Welcome to

Transportation Engineering Section

Civil Engineering Department

Indian Institute of Technology
IIT Kharagpur
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of
Transportation Facilities

Dr. Madhumita Paul

[email protected]
CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation
Facilities

Venue: Room No: NR 114

Schedule

Time Table

MON: 11-11.55 A.M

TUE: 8.00 A.M to 10.00 AM
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities
SYLLABUS
Geometric design provisions for various transportation facilities as per AASHTO,
IRC and other guidelines.
Discussion of controls governing geometric design, Route layout and selection.

Elements of design - sight distances, horizontal alignment, transition curves, super

elevation and side friction. Vertical alignment: - grades, crest and sag curves.
Highway cross-sectional elements and their design for rural highways, urban streets
and hill roads.

At grade Intersections - sight distance consideration and principles of design,

channelisation, mini round-abouts, layout of round-abouts,

Inter-changes - major and minor interchanges, entrance and exit ramps,

acceleration and deceleration lanes

Pedestrian and Parking Facilities - Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Design;

Parking Layout and Design
Road Safety: Introduction to Road Safety…
Lecture Details-Topic No. of
hrs(date)
1 Geometric design provisions for various transportation facilities as 02 hrs
per AASHTO, IRC and other guidelines.
2 Discussion of controls governing geometric design, Route layout 03hrs
and selection
3 Highway cross-sectional elements and their design for rural 02 hrs
highways, urban streets and hill roads
4 Elements of design - sight distances, horizontal alignment, 06 hrs
transition curves, super elevation and side friction. Provisions for
various transportation facilities as per AASHTO, IRC and other
guidelines
Class test-I ( after 9 to 10 hours of lecture) ( out side class hour)
5 At grade Inter-sections - sight distance consideration and 06hrs
principles of design, channelisation, mini round-abouts, layout of
round-abouts
Mid exam ( As per central exam time table) Date : As per central exam schedule
6 Inter-changes: Major and minor interchanges, entrance and exit 03 hrs
ramps, acceleration and deceleration lanes,
7 Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Design; Parking Layout and Design 03 hrs

8 Elements of design - Vertical alignment: - grades, crest and sag 05 hrs

curves. Climbing lanes, escape ramps, Provisions for various
transportation facilities as per AASHTO, IRC and other guidelines

Class test-II (after 9 to 10 hours of lecture from mid Sem exam) ( outside
class hour)
9 Road Safety: Introduction to road safety, safe system approach 04 hrs
and key components, Evidence based approach in road safety,
Safe roads and roadsides, safe speed, Proactive and reactive
approaches, Introduction to Road Safety Audit, Design stage audit
End exam ( as per central exam time table)
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation
Facilities
Books and References
A policy on Geometric Design of street and Highways, AASHTO,2018
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities
Books and References
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Books and References

• Highway Engineering, Book by C. E. G. Justo and S. K. Khanna
• Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Mannering, Fred,
Johnwiley
• Traffic and Highway Engineering FOURTH EDITION Nicholas J. Garber
Lester A. Hoel, Cengage Learning,2009
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Relevant IRC guidelines

IRC:73-1980; IRC:SP-99-2013, IRC:SP-84-2014; IRC:SP-11-1994; IRC:
86-2018
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities
General important Points

▪ Evaluation

• Mid sem and End sem (30%) +(50%) : 80%

• Class test- I &II, Assignments :12%
• Attendance : 8 % (more than 75%-
proportionately), <75%- No grading

Teaching Assistant
 Geometric Design of
Transportation Facilities
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Importance of Transportation
❑ Transportation system plays a key
role in any nation’s economy
- Correlated with economic well-being
❑Transportation sector accounts for:
- 16% of the U.S. GDP, around 7% of
Indian GDP
- About ½ of graduating civil engineers
practice in a transportation related field in
USA
❑ Other Contributions
- industrial, social, and cultural
development of the country
❑ Inadequate transportation facilities
retard the process of socio-economic
development
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Char Dham of India

Badrinath Dwarka Puri Rameswaram

CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Social Effects of Transportation

(i) Sectionalism and transportation- vary across different

regions (sections)—urban vs. rural, industrial vs. residential, etc

(ii) Concentration of population into urban area- leads to high

traffic demand, necessitating efficient and safe geometric designs, Requires multi-modal
integration (pedestrian, cyclist, transit)

(iii) Aspect of safety, law and order

 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Development of Roads

Roman Road- 312 BC Roads- Today

 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Transportation Delivery Process

