Salahaddin University

College of Engineering Personal

Architecture Department Protective
5th Grade - Spring Semester
2023 - 2024 Equipment PPE

Instructor: Asst. lec. Carol Kharbosh & Mr. Bayar

Introduction

Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment

worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and
illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical,
radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. Personal
protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes,
earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and full body suits.
OSHA Standards chapters

• 1926.95 Criteria for personal protective equipment

• 1926.96 Occupational foot protection
• 1926.97 Protective clothing for fire brigades
• 1926.98 Respiratory protection for fire brigades
• 1926.99 (Reserved)
• 1926.100 Head protection
• 1926.101 Hearing protection
• 1926.102 Eye and face protection
• 1926.103 Respiratory protection
• 1926.104 Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards
• 1926.105 Safety nets
• 1926.106 Working over or near water
• 1926.107 Definitions applicable to this subpart
Head Protection

• Approximately 120,000 people sustain head injuries on the job each year. Falling objects
are involved in many of these accidents. These injuries occurred in spite of the fact that
many of the victims were wearing hard hats.
• Hard hats can help reduce the risk associated with falling or projected objects, but only if
they are worn. The use of hard hats in certain settings in which falling objects are likely
has been mandated by federal law since 1971.

• Every year, there are head injuries on the job from

lateral or side blows. Consequently, the ANSI has added
a new type of hard hat to its protective headgear
standard (Z89.1). Under this standard, conventional
hard hats are classified as Type I. Hard hats that
provide lateral protection are classified as Type II.
Head Protection

Hard hats used in construction are of two types and three classes.

Types and Classes of Construction Hard Hats

Type 1: Helmets with a brim not less than 1% inches wide
Type 2: Brimless helmets with a peak extending forward from the crown

Class A: General service, limited voltage protection (Class G)

Class B: Utility service, high-voltage protection (Class E)
Class C: Special service, no voltage protection
Head Protection

Hard Hat Color Codes play a crucial role in identifying the type of hard hat and its use. ANSI
specifies the color codes for hard hats in its Z89.1-2014 standard. Here are some details
about hard hat color codes:

• White: Used for engineers, supervisors, and managers.

• Yellow: Used for general laborers and earth-moving operators.
• Green: Used for safety officers and new workers.
• Red: Used for fire brigades and emergency responders.
• Blue: Used for electricians, carpenters, and other technical operators.
• Orange: Used for road workers and people working around moving equipment.
• Brown: Used for welders and other workers involved in high-heat applications.
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

• Eye and face protection typically consists of safety goggles or face shields. The ANSI
standard for face and eye protective devices is Z87.1-1989. OSHA has also adopted this
standard.
• It requires that nonprescription eye and face protective devices pass two impact tests: a
high-mass, low-speed test and a lowmass, high-speed test.
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Selecting the Right Eye and Face Protection Devices:

• Flying particles, chips, sand: Face shield
• Hot sparks: Face shield
• Heat: Reflective face shield
• Molten metal: Face shield
• Chemical splash: Face shield
• Ultraviolet light and infrared heat: Welding helmet or welding shield with shaded lens
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

• The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses equipment with filter lenses
that have a shade number appropriate for the work being performed for protection from
injurious light radiation. The following is a listing of appropriate shade numbers for
various operations.

Oxygen Cutting Gas Welding

EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy

Operations Plate thickness - inches Plate thickness - mm Minimum* Protective Shade
Gas Welding:
Light Under 1/8 Under 3.2 4
Medium 1/8 to 1/2 3.2 to 12.7 5
Heavy Over 1/2 Over 12.7 6
Oxygen cutting:
Light Under 1 Under 25 3
Medium 1 to 6 25 to 150 4
Heavy Over 6 Over 150 5

* As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade
which gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In oxyfuel gas welding or
cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the
yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the (spectrum) operation.
HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES

• Where noise hazards exist, workers should be required to use appropriate hearing
protection devices (HPDs). Four classifications of HPDs are widely used:
(1) enclosures, (2) earplugs, (3) superaural caps, and (4) earmuffs
HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES

• Enclosures are devices that completely encompass the employee’s head—much like the
helmets worn by jet pilots.
• Earplugs (also known as aural plugs) are devices that fit into the ear canal.
• Custom-molded earplugs are designed and molded for the individual employee.
Premolded earplugs are generic in nature, are usually made of a soft rubber or plastic
substance, and can be reused.
• Superaural caps fit over the external edge of the ear canal and are held in place by a
headband.
• Earmuffs, cover the entire ear with a cushioned cup that is attached to a headband.
HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES

• The effectiveness of HPDs can be

enhanced through the use of
technologies that reduce noise levels.
These active noise reduction (ANR)
technologies reduce noise by
manipulating sound and signal waves.
• A benefit of ANR technologies is
optimization. The amount of noise
protection can be adjusted so that
workers can hear as much as they
should, but not too much. Too much
noise can cause workers to suffer a
hearing loss. Too little noise can mean
that they may not hear warning signals.
HAND AND ARM PROTECTION

In the United States, there are more than 500,000 hand in juries every year. Hand
injuries are serious and costly for both employers and workers. The selection of hand
and arm protection (gloves) should be based on a comprehensive assessment .
HAND AND ARM PROTECTION

Common Glove Materials

Depending on the potential individual hazards in a given situation, the right gloves for the
application may be made of a variety of materials .

