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Feeling Good
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Feeling Good
The Science of Well-Being
C. ROBERT CLONINGER
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
2004
OX-FORD
Oxford New York
Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai
Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi
Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
PREFACE
To be truly happy people must learn to live in radically new ways. Well-being
only arises when a person learns how to let go of struggles, to work in the service
of others, and to grow in awareness. Prior approaches to feeling good have small
or brief benefits because they separate the biological, psychological, social, and
spiritual processes of living that must be in harmony for a happy life. The intro-
duction of modern drugs and psychotherapy techniques has not resulted in more
people who are very happy with their lives than in the past. Psychologists know
much about the psychosocial skills of people who are happy but know little about
their biology or spirituality. Psychiatrists know much about the biomedical char-
acteristics of people who are unhappy, but not those who are happy. No one has
integrated the psychosocial and biomedical knowledge that is available about well-
being in a coherent developmental perspective.
Fortunately, psychosocial and biomedical approaches to well-being can be fully
integrated, as is done in this book for the first time. The path to well-being de-
scribed here provides the foundation needed to transform human personality and
cure mental disorders. This ambitious book is a holistic account of the principles
and mechanisms underlying the path to the good life—that is, a life that is happy,
harmonious, virtuous, and wise. "Feeling good" cannot be authentic or stable
without "being good" because happiness is the effortless expression of coherent
intuitions of the world. Authentic happiness requires a coherent way of living,
v
vi Preface
including the human processes that regulate the sexual, material, emotional, in-
tellectual, and spiritual aspects of experience. Sex, possessions, power, and friend-
ships can be self-defeating or adaptive, depending on how aware people are of
their goals and values. The degree of coherence of human thoughts and social
relationships can be measured in terms of how well our thoughts and relation-
ships lead to the harmony and happiness of the good life. This holistic approach
quantifies the development of human self-awareness as a sequence of quantum-
like steps, which has many implications for everyday life, neuroscience research,
and the practice of mental health. Likewise, my own understanding of personal-
ity had to be expanded step by step in order to account for observed phenomena,
such as self-awareness, free will, creativity, and quantum-like gifts of the mind
and spirit that could not be explained otherwise. What eventually emerged is an
integrated science of well-being that unifies all the traditional divisions of psy-
chology, psychiatry, and neuroscience.
This book will interest a broad range of readers because of its wide scope. It is
intended for all open-minded people who are interested in understanding as much
as they can about basic human needs, consciousness, creativity, and well-being.
It is written for the general reader as well as for students and practitioners in the
fields of mental health.
The broad range of subject matter in the book required the writing to be acces-
sible to any intelligent person because few people have expertise in all the fields
into which it delves. Even experts in one field or another will find much that is
new and provocative throughout the book. Each chapter contains all essential
introductory material, as well as extensive references for further reading.
In addition to its broad scope, the book focuses in depth on the most funda-
mental questions about human life. What is good? Who am I really? How can I be
happy and creative? These are questions for which there are no complete or simple
answers. Those who think they already know the true answers will not want to
read this book unless they are prepared to challenge their minds and reevaluate
some cherished assumptions. On the other hand, those who recognize the inex-
haustible nature of the mysteries embedded in these questions will enjoy the book.
Useful general principles of living are described along with practical exercises
for the mind to help in exploring the steps of the path to greater wisdom and well-
being. Such exercises are essential to experience different levels of conscious-
ness directly, rather than viewing them as abstract concepts. This book will also
be of interest to theologians, philosophers, and social scientists because it pro-
vides contemporary scientific concepts and language for addressing the peren-
nial human questions about being, knowledge, and conduct at the crux of civilized
thought. It is designed to help each of us to reflect and ponder the basic questions
that everyone has about healthy living. This book stimulates the reader to develop
his or her own self-awareness without reliance on any external authority, includ-
ing myself.
Preface vii
This is the first of several books I intend to write on the science of well-being.