Public Planning
Policy
Design

Engineering Construction
Decision Making
Operations

Asset Management

mobility, accessibility, safety, economic growth,

and environmental protection.
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Road Safety Scenario

Global Scenario
Every year 1.3 million people die & 50 million people suffer
injury due to road traffic crashes
Road traffic crashes is the 8th in the leading cause of deaths
✓1st in the leading cause of deaths for children & young
adults (5-29 yr)

Death-rates (per 100,000 population) in Low-income

countries are 3 times higher than in high-income countries
◦ 90% of the deaths are from Low & Middle-income
countries (LMICs)
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Road Safety Scenario

❑ The rate of road traffic death (per 100,000 population) is highest in

Africa, followed by South-East Asia region

❑ Rate of road traffic deaths have been found to be increasing in these

regions

POPULATION ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS VEHICLES

Source: Global Status

High-income Middle-income Low-income
Report on Road Safety
(2018)
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Road Safety Scenario

Global Plan: Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-
2030
Target: To reduce road traffic deaths & injuries BY AT
LEAST 50% during this period
Requirement to achieve the target: Governments &
partners to implement integrated SAFE SYSTEM
APPROACH
✓ Requires calls for action on the following
components:
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Road Safety Scenario

Scenario in India
Facts and Myths
✓ Nearly 4.6 lakhs road accidents and 1,68,491 deaths & 4,43,366
injuries in the year 2023 (MoRTH, 2023)
- More than 10% of global road fatalities
- More than 3% of National GDP each year
- around 350 deaths per day (1 death per 4 mins) on Indian road
equivalent to a jumbo jet crash every day (No survivors).
- India ranks 1st as per number of persons killed and ranks 3rd
as per number of persons injured in road accident
Myths
• Accident occurs only due to human error
• Drivers (often the drivers of bigger vehicle) are always at fault
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Causes of Road Crashes

Human Unsafe Road Inadequate

Errors Infrastructur Post-crash
• Speeding e Care Inadequate
Unsafe
• Drunken Driving
• Unsafe Road • Quality of Law
• Nonuse of helmet / Vehicles
seatbelts Design & pre-hospital Enforcement
• Rule Violation Facilities & hospital
• Distraction care
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Causes of Road Crashes

ROADS
❑ Improper road design
❑ Inadequate sight distance
❑ Inadequate width of shoulders
❑ Improper curve design
❑ Other defective geometric design
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Causes of Road Crashes

❑ Road condition
❑ Slippery or skidding road surface
❑ Potholes, ruts and other damaged
conditions
❑ illegal speed breakers
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Importance of Geometric Design

▪ Layout and dimensions of visible features of roadways

▪ Optimum efficiency and maximum safety at reasonable
cost
▪ To ensure uniformity in the design – why so?
▪ Improvement of design standard at a later
date- A difficult task
SELF-EXPLAINING ROADS

The country has the world's third-largest road network

 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Importance of Geometric Design

The provision of properly planned and designed geometrics

of a facility will promote:

❑Accessibility and mobility

❑Flow between spaces through sections
❑Safety of users and property
❑Economy of the adjoining lands
❑Travel time efficiency
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

General

“Well-designed” roads should

 Handle traffic efficiently and safely
 Fit nicely into their surroundings
 Address community’s needs and desires
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Geometric Design
includes Cross Section Elements

Sight Distance Considerations

Horizontal Alignment Details

Vertical Alignment details

Intersection Elements

Control of Access
 Cross Section Elements
❑ Pavement surface characteristics
• A well-designed surface ensures safe braking,
smooth ride quality, and effective drainage
❑ Camber (Transverse slope)
❑ Width of carriage way (width available for vehicle movement)
❑ Kerbs
❑ Road margins (Margins ensure
functionality beyond just vehicle movement

drainage, footpaths, even greenery.)

❑ Width of formation
(Road cross-section from edge to edge

Carriageway + Shoulders + Medians)

❑ Right of way KERB

(Total land acquired for the road and its future expansion)
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Factors which control the design

•Functional classification of the road
•Traffic volume and composition
•Design speed (backbone of GD)
•Topography
•Cost and availability of funds (Need to balance safety,
• performance, and affordability)

•Size and performance of vehicles (Design vehicle)

•Safety considerations
•Social and environmental considerations A road must serve people, not displace
them. We must consider the environment and social impact
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Classification of Highways
TYPE OF LOAD
USAGE DURING TYPE OF
PAVEMENT TRAFFIC VOLUME TRANSPORTED
SEASONS CARRIAGEWAY
SURFACING /TONNAGE

