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 NAKE
of North America
Eastern and Central Regions
of North America
Eastern and Central Regions
Revised Edition

Alan Tennant

Contributing Authors
Gerard T. Salmon
Dr. Richard B. King

Maps by Gerard T. Salmon

Lone Star Books

 SNAKES
of North America
Eastern and Central Regions

Copyright© 2003 by Alan Tennant

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and
retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher,
except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

Published by Lone Star Books

A Member of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group
4 5 0 1 Forbes Boulevard, Ste. 200
Lanham, MD 20706

Distributed by National Book Network

Library of Congress Control Number: 2002 1 1 3489

ISBN: 1 -5 8907-003-8 (alk. paper)
C\TM
'tC::J
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of
Paper for Printed Li brary Materia ls, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America.

Book design by Roxann L. Combs.

Cover painting by Ed Acuna. To purchase a fine art print of the cover painting,
contact Ed Acuna, [email protected] or (512) 330-0655.
 Dedication

For the late Jozsef Laszlo,

former Curator of Herpetofauna at the San Antonio Zoo-

the most empathetic guy toward reptiles and

amphibians I've known, and the least elitist.

Without Joe's enthusiastic encouragement,

I 'd never have started this two-decade-long series of

books on snakes.

Alan Tennant
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements, xix
Preface, xxv
Introduction, 1
The Evolution of Snakes, 4
Snake Venom Poisoning, 1 8
Venom Potency Table, 29
Species Accounts::·, 30
Bibliography, 562
Index, 593

SPECIES ACCOUNTS
............................................................... ................................. . . ................................................................................................... .... ..... . .................... ..................................................... ,_

TYPHLOPIDAE
Blind Snakes, 30
Ramphotyphlops, 30

1 Brahminy Blind Snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus . . . . . . . . . 31

Slender Blind Snakes, 32

Leptotyphlops, 32

2 Plains Blind Snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis dulcis . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 New Mexico Blind Snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis dissectus . . . . 34
4 Trans-Pecos Blind Snake, Leptotyphlops humilis segregus . . . 36

'<According t o both The Chicago Manual o f Style, 1 4th e d . , a n d Scientific Style and
Format, 6th ed. (Council of Biology Editors ) , family and subfamily names such as
LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE and COLUBRIDAE should be capitalized rather than itali­
cized. Yet i n the herpetological literature these terms are italicized about as often as
not-as I have done here.
·············· .................._,,,, .. .

COLUBRIDAE
Small Burrowing Snakes, 37
Crowned, Flat, and Black-Headed Snakes, 37
Tantilla, 3 7

5 Southeastern Crowned Snake, Tantilla coronata . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6 Peninsula Crowned Snake, Tantilla relicta relicta . . . . . . . . . . 40
7 Central Florida Crowned Snake, Tantilla relicta neilli . . . . . . . 41
8 Coastal Dunes Crowned Snake, Tantilla relicta pamlica . . . . . 42
9 Rim Rock Crowned Snake, Tantilla oolitica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10 Flat-headed Snake, Tantilla gracilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1 1 Plains Black-headed Snake, Tantilla nigriceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
12 Southwestern Black-headed Snake, Tantilla hobartsmithi . . . . 48
13 Mexican Black-headed Snake, Tantilla atriceps . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1 4 Black-hooded Snake, Tantilla rubra cucullata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Red-Bellied and Brown Snakes, 53

Storeria, 5 3

1 5 Northern Red-bellied Snake,

Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
16 Florida Red-bellied Snake,
Storeria occipitomaculata obscura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1 7 Black Hills Red-bellied Snake,
Storeria occipitomaculata pahasapae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1 8 Northern Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi dekayi . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1 9 Florida Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi victa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
20 Midland Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi wrightorum . . . . . . . . 62
21 Texas Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi texana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
22 Marsh Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi limnetes . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Earth Snakes, 67
Virginia, 67

23 Eastern Earth Snake, Virginia valeriae valeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

24 Mountain Earth Snake, Virginia valeriae pulchra . . . . . . . . . . 69
25 Western Earth Snake, Virginia valeriae elegans . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
26 Rough Earth Snake, Virginia striatula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Ring-Necked Snakes, 74
Diadophis, 74
27 Southern Ring-necked Snake,
Diadophis punctatus punctatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
28 Northern Ring-necked Snake,
Diadophis punctatus edwardsii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
29 Key Ring-necked Snake,
Diadophis punctatus acricus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
30 Mississippi Ring-necked Snake,
Diadophis punctatus stictogenys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
31 Prairie Ring-necked Snake,
Diadophis punctatus arnyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3 2 Regal Ring-necked Snake,
Diadophis punctatus regalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Ground Snake, 84
Sonora, 84

