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HANDBOOK OF ALGEBRA
VOLUME 4
Managing Editor
M. HAZEWINKEL, Amsterdam
Editorial Board
M. ARTIN, Cambridge
M. NAGATA, Okayama
C. PROCESI, Rome
R.G. SWAN, Chicago
P.M. COHN, London
A. DRESS, Bielefeld
J. TITS, Paris
N.J.A. SLOANE, Murray Hill
C. FAITH, New Brunswick
S.I. AD’YAN, Moscow
Y. IHARA, Tokyo
L. SMALL, San Diego
E. MANES, Amherst
I.G. MACDONALD, Oxford
M. MARCUS, Santa Barbara
L.A. BOKUT’, Novosibirsk
HANDBOOK OF ALGEBRA
Volume 4
edited by
M. HAZEWINKEL
CWI, Amsterdam
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone
(+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit
your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining
permission to use Elsevier material
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or
ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent
verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made
ISBN-13: 978-0-444-52213-9
ISBN-10: 0-444-52213-1
ISSN: 1570-7954
06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Basic philosophy
Algebra, as we know it today (2005), consists of a great many ideas, concepts and results.
A reasonable estimate of the number of these different “items” would be somewhere be-
tween 50 000 and 200 000. Many of these have been named and many more could (and
perhaps should) have a “name”, or other convenient designation. Even a nonspecialist is
quite likely to encounter most of these, either somewhere in the published literature in the
form of an idea, definition, theorem, algorithm, . . . somewhere, or to hear about them, of-
ten in somewhat vague terms, and to feel the need for more information. In such a case, if
the concept relates to algebra, then one should be able to find something in this Handbook;
at least enough to judge whether it is worth the trouble to try to find out more. In addition
to the primary information the numerous references to important articles, books, or lecture
notes should help the reader find out more.
As a further tool the index is perhaps more extensive than usual, and is definitely not
limited to definitions, (famous) named theorems and the like.
For the purposes of this Handbook, “algebra” is more or less defined as the union of the
following areas of the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme:
– 20 (Group theory)
– 19 (K-theory; this will be treated at an intermediate level; a separate Handbook of
K-theory which goes into far more detail than the section planned for this Handbook
of Algebra is under consideration)
– 18 (Category theory and homological algebra; including some of the uses of category in
computer science, often classified somewhere in section 68)
– 17 (Nonassociative rings and algebras; especially Lie algebras)
– 16 (Associative rings and algebras)
– 15 (Linear and multilinear algebra, Matrix theory)
– 13 (Commutative rings and algebras; here there is a fine line to tread between commu-
tative algebras and algebraic geometry; algebraic geometry is definitely not a topic
that will be dealt with in this Handbook; there will, hopefully, one day be a separate
Handbook on that topic)
– 12 (Field theory and polynomials)
– 11 The part of that also used to be classified under 12 (Algebraic number theory)
– 08 (General algebraic systems)
– 06 (Certain parts; but not topics specific to Boolean algebras as there is a separate three-
volume Handbook of Boolean Algebras)
v
vi Preface
Planning
Originally (1992), we expected to cover the whole field in a systematic way. Volume 1
would be devoted to what is now called Section 1 (see below), Volume 2 to Section 2, and
so on. A quite detailed and comprehensive plan was made in terms of topics that needed
to be covered and authors to be invited. That turned out to be an inefficient approach.
Different authors have different priorities and to wait for the last contribution to a volume,
as planned originally, would have resulted in long delays. Instead there is now a dynamic
evolving plan. This also permits to take new developments into account.
Chapters are still by invitation only according to the then current version of the plan, but
the various chapters are published as they arrive, allowing for faster publication. Thus in
this Volume 4 of the Handbook of Algebra the reader will find contributions from 5 sec-
tions.
As the plan is dynamic suggestions from users, both as to topics that could or should
be covered, and authors, are most welcome and will be given serious consideration by the
board and editor.
