Date : March 21, 2025
Subject: ARDES 7
School Year: 1st Semester SY 2025-2026
Name of Student: Orial, Rojan Miguel L. / BSA 4C
Topic / Title : Community Planning – Commercial
Redevelopment of Mehan Garden
I. Introduction
Background of the
study
Mehan Garden, situated in Manila, Philippines, is the nation's oldest public park and possesses
great historical, cultural, and environmental importance. Initially opened in 1858 during Spanish
colonial times as the Jardín Botánico, it was meant to be a botanic garden to display and study
Philippine flora. It gradually transformed over the years from a scientific garden to a public
recreation area, which was later rechristened in memory of John C. Mehan, a retired park
supervisor of Manila.
The garden has seen a series of Philippine history from colonial to post-independence
urbanization. Though it is a piece of history, Mehan Garden has been neglected,
commercialized, and reduced through loss of green space due to urbanization. But it serves as
an emblem of Manila's green heritage and the struggle to save urban ecological and cultural
icons.
This research delves into Mehan Garden as not just a historical place but also a case study to
comprehend the opportunities and challenges in preserving urban green spaces. It seeks to
examine the garden in its current state, its historical evolution, and its possible function in
contemporary urban sustainability and heritage preservation initiatives in Manila City.
Statement of the problem
Mehan Garden, which is an old botanical garden situated in Manila, is among the oldest in the
Philippines with long-established historical and cultural significance. The garden, though, now
encounters a variety of problems that limit its contribution as an important green public space in
the city. Mehan Garden, over the years, has been subject to neglect, poor maintenance, unclear
purpose, and underusage. Its historical aspects have been eroded, and the site has become
disconnected from the community's everyday lives.
In addition, fast-paced urbanization and infrastructure developments within the vicinity have
pushed the loss of open green spaces in Manila, making it that much more important to reclaim
and revitalize the Mehan Garden. Increasingly, there is a need to reassess the purpose of
Mehan Garden in contemporary urban life harmonizing its heritage component with existing
social, environmental, and recreational imperatives.
This research seeks to determine the main issues confronting Mehan Garden and examine
sustainable solutions that would aid in its rejuvenation and functionality as a historical,
ecological, and social area in the city.
Objectives of the Study
The primary objective of this research is to revive Mehan Garden by revitalizing its historical
significance and turning it into a more accessible, people-friendly, and functional public space.
This involves making the place secure and accessible even at night by implementing proper
lighting, well-defined paths, and improved security measures. The project further seeks to offer
committed spaces where individuals can reside, unwind, and bask in the environment
regardless of whether they are students, tourists, or locals. Store booths, open areas, and
leisure features will be incorporated to ensure vibrancy and usability. Concurrently, the overall
scheme will adopt green architecture so that the development is sustainable and
environmentally friendly for generations to come.
Scope and Limitations
The redevelopment of Mehan Garden, a public green space in the center of Manila, is the
primary focus of this study. Its historical, environmental, and social significance are highlighted.
The study focuses on the site's present state, examining how it changed from a botanical
garden to an abandoned urban park. Its objective is to evaluate the site's physical condition,
usage trends, and significance to the local communities in particular those who work there,
residents, and students. The project additionally addresses how sustainable design elements
like proper lighting, thoughtful circulation, useful public areas, and green architectural principles
may turn Mehan Garden into a more safe, approachable, and welcoming area. This study
focuses only on Mehan Garden and does not cover the entire park system of Manila. It relies on
historical research and feedback from local residents, but it will not explore technical, financial,
or legal details. Instead, the project aims to suggest straightforward and practical ideas from a
student's perspective. The goal is to help restore the garden’s purpose and make it more useful
and connected to the community.
Significance of the Study
The redevelopment of Mehan garden can make a huge impact to the people around it. it allows
students to have a place to hang out to relax and to study. residents can have time to appreciate
and enjoy the beauty of the park. and also, by making it more accessible and look aesthetic at
the same time the tourist can be attracted to it because of sustainable and eco-friendly materials
that we will used in the project.
II. Site Analysis
Physical Context
Mehan Garden is in Ermita, Manila, and is surrounded by landmark destinations such as the
Manila City Hall, the Manila Metropolitan Theater, and the Bonifacio Shrine. The area is about
2.5 hectares and is best accessed through Padre Burgos Avenue, Taft Avenue, and the Central
Terminal of LRT-1. The garden started as the Jardín Botánico, the first botanical garden in the
Philippines, in 1858 before it became a public park in 1913, and is today a recreational,
educational, and cultural space. Beyond and within the garden, it hosts several institutions such
as the Universidad de Manila, Library of the City of Manila, and the terminal Lawton Park 'n
Ride. Some tree-lined pathways, lawns, and air monitoring stations were also constructed in
2020. Although Mehan Garden is small, it offers greenery in the city center, thereby contributing
to improving the quality of air and providing a space for relaxation while surrounded by historical
and civic buildings of Manila.
