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The document is an ebook titled 'Orthopaedics at a Glance: A Handbook of Disorders, Tests, and Rehabilitation Strategies' by Nancy Gann, providing a comprehensive overview of various orthopedic disorders, diagnostic tests, and rehabilitation strategies. It includes detailed chapters on conditions affecting the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacroiliac joint, hip, thigh, and knee, along with special tests for each condition. The ebook is available for instant PDF download and has received a high rating from users.

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9 views113 pages

(Ebook) Orthopaedics at A Glance: A Handbook of Disorders, Tests, and Rehabilitation Strategies by Nancy Gann MS PT OCS ISBN 9781556425004, 1556425007 Full Digital Chapters

The document is an ebook titled 'Orthopaedics at a Glance: A Handbook of Disorders, Tests, and Rehabilitation Strategies' by Nancy Gann, providing a comprehensive overview of various orthopedic disorders, diagnostic tests, and rehabilitation strategies. It includes detailed chapters on conditions affecting the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacroiliac joint, hip, thigh, and knee, along with special tests for each condition. The ebook is available for instant PDF download and has received a high rating from users.

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A Handbook of
Disorders, Tests, and
Rehabilitation Strategies
A Handbook of
Disorders, Tests, and
Rehabilitation Strategies

Nancy Gann, MS, PT, OCS


Assistant Professor of Physical Therapy
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas

SLACK
I N C O R P O R A T E D

an innovative information, education, and management company

6900 Grove Road • Thorofare, NJ 08086


Publisher: John H. Bond
Editorial Director: Amy E. Drummond
Editorial Assistant: April C. Johnson

Copyright © 2001 by SLACK Incorporated

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys-
tem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher, except for brief
quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
The author, editor, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for errors or exclusions
or for the outcome of the application of the material presented herein. There is no
expressed or implied warranty of this book or information imparted by it.
The work SLACK publishes is peer reviewed. Prior to publication, recognized lead-
ers in the field, educators, and clinicians provide important feedback on the concepts
and content that we publish. We welcome feedback on this work.

Gann, Nancy.
Orthopaedics at a glance: a handbook of disorders, tests, and rehabilitation strate-
gies / Nancy Gann.
p . ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-55642-500-7 (alk.' paper)
1. Orthopedics—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Musculoskeletal
system-Diseases—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Musculoskeletal Diseases—diagnosis-Handbooks. 2. Diagnostic
Techniques and Procedures-Handbooks. WE 39 G198o 2001]
RD732.5 .G36 2001
616.7-dc21
00-052217

Printed in the United States of America.


Published by: SLACK Incorporated
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Telephone: 856-848-1000
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CONTENTS
About the Author xiii
Introduction xv

Chapter One: Shoulder Disorders, Surgeries, and Special Tests 1


Tendinitis 2
Impingement Syndrome 3
Rotator Cuff Tears 4
Glenohumeral Joint Instability 5
Acute Bursitis 5
Anterior Dislocation 6
SLAP Lesions (Superior Labrum, Anterior and Posterior) 7
Acromioclavicular Separation 8
Proximal Humerus Fractures 8
Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) 9
Rotator Cuff Repair 10
Bankart Repair 11
Supraspinatus Test 12
Impingement Sign (Neer) 12
Speed's Test 13
Drop Arm Test 13
Painful Arc 13
Load and Shift Test 14
Superior Labral Tear Test 14
SLAPprehension Test 15
Clunk Test 15
Impingement Relief Test 16
Apprehension Test 16
Feagin Test 16
Sulcus Sign 17
Leffert's Test 17
Acromioclavicular Shear Test 17

Chapter Two: Elbow Disorders and Special Tests 19


Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) 20
Medial Epicondylitis 21
Bursitis 21
Rheumatoid Arthritis 22
Fractures 22
Little League Elbow 23
Osteochondritis Dissecans 24
Volkman's Ischemic Contracture 25
Ulnar Nerve Compression 26
Radial Nerve Compression 27
Median Nerve Compression 28
Ligamentous Instability Test 29
Lateral Epicondylitis Test 29
Medial Epicondylitis Test 29
Elbow Flexion Test 30
Tinel's Sign 30

Chapter Three: Wrist and Hand Disorders and Special Tests 33


Sprains 34
Colles' Fracture 34
De Quervain's Tenosynovitis 35
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome 36
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 37
Wartenberg's Syndrome 38
Dupuytren's Contracture 38
Gamekeeper's Thumb (Skier's Thumb) 39
Mallet Finger 39
Positive or Negative Ulnar Variance 40
Kienbock's Disease 41
Lunate Dislocation 41
Pisiform or Hamate Hook Fracture 42
Scaphoid Fracture 42
Instabilities (DISI and VISI) 43
Ganglion 43
Osteoarthritis 44
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 44
Tendon Injuries 45
Carpal Tunnel Release 46
Finkelstein's Test 47
Murphy's Sign 47
Jersey Finger Test 47
Gamekeeper's Thumb (Valgus Stress Test) 48
Tinel's Sign 48
Phalen'sTest 48
Froment's Sign 49
Jeanne's Sign 49
Grind Test 49
Finger Extension Test 50
Functional Tests 50