ALL WEATHER SURFACED

PAVED ROADS HEAVY CLASS I
ROADS ROADS

FAIR
UNPAVED UNSURFACED
WEATHER MEDIUM CLASS II
ROADS ROADS
ROADS

Interrupted in monsoon, LOW CLASS III

stream overflow across
road ADT/AADT
TONNES
PER DAY

Classification- For communicating with engineers and general public

 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Classification of Highways

❑ Location based
- urban roads, rural highways and rural roads
PMGSY

❑ Functional classification
Urban Roads Other than urban Roads
•Expressways
•Arterial Street
• National Highways
• Sub-arterial Streets • State Highways
• Collector Streets • District Roads- Major & Other
• Local Streets • Village Roads

✓ More acceptable classification – considered in ROAD DEVELOPMENT

PLAN
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

As per third 20 year road plan (1981-2001)

1. Primary System
Expressways
National Highways(NH)
✓ Transport planning
2. Secondary system ✓ Functional Identification
✓ Earmarking Administrative
State Highways(SH) jurisdictions (Assigning
responsibility for
Major District Roads(MDR)
development, maintenance,
3. Tertiary system or Rural roads and funding)
✓ Assigning priorities
Other District Roads(ODR)
Village Roads(VR)

✓ Based on connectivity, traffic volume, speed, area covered,

access controls, authority controlling
 Functional Classification
Functional classification for a roadway
✓ First step in the design process
✓ Reflects the function that the roadway will serve
✓ Urban and rural functional classes are defined separately
✓ In order to establish functional class, following questions must be
answered:
1. What type of developments can be accommodated?

2. What size of developments can be accommodated?

3. Where will the development be located?

 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Functional classification - Factors

• Volume of traffic
• Type of traffic
• Purpose of road
• Importance / Priority

• Expected Speed
• Long/Short distance traffic
• Access control
• Traffic control at intersections
• Parking, loading/unloading
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities
Expressways

The longest expressway in India is the Delhi–Mumbai

Expressway, with a length of 1,380 km
(8 lane)
Expressways
▪ Movement of heavy volumes of traffic at high speeds
under free flow condition
100/120 kmph
▪ Connects major cities or traffic generators and long
lengths between commercial, industrial and CBD..etc.
▪ Provided with grade separated structures and divided
carriageway
▪ Access control
▪ Parking, unloading and loading of goods, pedestrian
movement is prohibited
▪ Cater to medium and long distance trips
▪ Ramps control the entries and exits of such roads
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Expressways

Access control
Divided carriageway
Upcoming Expressways Projects in India

Delhi–Mumbai
Expressway- 8-lane wide
(expandable to 12-lane)

- Trauma centers every

100 km
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is used on the
expressway to provide
• timely information
• slowdown speed
• traffic crashes
• diversions
• route changes, and
• work zone areas

Incident Management Vehicles

➢Ambulance
➢Patrol Vehicle
➢Towing Vehicle
Entry and Exit
Ramps
Transportation Guides
AASHTO, TRB, FHWA
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH
BOARD
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

National Highways
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

National Highways
▪ Road which run through the length and breadth of the country
▪ High speed movement 80/100 kmph
▪ Connects states’ capitals, major cities, ports, major traffic
generators, strategic locations, etc.
▪ Usually raised facility on embankment
▪ Partial control on access
▪ Under responsibility of central government
▪ Notified by central government

National Highways (NHs) comprise of nearly 3% of

entire road network
but account for more than 35% of total traffic G.L h
fatalities
Highway Numbering in India
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

State Highways

▪ Forms second level of connectivity

▪ High speed movement
▪ Connects capital/important city(ies) of state with district
headqaurters, national highways, highways of adjacent states
▪ Expected to be a raised facility on embankment
▪ Expected partial control on access
▪ Under responsibility of state government
▪ Notified by state government
District Roads

▪ Provide internal access within district

▪ Medium Speed movement
▪ Connects rural areas of production-consumption centers and join
them to national/state highways
▪ Functional throughout the year
▪ No access control
▪ Further classified as
Major District Road/ Other District Road
 Village Roads
▪ Provide access to inter-most areas
▪ Low Speed movement
▪ Connects villages, village to adjoining highway, rail, market
areas, nearest industry
▪ Expected to be functional throughout the year
▪ No access control
✓ Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
was launched by Central Govt. – to connect all
unconnected habitations having population of 500
and above with all-weather road connectivity
- relaxed in case of hills, tribal and desert areas

✓ Rural Road Development Plan: Vision 2025

- district wise plan, beyond norms laid down by
PMGSY (lower population limits were fixed @ under
developed regions). Phase-I,II,III.
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities
Hierarchy of Motor Vehicle Movement