It is limited primarily to describing the foundations of normal development, es-
pecially the development of self-awareness. The assessment and treatment of
mental disorders will be considered in more depth in a second book because the
principles of well-being must be recognized before psychopathology can be ef-
fectively understood.
The path of development of self-aware consciousness is described here from
several interdependent perspectives, including physics, genetics, physiology, psy-
chology, sociology, and philosophy. However, my focus is on human psychobi-
ology because no one can provide an adequate theory of everything. A broad range
of biomedical and psychosocial sciences is synthesized here to provide a solid
foundation from which to understand both normal and abnormal development.
The principles derived from this foundation provide the clues that have long been
needed for mental health to advance from a predominantly descriptive and em-
pirical science to one that is founded solidly on a self-organizing theoretical un-
derstanding of the basic mechanisms of life.
Tentative intuitions about the mysteries of life are described and tested in rig-
orous scientific terms. Sometimes the metaphorical descriptions of transcenden-
tal writers provided inspiration when their terms could be translated into a scientific
form that was measured, tested, and refined in a stepwise manner. It is wonderful
to be living at a time when creative advances in science and culture allow a deep
and inspiring understanding of what it means to be human. We now have the
opportunity to examine old, universal, human questions within a current, quanti-
tative, scientific framework.
This book could not have been completed without the help of many others. Fiona
Stevens and Jeff House at Oxford University Press provided lucid editorial advice
and steadfast encouragement over many years. The Wallace Renard Professorship,
the Sansone Family Center for Well-Being, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health
gave stable support that allowed me to work in creative freedom. The collegial at-
mosphere characteristic of Washington University in St. Louis, particularly in the
Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, has been conducive to the integration
of psychosocial and biomedical approaches. I have learned much from many col-
leagues all over the world, but especially the founding members of our local center,
psychiatrist Dragan Svrakic, psychologist Richard Wetzel, anthropologist Tom
Przybeck, physicist Nenad Svrakic, and administrator Gerri Wynne. Our commit-
ment to open-minded inquiry into fundamental human issues in the Center for Well-
Being continues the spirit I first experienced in Plan II at the University of Texas in
Austin under the leadership of philosopher John Silber. Fortunately, the late psy-
chiatrists Eli Robins and Samuel Guze wisely nurtured the same deep philosophical
spirit in psychiatry at Washington University.
Writing this book has been a wonderful adventure shared with my family and
friends. My parents Morris and Concetta taught me much about the principles of
coherent living by the example of their own fully engaged lives. My wife, Sherry,
and sons, Bryan and Kevin, are continual sources of inspiration and love as we all
learn to follow the path of well-being together.
ix
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CONTENTS
Introduction, xv
XI
xii Contents
Within every person is a spontaneous need for happiness, understanding, and love,
yet neither psychiatry nor psychology has been effective in understanding the steps
that lead to such a happy life. In fact, these disciplines have almost exclusively
studied the unhappy. Available treatments of mental problems are usually based
on empirical discoveries that ignore the importance of growth in self-awareness
for the development of well-being. Consequently, available treatments are pallia-
tive and incomplete, not curative. Most patients with common mental disorders
remain ill with varying degrees of recurrent or chronic disability throughout their
life despite conventional biomedical and psychosocial treatments. Available psycho-
tropic drugs and psychosocial interventions are often effective for acute relief of
some symptoms of mental disorder. Despite the use of modern therapies, how
ever, there has been no overall increase in the proportion of people in the com-
munity who are happy and satisfied with their life.
The meager progress by psychiatry and psychology in understanding the science
of well-being is in part related to a failure to integrate major advances in other
fields of science. Some phenomena of human consciousness, such as creative gifts
and free will, may be explainable only in terms of quantum physics. Neverthe-
less, most psychologists and psychiatrists assume people are essentially machines,
like computers. The deterministic algorithms of computers cannot explain human
creativity or freedom of will, which at least seem to be important to the happiness
xv
xvi Introduction
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