Chapter Four: Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Surgeries . . . .53


Anterior Disc Displacement with Reduction 54
Anterior Disc Displacement without Reduction 55
Capsular Fibrosis 55
Capsulitis and Synovitis 56
TMJ Subluxation 56
TMJ Dislocation 57
Osteoarthritis 57
Common TMJ Surgeries 58

Chapter Five: Cervical Disorders and Special Tests 61


Cervical Strain 62
Postural Syndrome 63
Rheumatoid Arthritis 64
Cervical Spondylosis or Arthrosis (DJD, DDD, OA) 65
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) 66
Myofascial Pain Syndrome 67
Facet Impingement 68
Acute Disc Herniation 69
Cervical Radiculopathy 70
Cervical Spinal Stenosis 71
Sprengel's Deformity 71
Brachial Plexus Injuries 72
Brachial Neuritis 73
Cervical Myelopathy 73
Stingers 74
Klippel-Feil Syndrome 74
Compression Test 75
Distraction Test 75
Spurling Test 76
Bakody Sign 76
Dizziness Test 77
Upper Limb Tension Tests 77
Vertebral Artery Test 78
Alar Test 78
Allen's Test 79
Adson's Test 79
Roos Test 80
Halstead Maneuver 80
Lhermitte's Sign 81
Cervical Nonorganic Signs 81

Chapter Six: Thoracic Disorders 83


Facet Hypomobility Syndrome 84
Facet Hypermobility Syndrome 84
Postural Syndromes 85
Thoracic HNP 85
T4 Syndrome 86
Compression Fractures 86
Scheuermann's Disease (Juvenile Kyphosis) 87
Costochondritis 88
Rib Dysfunction (Hypomobility) 89
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) 90
Herpes Zoster 91
Chapter Seven: Lumbar Disorders and Special Tests 93
Lumbar Sprain 94
Mechanical Low Back Pain 94
Facet Impingement or Syndrome (Lumbago, Locking) 95
Lumbar Spondylosis (DDD, DID, OA) 95
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis 96
Piriformis Syndrome 97
Ankylosing Spondylitis 98
Radiculopathy (Nerve Root Compression Syndrome) 99
Disc Disorders 100
Spinal Stenosis 101
Coccygodynia 101
Cauda Equina Syndrome 102
Nonorganic Disease 102
Post-Laminectomy 103
Post-Fusion 103
Straight Leg Raise Test (SLR) 104
Prone Knee Bending 105
Knee Flexion Test 105
Slump Test 106
Stork Extension Test 106
Pheasant Test 107
Spring Test 107
Bicycle Test (of Van Gelderen) 108
Waddell's Testing 109

Chapter Eight: Sacroiliac and Iliosacral Disorders and Special Tests . .111
Forward Sacral Torsion (Left on Left [L on L]) 112
Backward Sacral Torsion (Right on Left [R on L]) 113
Anterior Innominate Rotation (Right) 114
Posterior Innominate Rotation (Left) 114
Inflare (Left) 115
Outflare 115
Upslip (Right) . 116
Downslip (Left) 116
Standing Forward Flexion Test 117
Sitting Forward Flexion Test 117
Supine to Sit Test 118
Gillet's Test 118
Sacroiliac (SI) Gap and Compression Tests 119
Squish Test 119
Hibb's Test 119

Chapter Nine: Hip and Thigh Disorders and Special Tests 121
Degenerative Joint Disease 122
Muscle Strains and Tears 122
Trochanteric Bursitis 123
Hip Pointer 123
Meralgia Paresthetica 124
Myositis Ossificans 125
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease 126
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis 127
Congenital Hip Dislocation 127
Total Hip Arthroplasty 128
Sign of the Buttock 129
Patrick's Test 129
Scouring Test 130
Grind Test 130
Anvil Test 131