Average elevation: 8 m
Minimum elevation: -2 m
Maximum elevation: 26 m
Existing Vegetation
Common Scientific
Name Name Notes Native/Endemic
Status
Large shade
Talisay Terminalia tree, common Native to tropics,
catappa in urban parks naturalized in the
Philippines
Diospyros
Mabolo Also called Endemic to the
blancoi
velvet apple, Philippines
fruit-bearing
Native
Molave Vitex hardwood, Native to the
parviflora valued for Philippines
strong timber
Fig species
Tibig Ficus nota found in moist Native to the
areas Philippines
Ficus Native fig Native to the
Dalakit concinna tree, common Philippines
in lowland
forests
Shrubby fig
Hawili Ficus septica species, used Native to the
in traditional Philippines
medicine
Infrastructure and Services
Mehan Garden, strategically located in Ermita, Manila, is surrounded by a wide range of
infrastructure and public services that enhance its standing as both a historical and a functional
space within the city. One of the glaring factors facilitating accessibility to the park is its
proximity to major transport systems. The Central Terminal Station of the LRT-1 is merely a few
steps away, while Father Burgos Avenue, Lawton, and United Nations Avenue are on the routes
of other jeepneys, buses, and UV Express. Therefore, this garden represents a very accessible
green space toward commuters and nearby communities.
Within the precincts of the garden are civic and cultural landmarks. A few steps north is the
Bonifacio Shrine or cultural plaza, whereas the Manila Metropolitan Theater, a heritage Art Deco
structure, lies a few meters away. To the south lies the Universidad de Manila, which interjects
academic facilities within the green space. Further, the park itself houses the historical marker
of Leon Maria Guerrero, putting it into the historical identity of Manila.
Public services and amenities within the park include walkways, lawns, and fountains, as well as
an air quality monitoring station installed by the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources in 2020. Beyond its environmental role, Mehan Garden also functions as a venue for
civic and cultural activities such as bazaars, food festivals, and seasonal celebrations like
“Paskuhan sa Maynila.” These functions show how the garden is not only a green heritage
space but also an active community hub that links transportation, education, culture, and public
service in the heart of Manila.
Swot analysis
Strengths
● It is one of the oldest public gardens in Manila with a lot of history.
● Located near Manila City Hall and other landmarks, so it’s easy to visit.
● Has trees, a fountain, benches, and open lawns that give fresh air in a busy city.
● Provides shade and a place to rest for workers, students, and passersby.
● Can host events, festivals, and community activities.
● Gives Manila a sense of culture and identity.
Weaknesses
● The garden is smaller now compared to its original size.
● Some areas are poorly maintained and look dirty or plain.
● There are not many flowers or plants left, making it less attractive.
● Surrounded by traffic and noise, so it’s not always peaceful.
● The design looks unorganized because of different changes through the years.
● Not promoted enough, so some people don’t even know it exists.
Opportunities
● It can be restored and redesigned to look more like a real city park.
● More plants, flowers, and landscaping can make it more beautiful.
● It can host more cultural shows, art exhibits, and student activities.
● Could be promoted as a tourist spot with guided tours and history talks.
● Partnerships with schools and groups can help in maintaining and cleaning it.
● Can be used as a green learning space about history, nature, and culture.
Threats
● Ongoing urban development might take more space from the garden.
● Heavy traffic and pollution around it can affect the plants and the people visiting.
● If the city government does not prioritize it, it may continue to be ignored.
● Lack of funds for maintenance can make it decline further.
● Vandalism or misuse of the park can damage its beauty and safety.
● People may forget its history and importance if not preserved properly.
III. IRR/Building Code
1. National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096)
• Pavilions and Shelters: Must be strong, safe from fire, and built with durable, weather-
proof materials. Roofs should be designed to handle wind and rain.
• Stalls and Kiosks: Must follow standards on size, safe wiring, lighting, and fire safety.
Should not block pathways or emergency exits.
• Restrooms: Need proper plumbing, ventilation, and handwashing facilities. Male,
female, and PWD restrooms must be provided.
• Maintenance Buildings: Must be stable, safe for workers, and have fire protection
systems.
• Fences and Gates: Should meet city rules on height and materials while keeping the
park secure but still welcoming.
• Drainage: All structures must include proper drainage to prevent flooding during heavy
rains.
2. Accessibility Laws (Batas Pambansa Blg. 344)
• Ramps: All pavilions, shelters, and restrooms must have ramps with the correct slope,
width, and handrails for PWDs.
• Walkways and Paths: Pathways must be wide, non-slippery, and safe for wheelchairs
and strollers.
• Accessible Restrooms: Should have large stalls, grab bars, and enough space for
mobility aids.
• Parking: Provide PWD-friendly parking near the entrance with clear signs and easy
access.
• Signages: Important areas like restrooms and exits must have readable and visible
signs for everyone.
3. Urban Planning and Zoning Rules
• Setbacks: All new structures must keep proper distance from boundaries and nearby
buildings.
• Building Height: New stalls, kiosks, or pavilions must not be too tall so the garden’s
open character is preserved.
• Open Space: At least a large portion of the park must stay green/open for relaxation,
events, and natural beauty.
• Traffic Flow: Pathways must allow smooth movement of people, and stalls should not
block the circulation.