The list of sections looks as follows:
Section 1: Linear algebra. Fields. Algebraic number theory
Section 2: Category theory. Homological and homotopical algebra. Methods from logic
(algebraic model theory)
Section 3: Commutative and associative rings and algebras
Section 4: Other algebraic structures. Nonassociative rings and algebras. Commutative
and associative rings and algebras with extra structure
Section 5: Groups and semigroups
Section 6: Representations and invariant theory
Section 7: Machine computation. Algorithms. Tables
Section 8: Applied algebra
Section 9: History of algebra
For the detailed plan (2005 version), the reader is referred to the Outline of the Series
following this preface.
It is not the intention that the handbook as a whole can also be a substitute undergraduate
or even graduate, textbook. Indeed, the treatments of the various topics will be much too
dense and professional for that. Basically, the level should be graduate and up, and such
material as can be found in P.M. Cohn’s three volume textbook ‘Algebra’ (Wiley) should,
as a rule, be assumed known. The most important function of the articles in this Handbook
is to provide professional mathematicians working in a different area with a sufficiency of
information on the topic in question if and when it is needed.
Each of the chapters combines some of the features of both a graduate level textbook
and a research-level survey. Not all of the ingredients mentioned below will be appropriate
in each case, but authors have been asked to include the following:
Preface vii
The present
Volume 1 appeared in 1995 (copyright 1996), Volume 2 in 2000, Volume 3 in 2003. Vol-
ume 5 is planned for 2006. Thereafter, we aim at one volume every two years (or better).
The future
Of course, ideally, a comprehensive series of books like this should be interactive and have
a hypertext structure to make finding material and navigation through it immediate and
intuitive. It should also incorporate the various algorithms in implemented form as well as
permit a certain amount of dialogue with the reader. Plans for such an interactive, hypertext,
CDROM (DVD)-based version certainly exist but the realization is still a nontrivial number
of years in the future.
Elias Canetti
This page intentionally left blank
Outline of the Series
(as of July 2005)
ix
x Outline of the series
A. Linear Algebra
G.P. Egorychev, Van der Waerden conjecture and applications (1; 22 pp.)
V.L. Girko, Random matrices (1; 52 pp.)
A.N. Malyshev, Matrix equations. Factorization of matrices (1; 38 pp.)
L. Rodman, Matrix functions (1; 38 pp.)
Correction to the chapter by L. Rodman, Matrix functions (3; 1 p.)
J.A. Hermida-Alonso, Linear algebra over commutative rings (3, 59 pp.)
Linear inequalities (also involving matrices)
Orderings (partial and total) on vectors and matrices
Positive matrices
Structured matrices such as Toeplitz and Hankel
Integral matrices. Matrices over other rings and fields
Quasideterminants, and determinants over noncommutative fields
Nonnegative matrices, positive definite matrices, and doubly nonnegative matrices
Linear algebra over skew fields
B. Linear (In)dependence
J.P.S. Kung, Matroids (1; 28 pp.)
A. Category Theory
S. MacLane, I. Moerdijk, Topos theory (1; 28 pp.)
R. Street, Categorical structures (1; 50 pp.)
B.I. Plotkin, Algebra, categories and databases (2; 68 pp.)
P.S. Scott, Some aspects of categories in computer science (2; 73 pp.)
E. Manes, Monads of sets (3; 87 pp.)
Operads
C. Algebraic K-theory
A. Kuku, Classical algebraic K-theory: the functors K0 , K1 , K2 (3; 40 pp.)
A. Kuku, Algebraic K-theory: the higher K-functors (4; 72 pp.)
Grothendieck groups
K2 and symbols
KK-theory and EXT
Hilbert C ∗ -modules
Index theory for elliptic operators over C ∗ algebras
Simplicial algebraic K-theory
Chern character in algebraic K-theory
Noncommutative differential geometry
K-theory of noncommutative rings
Algebraic L-theory
xii Outline of the series
Cyclic cohomology
Asymptotic morphisms and E-theory
Hirzebruch formulae
E. Rings up to Homotopy
Rings up to homotopy
Simplicial algebras
A. van den Essen, Algebraic microlocalization and modules with regular singular-
ities over filtered rings (1; 28 pp.)