Chapter Ten: Knee Disorders and Special Tests 133


Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain/Tear 134
Lateral Collateral Ligament Sprain/Tear 135
ACL Sprain (Deficiency) 136
PCL Sprain 136
Quad or Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee) 137
Quad or Patellar Tendon Rupture 138
Patellar Bursitis 138
Pes Anserine Bursitis 139
Plica Syndrome 139
Iliotibial Band (ITB) Friction Syndrome 140
Meniscal Tears 141
Unhappy Triad (O'Donoghue) 141
Osteoarthritis -142
Osteochondritis Dissecans 143
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome 144
Patellar Dislocation/Subluxation 145
Meniscectomy 146
ACL Reconstruction 146
Other Surgical Procedures 147
Valgus Test 148
Varus Test 148
Lachman Test 149
Posterior Sag Sign 149
Slocum Test 150
Macintosh Test 150
Hughston's Posteromedial Drawer Test 151
Hughston's Posterolateral Drawer Test 151
McMurray's Test 152
Payr's Test 152
Apley's Test 153
Mediopatellar Plica Test 153
Ballotable Test 153
Clarke's Test 154
Apprehension Test 154
Nobel's Compression Test 155
Wilson Test 155

Chapter Eleven: Ankle Disorders and Special Tests 157


Acute Lateral Ankle Sprains/Tears 158
Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability 159
Sever's Disease 159
Syndesmotic Sprains (Ankle Diastasis) 160
Posterior Tibialis Tendinitis 160
Achilles' Tendinitis 161
Achilles' Tendon Rupture 162
Gastrocnemius Tear 163
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome 164
Acute Compartment Syndrome 165
Stress Fractures 165
Ankle Fractures 166
Achilles' Tendon Repair 167
Ankle Ligament Reconstruction 168
Anterior Drawer Test 169
Posterior Drawer Test 169
Talar Tilt Test 170
Side-to-Side Test 170

Chapter Twelve: Foot Disorders and Special Tests 173


Plantar Fasciitis 174
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome 174
Morton's Neuroma 175
Turf Toe 175
Abnormal Pronation 176
Abnormal Supination 177
Thompson's Test 178
Morton's Test 178
Tinel's Sign 178
Buerger's Test 179
Homans' Sign 179