✓ Recognizable stages in
Main movement
most trips

✓ Movement hierarchy is

based on total amount of

Terminal Access
traffic volume
Transition
✓ In different stage, a Collection
Distribution
separate facility

designed specifically for

its function
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Hierarchy Exceptions

✓ Not all functional classes of roadways are needed to complete every trip
✓ Absence of intermediate facilities for some trips does not eliminate the
need for functional classes of roads
✓ Intermediate links (collector, distributors) should only be present where
spacing needs or volume demands
✓ High-volume traffic generators (malls, stadiums, freight terminals, industrial parks, airports)
may be placed as close to the principal arterial as possible to eliminate
unnecessary mixing with local traffic
Ex: Shopping malls near freeway ramps
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Ignoring Hierarchy of Movements

✓ Failure of a design to recognize and accommodate each of the different trip

levels - a highway to become obsolete
Inadequate Functional Transitions Outcome
Congestion
Conflicts
- at interfaces between public highways and private traffic-generating
facilities
Parking lot

Extreme example: Freeway exit ramp leading directly into parking lot
stalls
CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities
 Managing Driveway Access Points

“Access Management” is a concept that:

Ensures that roads operate according to functional class
Discourages direct access from arterials to property
Consolidates access points
Uses medians to consolidate right turn movements
Reduces signal spacing
Separates turning and through traffic
The most important component to managing access is controlling
right-turns into/out of driveways and side-streets
left-hand drive
left-hand drive
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Urban Road classification

Mobility vs. Accessibility

Mobility Arterial
Sub-arterial

Collectors

Land
Access Locals
Arterials -> high travel speeds/low access
Local roads -> maximum access to
property/low speeds
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Urban Road classification

✓ IRC Manual on Planning and Development of Urban Roads and Streets
(IRC:86-2018)

• Urban Expressway
● Arterial Road
● Sub Arterial Road
● Collector Street
● Local Street
● Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) Streets
and Greenways

Indian Road Congress (IRC: 86-2018)

 Urban Expressway/Freeway

✓ High speed regional passenger and goods traffic from inter-city

highways/ expressways to connect to other inter-city
highways entering the city at specific locations
✓ These are full access control and having divided carriageways
✓ for high speed travel provided generally with grade separators at
intersections
✓ E.G. Eestern Express Highway, Mumbai

✓ All freeways are highways, but not

every highway is a freeway
Elevated urban expressway “Dwarka”

Northern Peripheral Road in the Haryana portion, is being developed as the first
elevated urban expressway in India.
16-lane access-controlled highway with the provision of a minimum three-
lane service road on both sides
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Arterials
 Facilitate High class mobility across the city and connect to long
distance destinations within/outside the city

 Principal network for through traffic movement on a continuous route

 Spaced at < 1.5 kms in highly developed CBD to 8 kms or more in sparsely
developed urban fringes

 Parking/loading/unloading- usually restricted

 Pedestrians – usually grade separated facility

Foot-over
bridge
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Arterials
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Sub-arterial
▪ Some what lower level of travel mobility than
arterial streets
▪ Medium speed
▪ Partial access control, divided carriageway
▪ Emphasis is on access to adjoining areas is
more than arterial streets
▪ Pedestrian crossing – only at intersections
with spacing 0.5 km in CBD to 3 to 5 km in sub-
urban areas
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Collectors
 Collect traffic from local streets and feed it to the arterial
and sub-arterial
 Divided/ undivided roads
 Not efficient for long through trips
 Good for through movements along with distribution and
collection
 Located in residential/ business/industrial areas
 Full access
 Few parking restrictions except during the peak hours
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Locals
 Primarily serves access to residential areas, business
locations, industries etc.

 Low mobility, low speed, no access control, usually

undivided road

 Majority of trips either originate from/ terminate on these

roads

 Allow unrestricted parking and

pedestrian movement
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Urban Road classification Vs Travel Characteristics

 Space Requirements for Roads in Urban Areas: [IRC:86-
2018]

The total land width (includes carriageway, median if any, shoulders,

slopes, drains and additional land for future expansion of the facility)
required
 CE 60115 Geometric Design of Transportation Facilities

Road classification-US
 Assignment - I

Q1. Numbering system of NH

Q2. What does 3 digit highway numbering imply
Q3. Difference between Greenfield and Brownfield
roadway projects
Q4. Mention the major urban functional road type(s) of our
home city (which is close to your home)
- along with a marking of Origin and Destination on
map, attach photo
UPCOMING SESSION..

DESIGN CONTROLS