which serves as an epilogue,
‘Navigating the Future of Early Modern Women’s Writing: Pedagogy,
Feminism, and Literary Theory’, Michelle M. Dowd confronts that future
head on. She notes that the gendered nature of temporality takes on a
distinct set of meanings in the classroom, as we strive to make the past
in which early modern women and men lived and created simultaneously
strange and immediate to students who will shape the world in the years
ahead. She explores the challenges of teaching premodern women’s texts
within curricula where they are seen more often as comments on an era’s

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 14  Merry E. Wiesner-Hank s

gender politics than a part of its literature, and where all teaching in the
humanities is threatened. Using Elizabeth Cary’s Tragedy of Mariam as a case
study, Dowd proposes that we can engage our students in more meaningful
discussions about how and why the fact of female authorship matters by
inviting them to consider the complex intersection between gender and
form, that is (somewhat paradoxically) to have them read it as a drama as
well as a female-authored text. The essay concludes by inviting strategic
advocacy for premodern women writers in the contemporary classroom,
advice that makes explicit what all the essays implicitly promote.
Concerns with the future evinced by so many of the female subjects of this
book as they wrote, built, spoke, planted, drew up wills, devised medicines,
embroidered, or just went about the business of their lives belie the notion
common in the early modern period (and to some degree our own) that
women and their ideas and desires were more time-bound, while men and
their ideas and desires were (and are) everlasting and timeless. Women
shaped the future because of their reproductive capacities, of course, and
several essays point out how concerns about childbirth and those about
time were connected, so much so that giving birth in German was referred
to as ‘going on her time’. But women shaped the future even more through
the textual and material products they created, ordered, or purchased that
allowed them to escape the bounds of human life. Their sense of obliga­
tion to the future extended beyond their own families and kin to the less
fortunate whose lives they extended through food or medicine, and to
imagined readers or viewers for whom their writings or needlework would
be interruptions of a time past in the flow of daily life. Sometimes these
products crossed normative gender boundaries and allowed women—both
real and invented—to challenge or queer patrilineal and patriarchal norms,
while at other times they reinforced them, or they did all of these at once, as
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

conservative forms and usages sometimes made radical innovations possible.

How thoughts of the future shaped the actions of past actors is only one of
several themes that thread through the essays in the book. Another is how
people managed their time. Though men worried about women’s idleness,
which along with their wine drinking might lead to sexual excess, women
worried instead about not having enough time to carry out the various
tasks they needed to do. The earliest reference to the broadside ballad ‘A
Woman’s Work Is Never Done’, fittingly appears in the 1629 inventory of a
widow who sold ballads, no doubt one of many things she did to keep her
household going after the death of her husband, a common event, yet one
that marked a dramatic break in any family’s history.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Introduc tion 15

A third common theme is the complexity of experiences of time. Early

modern women and men lived in a number of times at once—planetary,
botanical, biblical, seasonal, liturgical, multigenerational, life-course, daily,
horological—which overlapped and conflicted. Embodied time was itself
multitemporal and nonlinear, experienced as a moment when one might
glance at a statue or sip a glass of new wine, an hour whose events one had
to later recall to a judge, a day spent writing, several months when one
(or a woman who mattered) might or might not be pregnant, or a lifetime
of gradual aging punctuated by the type of events that we still call ‘life-
changing’ as well as far more mundane ones.
Finally, several of the essays point to the importance of things that did not
happen as well as those that did: children who were not born, powerful men
who desired but did not rape, lineages that did not continue, vines that did
not grow, ideas about time that did not become modern. They encourage us
to think about the histories we have not inherited, as well as those we have.
The phrase that was the conference theme in 2015, ‘It’s About Time’, was one
heard often in the political rhetoric of the United States in 2016, but that
feminist future did not come to pass. Why it did not was in part because of the
central issue traced in this collection: the power of gender and imaginings of
gender in lives past, lives present, and lives feared or dreamed for the future.

Works cited

Adam, Barbara, Time, Key Concepts (London: Polity, 2004).

Apter, Emily, ‘“Women’s Time” in Theory’, differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural
Studies 21.1 (2010), 1–18.
Arcangeli, Allessandro, and Anu Korhonen, eds., ‘A Time of Their Own: Experiencing
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Time and Temporality in the Early Modern World’, special issue of Journal of
Early Modern Studies 6 (2017).
Birth, K.K., Objects of Time: How Things Shape Temporality (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2012).
Burke, Peter, ‘Reflections on the Cultural History of Time’, Viator 35 (2004), 617–26.
Edelman, Lee, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (Durham, NC: Duke
University Press, 2004).
Friedlander, Ari, ‘Desiring History and Historicizing Desire’, Journal for Early
Modern Cultural Studies 16.2 (spring 2016), 1–20.
Goldberg, Jonathan, and Madhavi Menon, ‘Queering History’, PMLA 120.5 (2005),
1608–17.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 16  Merry E. Wiesner-Hank s

Hunt, Lynn, Measuring Time, Making History (Budapest: Central European Uni­
versity Press, 2008).
Loomba, Ania, and Melissa E. Sanchez, eds., Rethinking Feminism in Early Modern
Studies: Gender, Race, and Sexuality (New York: Routledge, 2016).
Traub, Valerie, ‘The New Unhistoricism in Queer Studies’, PMLA 128.1 (2013), 21–39.
— Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 2015).
West-Pavlov, Russell, Temporalities, The New Critical Idiom (London: Routledge, 2012).

About the author

Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks is Distinguished Professor of History and Women’s

and Gender Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. She is the
long-time senior editor of the Sixteenth Century Journal, editor of the Journal
of Global History, and the editor-in-chief of the nine-volume Cambridge World
History (2015). She is an author or editor of more than 30 books and more
than 100 articles that have appeared in English, German, French, Italian,
Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Chinese, Turkish, and Korean. Her books include
scholarly monographs, translations, thematic overviews, edited collections,
textbooks, and source readers for the college classroom, and books for young
adult and general readers. Her research has been supported by grants from
the Fulbright and Guggenheim Foundations, among others.
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Part I
Temporality and materiality
Copyright © 2018. Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Gendered Temporalities in the Early Modern World, Amsterdam University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
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