Chapter Thirteen: Orthopaedic Radiographic Examination for


Nonphysicians 181

Bibliography 199

Appendix A: Capsular Patterns and Joint Positions 206


Appendix B: End Feels 208

Appendix C: Waddell's Nonorganic Physical Signs 209

Index 211
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Nancy Gann, MS, PT, OCS is assistant professor of physical therapy at the
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Tex. She holds a
bachelor of science degree equivalent in physical therapy from the Mexican
Institute of Rehabilitation and an advanced master of science degree in
orthopaedic and sports physical therapy from the Institute of Health
Professions, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Mass. She is licensed
by the state of Texas to practice physical therapy and is certified as an
orthopaedic specialist by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties.
The author has more than 20 years of experience, having practiced in
Mexico City, Boston, New Hampshire, and Texas in a variety of settings and
positions, including director of Physical Therapy in hospitals and clinics. In
addition to teaching, she has given presentations and has served as a manu-
script reviewer, quality assurance consultant, translator, physician advisor,
and peer reviewer for a large insurance company.
Nancy is in her eighth year of teaching, with emphasis in orthopaedics and
kinesiology. She has published several articles and performed research on
ultrasound, one of her main areas of interest, and she is the author of
Orthopaedic Case Studies.
She currently teaches full-time, performs some clinic work, and continues
to be involved in the scholarly activities that enhance the profession.
INTRODUCTION
Orthopaedics at a Glance: A Handbook of Disorders, Tests, and Rehabilitation
Strategies was designed for the physical therapy student and clinician and may
be useful for physician assistants, primary care physicians, and athletic train-
ers. Its purpose is to serve as a quick reference for orthopaedic disorders,
including characteristics of a diagnosis, its signs and symptoms or examination
findings, common special tests, and rehabilitation management.
It is a concise book that should help guide the clinician with basic patholo-
gy and treatment in order to deliver effective patient intervention without hav-
ing to consult large texts. This is a condensed book that assumes the readers
are knowledgeable in basic sciences, patient examination and evaluation, and
in treatment techniques.
The book is divided into anatomical regions by diagnosis or pathology,
starting with the shoulder and ending with the foot and ankle. There are also
several special tests, but these do not include those designed to identify mus-
cle tightness, like Thomas' test and Ober's test. Some tests apply to one or
more regions, but they have been included only under the most pertinent sec-
tion. Readers are encouraged to look these tests up in the proximal or distal
anatomical regions for the purpose of differential diagnosis. Some tests/treat-
ments not ordinarily performed by therapists have also been included, such as
radiology exams, steroid injections, etc. This is not to imply that the non-
physician is expected to use these. They are added so that the approaches are
more comprehensive. The main goal of this book is to be concise and to serve
as a quick reference guide or ancillary text. If more details are needed, the
reader is referred to the bibliography.
Some common surgical and postsurgical treatments are also included. They
entail brief descriptions and usual treatment approaches to acquaint the clini-
cian with common interventions. Only a few procedures are mentioned
because, more often than not, surgical techniques vary from physician to
physician, and therefore the treatments are individualized. This obviously
applies to nonsurgical approaches as well. Some uncommon pathologies are
also included to aid the clinician in differential diagnosis.
As a note, except when not indicated, all interventions include patient edu-
cation (such as avoidance of aggravators), an individualized home exercise
program, and informed consent.
This book also contains a section on radiology with the goal of aiding the
clinician in assessing alignment to help manage biomechanical deficits. It is
not intended to substitute for the interpretation of a physician or to assume we
should practice out of the scope of our profession.
The information contained here is a compilation derived from several
sources, as seen in the bibliography. I hope to give credit where credit is due,
and I hope this serves as a source of evidence-based practice and stimulates
the readers to expand their research interests.
What is presented reflects an eclectic approach to patient management and
should not be construed to be the only approach. While the interventions are
based on experience and scientific rationale, that is not to say that other strate-
gies may not work, or that every component mentioned in the "treatment box"
should be used. Several modalities are outlined, but one should select the least
amount of intervention to get the job done right. For example, it is unnecessary
to apply iontophoresis and phonophoresis to a patient with posterior tibialis
tendinitis, even though both modalities are outlined for this disorder. The
choice of which one to use, if any at all, depends on several factors, including
availability of equipment and supplies, patient comfort, whether the benefits
of ultrasound are needed more than the benefits of electricity, etc. In addition,
there are some disorders where, for example, eccentric training is suggested,
and while this may be indicated for the athletic population, this may not be
advisable for elderly patients.
The treatment choices must be individualized and based on several factors
including patient tolerance, previous history, age, occupation, therapist expe-
rience, type of rehabilitation setting, stage of the disorder, concomitant prob-
lems, availability of resources, etc. Also, one must note that if severe positive
findings are not medically addressed first, then physical therapy should not be
initiated (positive alar test).
While a few diagnoses may not pertain exclusively to a certain category,
they are included for the purpose of aiding in differential diagnosis. An exam-
ple of this is piriformis syndrome, which anatomically pertains to the hip/but-
tock region but was placed under the lower back due to its similarity in signs
and symptoms in disease processes of spinal origin.
Although the format of this book is user-friendly and categorized in a sim-
ple grid format to see the most common aspects of a given disorder, there may
be occasions when the patient being treated does not present with all the char-
acteristics mentioned. This is to be expected due to variations in patient pop-
ulation and because there may be coexisting disorders altering a more typical
patient presentation. Not all patients who have a bicipital tendinitis will have
the exact same signs and symptoms. Therefore, it is important to realize that
one cannot "fit" a patient into a box. This is as undesirable as labeling some-
one "my shoulder patient." Along these same lines, all treatment approaches
must be individualized.
The most characteristic aspects of orthopaedic pathology are presented;
however, some patients may have too few or several more of the markers out-
lined and still "qualify" for the approach selected in the clinical decision-mak-
ing process. This process is applied during the assessment (identifying the
problem) and treatment (selecting the best strategy for patient management).
There are several reasons to use this book:
• to confirm one's findings
• to ensure one has performed the most important tests
• to see if there is another sign a n d / o r symptom one should look for
• to determine if one has included all the necessary treatment approaches
• to establish a differential diagnosis
• to refresh one's memory
• to use in class and the clinic
For example, should a patient present with lower extremity numbness, this
is an easy reference to help determine the possible sources of the symptoms.
By looking under lumbar disorders in the "signs and symptoms" box for the
characteristics a patient has, one can see if there is a close match and do a com-
parison for differential diagnosis. One can then come up with a hypothesis and
perform a few special tests to confirm this or rule it out. As the assessment
becomes clearer, one has a selection of strategies for appropriate patient man-
agement. So, we have at our disposal the most feasible causes of the problem,
its typical presentation, special testing procedures for differentiation, and a
series of treatment possibilities.
There are some diagnoses listed that are seldom seen by a therapist. They
are mentioned, nonetheless, so one knows what they are, what the medical
interventions are, and what one might expect to see later if there are any
sequelae. More importantly, however, they are included for the purpose of aid-
ing in differential diagnosis and understanding the full picture of the patient's
dysfunction.
While the current trend in physical therapy is to use the disablement model,
I have chosen not to take that avenue. I share the opinion of Richard Di Fabio,
editor in chief of the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, when he
states that "we should think twice about discarding the pathoanatomical
model of disease," as this diminishes the need to discover the source of the
patient's problems. I believe that with our knowledge in basic sciences, we are
perfectly capable of determining the origin of dysfunction and a logical treat-
ment strategy for the patient's presentation, and this is what is presented in
this book.

Nancy Gann, MS, PT, OCS


C H A P T E R O N E

SHOULDER DISORDERS,
S U R G E R I E S , AND
SPECIAL TESTS
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