F. Van Oystaeyen, Separable algebras (2; 43 pp.)
K. Yamagata, Frobenius rings (1; 48 pp.)
V.K. Kharchenko, Fixed rings and noncommutative invariant theory (2; 38 pp.)
General theory of associative rings and algebras
Rings of quotients. Noncommutative localization. Torsion theories
von Neumann regular rings
Semi-regular and pi-regular rings
Lattices of submodules
A.A. Tuganbaev, Modules with distributive submodule lattice (2; 16 pp.)
A.A. Tuganbaev, Serial and distributive modules and rings (2; 19 pp.)
PI rings
Generalized identities
Endomorphism rings, rings of linear transformations, matrix rings
Homological classification of (noncommutative) rings
S.K. Sehgal, Group rings and algebras (3; 87 pp.)
Dimension theory
V. Bavula, Filter dimension (4; 29 pp.)
A. Facchini, The Krull–Schmidt theorem (3; 41 pp.)
Duality. Morita-duality
Commutants of differential operators
E.E. Enochs, Flat covers (3; 14 pp.)
C. Faith, Coherent rings and annihilator conditions in matrix and polynomial rings
(3; 30 pp.)
Rings of differential operators
Graded and filtered rings and modules (also commutative)
P.C. Eklof, Whitehead modules (3; 25 pp.)
Goldie’s theorem, Noetherian rings and related rings
Sheaves in ring theory
A.A. Tuganbaev, Modules with the exchange property and exchange rings (2;
19 pp.)
Finite associative rings (see also Section 3A)
Finite rings and modules
T.Y. Lam, Hamilton’s quaternions (3; 26 pp.)
A.A. Tuganbaev, Semiregular, weakly regular, and π -regular rings (3; 22 pp.)
Hamiltonian algebras
A.A. Tuganbaev, Max rings and V -rings (3; 20 pp.)
Algebraic asymptotics
(See also “Freeness theorems in groups and rings and Lie algebras” in Section 5A)
C. Coalgebras
W. Michaelis, Coassociative coalgebras (3; 202 pp.)
Co-Lie-algebras
xiv Outline of the series
B. Boolean Algebras
C. Universal Algebra
Universal algebra
E. Lie Algebras
Yu.A. Bahturin, M.V. Zaitsev, A.A. Mikhailov, Infinite-dimensional Lie superal-
gebras (2; 34 pp.)
General structure theory
Ch. Reutenauer, Free Lie algebras (3; 17 pp.)
Classification theory of semisimple Lie algebras over R and C
The exceptional Lie algebras
M. Goze, Y. Khakimdjanov, Nilpotent and solvable Lie algebras (2; 47 pp.)
Universal enveloping algebras
Modular (ss) Lie algebras (including classification)
Infinite-dimensional Lie algebras (general)
Kac–Moody Lie algebras
Affine Lie algebras and Lie super algebras and their representations
Finitary Lie algebras
Standard bases
A.I. Molev, Gelfand–Tsetlin bases for classical Lie algebras (4; 62 pp.)
Kostka polynomials
F. Jordan Algebras (finite and infinite dimensional and including their cohomology
theory)
Outline of the series xv
I. Witt Vectors
Witt vectors and symmetric functions. Leibniz Hopf algebra and quasi-symmetric
functions
A. Groups
A.V. Mikhalev, A.P. Mishina, Infinite Abelian groups: methods and results (2;
36 pp.)
Simple groups, sporadic groups
Representations of the finite simple groups
xvi Outline of the series
B. Semigroups
Semigroup theory. Ideals, radicals, structure theory
Semigroups and automata theory and linguistics
Groups and semigroups of automata transformations
Cohomology of semigroups
Outline of the series xvii
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