• Design Harmony: New structures should match the garden’s theme and not overpower
the natural scenery.
4. Environmental and Sanitation Codes
• EIS (Environmental Impact Statement): If large redevelopment is done, a study is
needed to check its effects on the environment.
• Solid Waste Management (RA 9003): Stalls must provide separate bins for
biodegradable, recyclable, and non-recyclable waste.
• Water Quality Management (RA 9275): Drainage and wastewater must be managed
so rivers and canals nearby are not polluted.
• Green Design: Use eco-friendly materials, solar lighting, and rainwater collection if
possible.
• Tree Protection: Existing big trees in Mehan Garden must be preserved and protected
during construction.
5. Fire Safety Code (RA 9514)
• Fire Exits: Pavilions and enclosed stalls must have clear and accessible exits.
• Fire Safety Equipment: Provide fire extinguishers, hydrants, or sprinklers in enclosed
structures.
• Safe Materials: Use fire-resistant roofing, walls, and finishes to avoid accidents.
• Emergency Plan: There should be an evacuation plan and visible emergency signs for
park users.
• Pathways for Fire Trucks: Open space should allow easy access for emergency
vehicles if needed.
IV. Proposed Design Concept
Design Concept
My concept for the redevelopment of Mehan Garden is called “Alon at Bilog” (Waves and
Circles of Life) It is inspired by water ripples and circular shapes, which represent togetherness,
strength, and continuity. The layout is focused on a focal point feature, like a light tower or
fountain, which is symbolic of rebirth and acts as a meeting place. From there, the garden
extends outward in curving circular forms that bind together areas for heritage, ecology, well-
being, and community. Pathways, seating areas, and open spaces are organized in circular and
spiral patterns to establish harmony and movement. Ecological features like native flora,
rainwater catchments, and bioswales are woven into the landscape to promote ecology and
climate resilience. Globally, the design imagines Mehan Garden to be a "living mandala" a
green zone that ties together history, nature, and individuals in one intact and harmonious
conception.
Site Analysis Master Plan / Layout
Materials
1. Permeable Pavers
Eco-friendly paving blocks that let rainwater pass through, preventing floods and
recharging groundwater.
2. Recycled Concrete (RCA)
Crushed old concrete reused for paths or base layers, reducing construction waste.
3. Natural Stone
Locally sourced granite, slate, or river rocks; durable and blends with nature.
4. Bamboo
Fast-growing, renewable, and versatile — great for decking, fences, and pergolas.
5. Coco Lumber
Timber from coconut trees, a sustainable alternative to regular lumber, cost-effective for
garden furniture and structures.
6. Reclaimed Wood
Salvaged timber reused for benches, raised beds, or decking; reduces tree cutting.
7. Compost
Organic matter from food and plant waste, enriches soil and supports healthy plant
growth.
8. Coco Coir
Fiber from coconut husks; eco-friendly alternative to peat moss for soil mixes.
9. Organic Mulch
Bark, straw, or wood chips used to keep soil moist and suppress weeds. Very low-cost
option.
10. Biochar
Charcoal-like soil enhancer that improves fertility and locks away carbon.
11. Upcycled Pallets
Reused wooden pallets turned into planters, furniture, or vertical gardens. Budget-friendly.
12. Recycled Plastic Lumber
Made from recycled plastics; durable, weatherproof, and termite-resistant.
13. Terracotta Pots
Clay-based, breathable pots that help regulate plant moisture naturally. Inexpensive
option.
14. Recycled Glass Mulch
Crushed glass pieces used decoratively in gardens and landscapes.
15. Green Walls / Vertical Gardens
Living plant walls that cool spaces, filter air, and maximize small garden areas.
Conclusion
The redevelopment of Mehan Garden through the concept “Alon at Bilog” (Waves and
Circles of Life) is a means to restore the significance of this Manila historical park. Being
the oldest public garden in the Philippines, it has seen numerous events in history, but
over time it was also subject to abandonment, neglect, and the forces of urban
development. This project reveals that Mehan Garden is not only a piece of earth but a
site which holds both environmental and cultural significance to the people of Manila.
The idea of using ripple and circular patterns in the design signifies unity, continuity, and
strength. It organizes the space more and makes it inviting, while also representing life
and renewal. The center, such as a fountain or light tower, is made into a prominent
landmark and gathering place for visitors. Pathways, seats, and areas of open space
surrounding it provide movement and balance, while also providing individuals with safe
and inviting places to remain, relax, and interact with others.
Another significant component of the idea is sustainability. Through the utilization of
indigenous plants, rainwater harvesting, bioswales, and sustainable materials such as
bamboo, coco lumber, and reclaimed wood, the design protects the environment while
equipping the garden to survive climate adversity. These elements also render the park
cheaper and easier to maintain in the long term.
In the final analysis, this research shows that Mehan Garden can be more than an
afterthought of the past. It can be a living mandala a green oasis that brings history,
nature, and community together. Through its restoration, the city will not only save a
cultural gem but also give residents a secure, green, and fun park that is open to all.
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Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Environmental Management
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehan_Garden
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