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Aggression
Psychiatric Assessment
and Treatment
edited by
Emil F. Coccaro
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
ISBN: 0-8247-4035-1
Headquarters
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more
information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address
above.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
Advisory Board
Our newspapers are filled with headlines of suicide bombings, of armies massing,
and of the deaths of children from abuse. Television news reports similar stories
and shows us crime scenes in all too vivid color, the crumpled cars that killed
mothers and children, and the bloody dead on the sands of Afghanistan. Our
world is a dangerous place, made all the more so by our human behaviors. Despite
this, there has been little study and even less understanding of the origins of what
we do to hurt each other.
This volume is the outcome of two meetings held over the past several years
in an attempt to begin to provide the kind of information essential to furthering the
study of this centrally important issue. Although Freud speculated about aggres-
sion and tentatively postulated a death instinct opposed to the power of Eros,
few have explored these issues in continuing and focused research programs.
Aggression: Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment provides us with a set of con-
ceptual frameworks, measures of aggression and impulsivity, and a series of ap-
proaches to containing the problem. A distinguished group of chapter authors
provide us with a summary of what we know and what we need to know, and
a set of potential road maps for accumulating the data sets so necessary to future
planning of both prevention and treatment.
This is an important and useful book for all of us who care about what the
future holds for our children and for the world we have known.
William A. Frosch
iii
Preface
The genesis of this book dates back to the summer of 1996 when a group of
clinical investigators first met in Philadelphia to discuss the state of human ag-
gression research. At the time little was formalized in the way of a system of
measures or concepts characterizing primary human aggression as a clinical dis-
order. A second, similar, meeting was held two years later, at which a plan was
formulated to produce a volume containing comprehensive and specific summary
articles on primary human aggression that would be of benefit to both clinical
researchers and clinicians. The need for such a volume is clear. Despite the appar-
ent relevance of aggression to society, and the emerging empirical scientific liter-
ature strongly indicating that aggression, particularly impulsive aggression, is
rooted in complex genetic, biological, and psychodevelopmental relationships
that can be identified and targeted for treatment intervention, there are few, if
any, officially recognized clinical models that allow for the identification of indi-
viduals with clinically significant problems of aggression. Without such models
there can be little relevant research. Without such research there can be few ad-
vances in knowledge that will be useful to those who attempt to study and treat
such individuals.
This volume is divided into four sections, based on the idea that a discus-
sion of general models of aggression should be followed by a discussion of more
specific clinical models, a discussion of the clinical and research measurement
of aggression and impulsivity, and, finally, a discussion of the treatment of human
aggression as seen in clinical contexts. Our focus on primary human aggression
is noteworthy because the vast majority of the literature is directed toward books
on aggression in general, aggression due to other conditions, or aggression in the
context of antisocial behavior. This book is concerned with aggression that does
not stem from medical, pharmacological (e.g., during intoxication or withdrawal),
or psychiatric (e.g., psychosis or mania) factors or from premeditation; accord-
v
vi Preface
ingly, it is behavior that is not secondary to some other obvious factor associated
with a condition or state about which a good deal is already known.
The first section discusses issues regarding possible models of aggression,
including phenomenological models (Chapter 1), genetic models (Chapter 2),
developmental models (Chapter 3), and biopsychosocial models (Chapter 4). The
fifth chapter considers impulsivity because of its great relevance to aggression,
especially impulsive and/or affective or reactive aggression. These chapters set
the stage for the chapters in the second section, which discuss clinical models
of aggression and anger.
The second section presents four clinical models of aggression that are in
various stages of development. Chapter 6 discusses the research category of anger
disorders, while Chapter 7 describes a variant of depressive disorder characterized
by anger attacks. Chapter 8 discusses the clinical construct of impulsive aggres-
sion and Chapter 9 examines Intermittent Explosive Disorder as a categorical
expression of impulsive aggression.
The third section focuses on measures of aggression and impulsivity. These
chapters provide comprehensive reviews of how aggression and impulsivity can
be measured in human and in clinical populations. Chapter 10 presents a compre-
hensive and critical overview of questionnaire and interview measures of aggres-
sion in adults, while Chapters 11 and 12 discuss the two most widely used labora-
tory measures of aggression. Chapter 13 is similar to Chapter 10 in that it presents
a comprehensive review of various psychometric and clinical assessments of im-
pulsivity. Chapter 14 is similar to Chapters 11 and 12 but focuses, instead, on
laboratory assessments of impulsivity in human subjects. Chapter 15 concludes
this section with a comprehensive review of aggression and impulsivity measures
available for use in children and adolescents. The reader interested in obtaining
a copy of a specific assessment presented in any of these chapters may refer to
the published source cited or to the author of the particular chapter.
The fourth and final section of this volume deals with the clinical treatment
of primary aggression. Chapter 16 follows up on Chapter 6, discussing the psy-
chosocial treatment of anger disorders. Chapter 17 does the same for partner
aggression. The final three chapters discuss psychopharmacological intervention
using neuroleptics and lithium, serotonergic agents, and, finally, anticonvulsants.
Emil F. Coccaro
Contents
5. Impulsivity 75
Catherine A. Schmidt
vii
viii Contents
6. Anger Disorders 89
Jerry L. Deffenbacher
Index 385
Contributors
Jaylila B. Aybar, M.A., M.Ed. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Colum-
bia University, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Shana E. Cyrulnik The Graduate Center of the City University of New York,
New York, New York, U.S.A.
xi
xii Contributors
Megan M. Golonka Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Jennifer Hendren Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Dur-
ham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Jennifer E. Lansford, Ph.D. Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke Uni-
versity, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
David J. Marks The Graduate Center of the City University of New York,
New York, New York, U.S.A.
Shari Miller-Johnson, Ph.D. Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke Uni-
versity, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Jeffrey H. Newcorn, M.D. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New
York, U.S.A.
David L. Rabiner, Ph.D. Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Burr S. Eichelman
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
INTRODUCTION
All of science, including clinical science, begins with observation. The under-
standing and modulation of aggressive impulsive behavior has been no exception.
Even before Hippocrates’ attempt to characterize personalities (as phlegmatic,
choleric, and sanguine), we have observed and grouped behaviors and then pro-
ceeded to study and attempt their manipulation. Webster defines phenomenology
as “the branch of a science that classifies and describes its phenomena without
any attempt at explanation.” It is this classification and description process which
has guided the research and clinical modulation of human aggressive behavior
utilizing animal models of aggression.
The process of examining the phenomena of aggressive and impulsive be-
havior has evolved from classical writers including Aristotle, Hippocrates, and
Plato continuing through the writers of the Romanticism and Realism schools
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