(Ebook) Orthopaedics at A Glance: A Handbook of Disorders, Tests, and Rehabilitation Strategies by Nancy Gann MS PT OCS ISBN 9781556425004, 1556425007 Full Digital Chapters
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A Handbook of
Disorders, Tests, and
Rehabilitation Strategies
A Handbook of
Disorders, Tests, and
Rehabilitation Strategies
SLACK
I N C O R P O R A T E D
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys-
tem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher, except for brief
quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
The author, editor, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for errors or exclusions
or for the outcome of the application of the material presented herein. There is no
expressed or implied warranty of this book or information imparted by it.
The work SLACK publishes is peer reviewed. Prior to publication, recognized lead-
ers in the field, educators, and clinicians provide important feedback on the concepts
and content that we publish. We welcome feedback on this work.
Gann, Nancy.
Orthopaedics at a glance: a handbook of disorders, tests, and rehabilitation strate-
gies / Nancy Gann.
p . ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-55642-500-7 (alk.' paper)
1. Orthopedics—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Musculoskeletal
system-Diseases—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Musculoskeletal Diseases—diagnosis-Handbooks. 2. Diagnostic
Techniques and Procedures-Handbooks. WE 39 G198o 2001]
RD732.5 .G36 2001
616.7-dc21
00-052217
Contact SLACK Incorporated for more information about other books in this field or
about the availability of our books from distributors outside the United States.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or per-
sonal use of specific clients, is granted by SLACK Incorporated, provided that the
appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923 USA, 978-750-8400. Prior to photocopying items for educational
classroom use, please contact the CCC at the address above. Please reference Account
Number 9106324 for SLACK Incorporated's Professional Book Division.
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CONTENTS
About the Author xiii
Introduction xv
Chapter Eight: Sacroiliac and Iliosacral Disorders and Special Tests . .111
Forward Sacral Torsion (Left on Left [L on L]) 112
Backward Sacral Torsion (Right on Left [R on L]) 113
Anterior Innominate Rotation (Right) 114
Posterior Innominate Rotation (Left) 114
Inflare (Left) 115
Outflare 115
Upslip (Right) . 116
Downslip (Left) 116
Standing Forward Flexion Test 117
Sitting Forward Flexion Test 117
Supine to Sit Test 118
Gillet's Test 118
Sacroiliac (SI) Gap and Compression Tests 119
Squish Test 119
Hibb's Test 119
Chapter Nine: Hip and Thigh Disorders and Special Tests 121
Degenerative Joint Disease 122
Muscle Strains and Tears 122
Trochanteric Bursitis 123
Hip Pointer 123
Meralgia Paresthetica 124
Myositis Ossificans 125
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease 126
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis 127
Congenital Hip Dislocation 127
Total Hip Arthroplasty 128
Sign of the Buttock 129
Patrick's Test 129
Scouring Test 130
Grind Test 130
Anvil Test 131
Bibliography 199
Index 211
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Nancy Gann, MS, PT, OCS is assistant professor of physical therapy at the
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Tex. She holds a
bachelor of science degree equivalent in physical therapy from the Mexican
Institute of Rehabilitation and an advanced master of science degree in
orthopaedic and sports physical therapy from the Institute of Health
Professions, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Mass. She is licensed
by the state of Texas to practice physical therapy and is certified as an
orthopaedic specialist by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties.
The author has more than 20 years of experience, having practiced in
Mexico City, Boston, New Hampshire, and Texas in a variety of settings and
positions, including director of Physical Therapy in hospitals and clinics. In
addition to teaching, she has given presentations and has served as a manu-
script reviewer, quality assurance consultant, translator, physician advisor,
and peer reviewer for a large insurance company.
Nancy is in her eighth year of teaching, with emphasis in orthopaedics and
kinesiology. She has published several articles and performed research on
ultrasound, one of her main areas of interest, and she is the author of
Orthopaedic Case Studies.
She currently teaches full-time, performs some clinic work, and continues
to be involved in the scholarly activities that enhance the profession.
INTRODUCTION
Orthopaedics at a Glance: A Handbook of Disorders, Tests, and Rehabilitation
Strategies was designed for the physical therapy student and clinician and may
be useful for physician assistants, primary care physicians, and athletic train-
ers. Its purpose is to serve as a quick reference for orthopaedic disorders,
including characteristics of a diagnosis, its signs and symptoms or examination
findings, common special tests, and rehabilitation management.
It is a concise book that should help guide the clinician with basic patholo-
gy and treatment in order to deliver effective patient intervention without hav-
ing to consult large texts. This is a condensed book that assumes the readers
are knowledgeable in basic sciences, patient examination and evaluation, and
in treatment techniques.
The book is divided into anatomical regions by diagnosis or pathology,
starting with the shoulder and ending with the foot and ankle. There are also
several special tests, but these do not include those designed to identify mus-
cle tightness, like Thomas' test and Ober's test. Some tests apply to one or
more regions, but they have been included only under the most pertinent sec-
tion. Readers are encouraged to look these tests up in the proximal or distal
anatomical regions for the purpose of differential diagnosis. Some tests/treat-
ments not ordinarily performed by therapists have also been included, such as
radiology exams, steroid injections, etc. This is not to imply that the non-
physician is expected to use these. They are added so that the approaches are
more comprehensive. The main goal of this book is to be concise and to serve
as a quick reference guide or ancillary text. If more details are needed, the
reader is referred to the bibliography.
