Exception Handling Questions

1. What is Exception Handling in Java?

◦ Exception handling is a mechanism that handles runtime errors, preventing the

program from crashing unexpectedly.
2. What are the types of exceptions in Java?

◦ Checked Exceptions: Checked at compile-time (e.g., IOException,

SQLException).
◦ Unchecked Exceptions: Occur at runtime (e.g., NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException).
3. What is the difference between throw and throws in Java?

◦ throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.

◦ throws: Declares exceptions that a method might throw.
◦
4. What is the difference between final, finally, and finalize?

◦ final: Used for constants, methods (cannot be overridden), and classes (cannot be
inherited).
◦ finally: A block that always executes, regardless of whether an exception
occurs.
◦ finalize: A method used for garbage collection before an object is destroyed.
5. What are the key components of exception handling?

◦ try: Contains the code that may throw an exception.

◦ catch: Catches and handles exceptions.
◦ finally: Executes code regardless of exception occurrence.
◦ throw: Throws an exception explicitly.
◦ throws: Declares exceptions that a method can throw.
6. Can a try block exist without a catch block?

◦ Yes, but it must have a finally block.

7. What is the hierarchy of Java exceptions?

Throwable

8. ├── Error
9. └── Exception
10. ├── RuntimeException
11. ├── IOException
12. ├── SQLException
13.

14. What happens when an exception is not handled?

 ◦ The program terminates abruptly and prints the exception stack trace.
15. Can we have multiple catch blocks?

◦ Yes, but they should be ordered from speci c to general exception types.
16. What is a custom exception in Java?

• A user-de ned exception created by extending the Exception clas

Q1: What is multi-threading in Java?

• Multi-threading allows multiple tasks (threads) to run concurrently to improve

performance.
• Java supports multi-threading via the Thread class and Runnable interface.
Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread is running...");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start(); // Start the thread
}
}

Q2: What is the difference between a Process and a Thread?

Feature Process Thread

De nition A program in execution A lightweight unit inside a process
Memory Separate memory space Shares memory within a process
Communicatio Uses IPC (Inter-Process
Communicates easily within the process
n Communication)
Creation Slower Faster
Running multiple tasks inside a
Example Running multiple programs
program

Q3: How to create a thread in Java?

✅ There are two ways to create a thread:

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 1. Extending Thread class
2. Implementing Runnable interface
Example using Thread class:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running using Thread
class.");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
}
}
Example using Runnable interface:

class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running using Runnable
interface.");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyRunnable());
t1.start();
}
}
✅ Using Runnable is preferred as it allows multiple classes to extend other classes.

2. Thread Lifecycle
Q4: What are the states of a thread in Java?

A thread has ve states:

1. NEW → Created but not started.

2. RUNNABLE → Ready to run.
3. BLOCKED → Waiting for a resource.
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 4. WAITING/TIMED_WAITING → Waiting inde nitely or for a certain time.
5. TERMINATED → Finished execution.
Example:

Thread t = new Thread();

System.out.println(t.getState()); // Output: NEW

3. Thread Methods
Q5: What is the difference between start() and run() method in Java
threads?

Method Description
start( Creates a new thread and calls run() method in a separate
) thread.
run() Runs in the main thread, does not start a new thread.

Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread is running...");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.run(); // Runs in main thread
t1.start(); // Runs in new thread
}
}

Q6: What is the use of sleep() method in Java?

• Pauses execution of the thread for a speci c time.

• Used to simulate delays.
Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
try {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
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 System.out.println(i);
Thread.sleep(1000); // Sleep for 1 second
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
}
}

Q7: What is thread priority in Java?

• Each thread has a priority (1 to 10).

• Higher priority threads run before lower priority ones.
Example:

Thread t1 = new Thread();

t1.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); // Highest priority (10)
Priority Constant Value
Thread.MIN_PRIORITY 1
Thread.NORM_PRIORIT 5
Y (default)
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY 10

4. Thread Synchronization
Q8: What is thread synchronization?

• Synchronization prevents multiple threads from accessing a shared resource at the

same time.
• Achieved using the synchronized keyword.
Example:

class Counter {
private int count = 0;

synchronized void increment() { // Lock on this method

 count++;
}

int getCount() {
return count;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Counter counter = new Counter();

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
counter.increment();
});

Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
counter.increment();
});

t1.start();
t2.start();

try {
t1.join();
t2.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(e);
}

System.out.println("Final count: " +

counter.getCount()); // Output: 2000
}
}

Q9: What is deadlock in multi-threading?

• Deadlock occurs when two or more threads wait inde nitely for resources held by each
other.
Example:

class DeadlockExample {
static final Object resource1 = new Object();
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 static final Object resource2 = new Object();

public static void main(String[] args) {

Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (resource1) {
System.out.println("Thread 1: Locked
resource1");
synchronized (resource2) {
System.out.println("Thread 1: Locked
resource2");
}
}
});

Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {

synchronized (resource2) {
System.out.println("Thread 2: Locked
resource2");
synchronized (resource1) {
System.out.println("Thread 2: Locked
resource1");
}
}
});

t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Solution: Avoid nested locks or use ReentrantLock.

5. Advanced Multi-threading
Q10: What is ExecutorService in Java?

• ExecutorService is a thread pool manager that manages multiple threads ef ciently.

Example:

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class ThreadPoolExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
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 ExecutorService executor =
Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

final int taskNumber = i;
executor.submit(() -> {
System.out.println("Executing task " +
taskNumber);
});
}

executor.shutdown();
}
}
✅ Advantages:

• Better thread management.

• Prevents unnecessary thread creation.