1-Cotton. Offers comfort, minimal abrasion resistance, and minimum cut resistance.
2-Aramids. Offers comfort, good abrasion resistance, excellent cut resistance, and
excellent heat resistance.
3-hylene. Offers comfort, excellent abrasion resistance, and minimal cut resistance.
4-stainless steel cord. Offers comfort, good abrasion resistance, and optimal cut
resistance.
5- Chain link or metal mesh. Offers very little comfort, but maximum abrasion and cut
resistance.
6- Butyl rubber. Offers little comfort, but has excellent resistance to heat, ozone, tearing,
and some chemicals.
7- Viton rubber. Offers little comfort, but performs well against chemicals
FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

Foot and toe injuries account for almost 20 percent of all disabling workplace injuries in the
United States. There are more than 180,000 foot and toe injuries in the workplace each year.
Consequently, foot and leg protection are important.
FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

The major kinds of injuries to the foot and toes are from the
following

Impact from sharp or heavy objects that fall on feet or legs .

Compression when feet are rolled over by or pressed between heavy objects
Punctures through the sole of the foot
Conductivity of electricity or heat through foot
Slips on unstable walking surfaces
Hot liquid or metal splashed into shoes or boots
Temperature extremes
FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

Steel toe for impact protection

Rubber or vinyl for chemical protection
Puncture- resistant soles for protection against sharp objects
Slip- resistant soles for protection against slippery surfaces
Electricity- resistant material for protection from electric shock
TORSO PROTECTION

Often the types of hazards present on construction sites pose risks to the worker’s torso.
Hot metal, hot liquids, or chemicals may splash on a worker’s torso. Flying objects may hit a
person in the back or ribs. Radiation may be absorbed by a worker’s torso. Acid may splash
on a worker’s chest or back. Torso protection clothing includes vests, aprons, jackets,
coveralls, and full-body suits.

The following selection criteria match hazards and materials:

fire resistance. Wool and treated cotton
Cuts and bruises. Cotton duck (a closely woven fabric)
Dry heat and flame. Leather
Acids and chemicals. Rubber, neoprene, and plastics
Dust. Disposable material, such as treated paper
FALL PROTECTION, LIFELINES, AND SAFETY NETS

• OSHA's current fall protection standard sets the trigger height at 6 feet. This means that
any construction employee working higher than 6 feet off the ground must use a fall
protection device, such as a safety harness and lifeline.
• Personal fall arrest system: A system including but not limited to an anchorage,
connectors, and a body belt or body harness used to arrest an employee in a fall from a
working level. The use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.
FALL PROTECTION, LIFELINES, AND SAFETY NETS

• Anchorage: A secure point of attachment for lifelines,

lanyards, or deceleration devices.
• Body belt: A strap with means both for sharing it about
the waist and for attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or
deceleration device.
• Body harness: Straps that may be secured about the
person in a manner that distributes the fall arrest forces
over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest, and
shoulders, with a means for attaching the harness to
other components of a personal fall arrest system.
• Connector: A device used to couple (connect) parts of a
personal fall arrest system or positioning device system
together.
FALL PROTECTION, LIFELINES, AND SAFETY NETS

Personal fall arrest systems, when stopping a fall, shall:

• limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900
pounds (4 kN) when used with a body belt;
• limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800
pounds (8 kN) when used with a body harness.
• be rigged such that an employee can neither freefall more
than 6 feet (1.8 m) nor contact any lower level.
• bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum
deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07
m); and
• have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential
impact energy of an employee free-falling a distance of 6
feet (1.8 m), or the freefall distance permitted by the
system, whichever is less.”
RESPIRATORS

The respirator is one of the most important types of PPE available to individuals who work in
hazardous environments. Because the performance of a respirator
can mean the difference between life and death.
There are two types of respirators: air filtering and air supplying. Air filtering respirators
filter toxic particulates out of the air. an air filtering respirator must protect its wearer from the
most penetrating aerosol size of particle, which is 0.3 microns of aerodynamic mass in median
diameter.
RESPIRATORS

The particulate filters used in respirators are divided into three classes—each class has three
levels of efficiency: 95 percent, 99 percent, and 99.97 percent.
• Class N respirators are used only in environments that contain no oil-based particulates
because they are not oil resistant. They may be used in atmospheres that contain solid or
nonoil contaminants.
• Class R respirators may be used in
atmospheres that contain any contaminant.
However, the filters in Class R respirators
must be changed after each shift if oil-
based contaminants are present because
they are oil resistant but not oil proof.
• Class P respirators may be used in any
atmosphere containing any particulate
contaminant. They are oil proof.
Thank you
Any Question?