33 Ground Snake, Sonora semiannulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Worm Snakes, 86
Carphophis, 86

34 Eastern Worm Snake, Carphophis amoenus amoenus . . . . . . . 86

35 Midwestern Worm Snake, Carphophis amoenus helenae . . . . 88
36 Western Worm Snake, Carphophis amoenus vermis . . . . . . . . 89

Pine Woods Snakes, 90

Rhadinaea, 90

3 7 Pine Woods Snake, Rhadinaea flavilata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Short-Tailed Snakes, 92
Stilosoma, 92

3 8 Short-tailed Snake, Stilosoma extenuatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Lined, Garter, and Ribbon Snakes, 95
Lined Snake, 95
Tropidoclonion, 95

3 9 Lined Snake, Tropidoclonion lineatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Garter and Ribbon Snakes, 96

Thamnophis, 96

40 Eastern Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis . . . . . . . . . 98

4 1 Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus . . . . 1 00
42 Blue-striped Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis similis . . . . . 101
4 3 Chicago Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus . . . 1 02
44 Red-sided Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis . . . . . 1 03
45 Texas Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis annectens . . . . . . . 1 05
46 Short-headed Garter Snake, Thamnophis brachystoma . . . . . 1 06
4 7 Butler's Garter Snake, Thamnophis butleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 07
48 Wandering Garter Snake, Thamnophis elegans vagrans . . . . 1 08
49 Eastern Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix radix . . . . . 1 10
50 Western Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix haydeni . . . 111
5 1 Checkered Garter Snake,
Thamnophis marcianus marcianus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
52 Western Black-necked Garter Snake,
Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyrtopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 15
53 Eastern Black-necked Garter Snake,
Thamnophis cyrtopsis ocellatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 16
54 Eastern Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis sauritus sauritus . . . . . . 1 18
55 Northern Ribbon Snake,
Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 20
56 Peninsula Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis sauritus sackenii . . . . 121
57 Blue-striped Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis sauritus nitae . . . . . 1 22
5 8 Western Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis proximus proximus . . . 1 23
59 Red-striped Ribbon Snake,
Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 25
60 Gulf Coast Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis proximus orarius . . 1 27
6 1 Arid Land Ribbon Snake,
Thamnophis proximus diabolicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Aquatic Snakes, 130
Water and Salt Marsh Snakes, 130
Nerodia, 1 3 0

62 Northern Water Snake, Nerodia sipedon sipedon . . . . . . . . . 131

6 3 Lake Erie Water Snake, Nerodia sipedon insularum . . . . . . . 1 33
64 Midland Water Snake, Nerodia sipedon pleura/is . . . . . . . . . 136
65 Carolina Water Snake, Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi . . . . 137
6 6 Red-bellied Water Snake,
Nerodia erythrogaster erythrogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
67 Copper-bellied Water Snake,
Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
68 Yellow-bellied Water Snake,
Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 42
69 Blotched Water Snake, Nerodia erythrogaster transversa . . . 1 44
70 Banded Water Snake, Nerodia fasciata fasciata . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7 1 Broad-banded Water Snake, Nerodia fasciata confluens . . . . 1 48
72 Florida Water Snake, Nerodia fasciata pictiventris . . . . . . . . 1 49
73 Gulf Salt Marsh Snake, Nerodia clarki clarkii . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
74 Atlantic Salt Marsh Snake, Nerodia clarki taeniata . . . . . . . . 1 52
75 Mangrove Salt Marsh Snake,
Nerodia clarki compressicauda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 54
76 Florida Green Water Snake, Nerodia floridana . . . . . . . . . . . 1 55
77 Mississippi Green Water Snake, Nerodia cyclopion . . . . . . . 157
78 Brown Water Snake, Nerodia taxispilota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7 9 Diamond-backed Water Snake,
Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 60
80 Brazos Water Snake, Nerodia harteri harteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 62
8 1 Concho Water Snake, Nerodia harteri paucimaculata . . . . . . 1 64

Swamp Snakes, 165

Seminatrix, 1 65

82 North Florida Swamp Snake, Seminatrix pygaea pygaea . . . . 1 66

83 South Florida Swamp Snake, Seminatrix pygaea cyclas . . . . . 167
8 4 Carolina Swamp Snake, Seminatrix pygaea paludis . . . . . . . 168
 Crayfish Snakes, 169
Regina, 169