Some common surgical and postsurgical treatments are also included. They
entail brief descriptions and usual treatment approaches to acquaint the clini-
cian with common interventions. Only a few procedures are mentioned
because, more often than not, surgical techniques vary from physician to
physician, and therefore the treatments are individualized. This obviously
applies to nonsurgical approaches as well. Some uncommon pathologies are
also included to aid the clinician in differential diagnosis.
As a note, except when not indicated, all interventions include patient edu-
cation (such as avoidance of aggravators), an individualized home exercise
program, and informed consent.
This book also contains a section on radiology with the goal of aiding the
clinician in assessing alignment to help manage biomechanical deficits. It is
not intended to substitute for the interpretation of a physician or to assume we
should practice out of the scope of our profession.
The information contained here is a compilation derived from several
sources, as seen in the bibliography. I hope to give credit where credit is due,
and I hope this serves as a source of evidence-based practice and stimulates
the readers to expand their research interests.
What is presented reflects an eclectic approach to patient management and
should not be construed to be the only approach. While the interventions are
based on experience and scientific rationale, that is not to say that other strate-
gies may not work, or that every component mentioned in the "treatment box"
should be used. Several modalities are outlined, but one should select the least
amount of intervention to get the job done right. For example, it is unnecessary
to apply iontophoresis and phonophoresis to a patient with posterior tibialis
tendinitis, even though both modalities are outlined for this disorder. The
choice of which one to use, if any at all, depends on several factors, including
availability of equipment and supplies, patient comfort, whether the benefits
of ultrasound are needed more than the benefits of electricity, etc. In addition,
there are some disorders where, for example, eccentric training is suggested,
and while this may be indicated for the athletic population, this may not be
advisable for elderly patients.
The treatment choices must be individualized and based on several factors
including patient tolerance, previous history, age, occupation, therapist expe-
rience, type of rehabilitation setting, stage of the disorder, concomitant prob-
lems, availability of resources, etc. Also, one must note that if severe positive
findings are not medically addressed first, then physical therapy should not be
initiated (positive alar test).
While a few diagnoses may not pertain exclusively to a certain category,
they are included for the purpose of aiding in differential diagnosis. An exam-
ple of this is piriformis syndrome, which anatomically pertains to the hip/but-
tock region but was placed under the lower back due to its similarity in signs
and symptoms in disease processes of spinal origin.
Although the format of this book is user-friendly and categorized in a sim-
ple grid format to see the most common aspects of a given disorder, there may
be occasions when the patient being treated does not present with all the char-
acteristics mentioned. This is to be expected due to variations in patient pop-
ulation and because there may be coexisting disorders altering a more typical
patient presentation. Not all patients who have a bicipital tendinitis will have
the exact same signs and symptoms. Therefore, it is important to realize that
one cannot "fit" a patient into a box. This is as undesirable as labeling some-
one "my shoulder patient." Along these same lines, all treatment approaches
must be individualized.
The most characteristic aspects of orthopaedic pathology are presented;
however, some patients may have too few or several more of the markers out-
lined and still "qualify" for the approach selected in the clinical decision-mak-
ing process. This process is applied during the assessment (identifying the
problem) and treatment (selecting the best strategy for patient management).
There are several reasons to use this book:
• to confirm one's findings
• to ensure one has performed the most important tests
• to see if there is another sign a n d / o r symptom one should look for
• to determine if one has included all the necessary treatment approaches
• to establish a differential diagnosis
• to refresh one's memory
• to use in class and the clinic
For example, should a patient present with lower extremity numbness, this
is an easy reference to help determine the possible sources of the symptoms.
By looking under lumbar disorders in the "signs and symptoms" box for the
characteristics a patient has, one can see if there is a close match and do a com-
parison for differential diagnosis. One can then come up with a hypothesis and
perform a few special tests to confirm this or rule it out. As the assessment
becomes clearer, one has a selection of strategies for appropriate patient man-
agement. So, we have at our disposal the most feasible causes of the problem,
its typical presentation, special testing procedures for differentiation, and a
series of treatment possibilities.
There are some diagnoses listed that are seldom seen by a therapist. They
are mentioned, nonetheless, so one knows what they are, what the medical
interventions are, and what one might expect to see later if there are any
sequelae. More importantly, however, they are included for the purpose of aid-
ing in differential diagnosis and understanding the full picture of the patient's
dysfunction.
While the current trend in physical therapy is to use the disablement model,
I have chosen not to take that avenue. I share the opinion of Richard Di Fabio,
editor in chief of the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, when he
states that "we should think twice about discarding the pathoanatomical
model of disease," as this diminishes the need to discover the source of the
patient's problems. I believe that with our knowledge in basic sciences, we are
perfectly capable of determining the origin of dysfunction and a logical treat-
ment strategy for the patient's presentation, and this is what is presented in
this book.
SHOULDER DISORDERS,
S U R G E R I E S , AND
SPECIAL TESTS
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