85 Striped Crayfish Snake, Regina alleni .................. 1 70

86 Glossy Crayfish Snake, Regina rigida rigida ............. 1 7 1
87 Delta Crayfish Snake, Regina rigida deltae .............. 1 72
88 Gulf Crayfish Snake, Regina rigida sinicola ............. 1 73
89 Queen Snake, Regina septemvittata .................... 1 7 5
90 Graham's Crayfish Snake, Regina grahamii ............. 1 76

Mud and Rainbow Snakes, 178

Farancia, 178

9 1 Eastern Mud Snake, Farancia abacura abacura .......... 1 79

92 Western Mud Snake, Farancia abacura reinwardtii ....... 1 80
93 Rainbow Snake, Farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma ... 1 82
94 South Florida Rainbow Snake,
Farancia erytrogramma seminola ................... 1 85
Kirtland's Snakes, 186
Clonophis, 186
95 Kirtland's Snake, Clonophis kirtlandii ................ 1 8 7
Patch-nosed Snakes, 188
Salvadora, 1 8 8

96 Mountain Patch-nosed Snake,

Salvadora grahamiae grahamiae .................... 1 8 9
97 Texas Patch-nosed Snake, Salvadora grahamiae lineata ... 1 90
98 Big Bend Patch-nosed Snake, Salvadora deserticola ....... 1 92

Green Snakes, 193

Liochlorophis and Opheodrys, 193

99 Smooth Green Snake, Liochlorophis vernalis ........... 1 94

1 00 Rough Green Snake, Opheodrys aestivus .............. 1 97
-
W hipsnakes, Racers, and Indigo Snakes, 198
W hipsnakes, 198
Masticophis, 198

1 0 1 Eastern Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum flagellum . . . . . 1 99

1 02 Western Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum testaceus . . . . . 202
1 03 Desert Striped Whipsnake,
Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
1 04 Central Texas Whipsnake,
Masticophis taeniatus girardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
1 05 Schott's Whipsnake, Masticophis schotti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
1 06 Ruthven's Whipsnake, Masticophis ruthveni . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Racers 330
Coluber, 330
1 07 Northern Black Racer,
Coluber constrictor constrictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
1 08 Southern Black Racer, Coluber constrictor priapus . . . . . . . 333
1 0 9 Blue Racer, Coluber constrictor foxii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
1 1 0 Everglades Racer, Coluber constrictor paludicola . . . . . . . . 336
1 1 1 Brown-chinned Racer,
Coluber constrictor helvigularis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 37
1 1 2 Black-masked Racer, Coluber constrictor latrunculus . . . . . 338
1 1 3 Buttermilk Racer, Coluber constrictor anthicus . . . . . . . . . . 340
1 1 4 Tan Racer, Coluber constrictor etheridgei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
1 1 5 Eastern Yellow-bellied Racer,
Coluber constrictor flaviventris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
1 1 6 Mexican Racer, Coluber constrictor oaxaca . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Indigo Snakes, 347

Drymarchon, 34 7
1 1 7 Eastern Indigo Snake, Drymarchon corais couperi . . . . . . . 348
1 1 8 Texas Indigo Snake, Drymarchon corais erebennus . . . . . . 350

Speckled Racer, 353

Drymobius, 353
1 1 9 Central American Speckled Racer,
Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Brown-blotched Terrestrial Snakes, 35 5

Hog-Nosed Snakes, 355
Heterodon, 356

1 20 Eastern Hog-nosed Snake, Heterodon platirhinos . . . . . . . . 356

121 Southern Hog-nosed Snake, Heterodon simus . . . . . . . . . . . 359
1 22 Plains Hog-nosed Snake, Heterodon nasicus nasicus . . . . . . 361
1 23 Dusty Hog-nosed Snake, Heterodon nasicus gloydi . . . . . . 363
1 24 Mexican Hog-nosed Snake,
Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Pine, Gopher, and Bullsnakes, 367

Pituophis, 367

1 25 Northern Pine Snake,

Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
1 26 Florida Pine Snake, Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus . . . . . 371
1 2 7 Black Pine Snake, Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi . . . . . . . 3 72
1 2 8 Louisiana Pine Snake, Pituophis ruthveni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 74
1 29 Bullsnake, Pituophis catenifer sayi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 77
1 30 Sonoran Gopher Snake, Pituophis catenifer affinis . . . . . . . 380

Glossy Snakes, 382

Arizona, 3 82

1 3 1 Kansas Glossy Snake, Arizona elegans elegans . . . . . . . . . . 382

1 32 Texas Glossy Snake, Arizona elegans arenicola . . . . . . . . . . 3 84
1 33 Painted Desert Glossy Snake, Arizona elegans philipi . . . . . 385

Rat and Fox Snakes, 387

Elaphe, 387

1 34 Black Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

1 35 Yellow Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata . . . . . . . . 3 92
1 36 Everglades Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni . . . . . . . . 3 94
1 3 7 Gray Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta spiloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 95
1 3 8 Texas Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta lindheimerii . . . . . . . . . . 3 97
1 3 9 Baird's Rat Snake, Elaphe bairdi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 99
140 Corn Snake, Elaphe guttata guttata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1
1 4 1 Great Plains Rat Snake, Elaphe guttata emoryi . . . . . . . . . . 403
1 42 Eastern Fox Snake, Elaphe gloydi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
143 Western Fox Snake, Elaphe vulpina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Trans-Pecos Rat Snake, 4 10

Bogertophis, 4 10

1 44 Trans-Pecos Rat Snake, Bogertophis subocularis . . . . . . . . 41 1

Mexican Hook-Nosed Snake, 4 14

Ficimia, 4 14

1 4 5 Mexican Hook-nosed Snake, Ficimia streckeri . . . . . . . . . . 414

Western Hook-Nosed Snake, 4 16

Gyalopion, 4 16

146 Western Hook-nosed Snake, Gyalopion canum . . . . . . . . . 416

Kingsnakes, Milk, and Scarlet Snakes, 4 18

Lampropeltis, 4 18

14 7 Prairie Kingsnake, Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster . . . . 419

1 4 8 Mole Kingsnake,
Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
149 South Florida Mole Kingsnake,
Lampropeltis calligaster occipitolineata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
1 5 0 Eastern Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula getula . . . . . . . . . . 423
1 5 1 Florida Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula floridana . . . . . . . . 426
1 52 Black Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula nigra . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
1 5 3 Speckled Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula holbrooki . . . . . . 43 1
1 54 Desert Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula splendida . . . . . . . . 433
15 5 Eastern Milk Snake,
Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
 1 5 6 Scarlet Kingsnake, Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ... 438
1 5 7 Red Milk Snake, Lampropeltis triangulum syspila ....... 44 1
1 5 8 Louisiana Milk Snake,
Lampropeltis triangulum amaura ................... 443
15 9 Mexican Milk Snake,
Lampropeltis triangulum annulata .................. 446
1 60 New Mexico Milk Snake,
Lampropeltis triangulum celaenops ................. 44 7
1 6 1 Central Plains Milk Snake,
Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis ................... 449
1 62 Pale Milk Snake, Lampropeltis triangulum multistrata .... 4 5 1
1 63 Gray-banded Kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna .......... 453

Scarlet Snakes, 457

Cemophora, 457

1 64 Florida Scarlet Snake, Cemophora coccinea coccinea ..... 458

1 65 Northern Scarlet Snake, Cemophora coccinea copei ...... 459
1 66 Texas Scarlet Snake, Cemophora coccinea lineri ......... 461

Long-nosed Snakes, 463

Rhinocheilus, 463

1 67 Texas Long-nosed Snake,

Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus .................... 464
Mildly Venomous Rear-fanged Snakes, 466
Night Snakes, 466
Hypsiglena, 466

1 68 Texas Night Snake, Hypsiglena torquata jani ........... 467

Cat-Eyed Snakes, 469

Leptodeira, 469

1 69 Northern Cat-eyed Snake,

Leptodeira septentrionalis septentrionalis ............ 4 70

-
Black-Striped Snake, 471
Coniophanes, 4 71

1 70 Black-striped Snake, Coniophanes imperialis imperialis . . . 4 72

Lyre Snake, 474

Trimorphodon, 4 74

1 7 1 Texas Lyre Snake, Trimorphodon biscutatus vilkinsonii . . . 475

ELAPIDAE
Coral Snakes, 478
Micrurus, 4 7 8

1 72 Eastern Coral Snake, Micrurus fulvius fulvius . . . . . . . . . . . 480

1 73 Texas Coral Snake, Micrurus fulvius tener . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

....................

VIPERIDAE
Copperheads and Cottonmouths, 487
Agkistrodon, 487
1 74 Southern Copperhead,
Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
1 75 Northern Copperhead,
Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
1 76 Osage Copperhead,
Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
1 77 Broad-banded Copperhead,
Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
1 78 Trans-Pecos Copperhead,
Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
1 79 Eastern Cottonmouth,
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