School of Information Technology,

Engineering, Mathematics and

Physics

Discipline of Civil Engineering

CV 323 Design of Concrete Structures
Semester 2, 2021

Lecture 8
DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
September 14, 2021

Reference Text books:

1. AS3600 2009 Australian Standard Concrete Structures

2. Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete- Analysis and Design with Emphasis
on Application of AS 3600 2009
3. Concrete Structures by Warner, Rangan, Hall and Faulkes, 1998 Edition
4. Reinforced Concrete Basics by R.J. Warner, S.J. Foster
5. NZS 3101, Part 1, 2006: Concrete Structures Standard
6. NZS 3101 Part 2, 2006: Concrete Structures Standard
7. NZS 3109, 1997: Concrete Construction
8. Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete by Harry Parker, 4th Edition
9. Design of Reinforced Concrete, 3rd Edition by Jack C. MacCormac
10. Why Buildings Fall Down by Matthys Levy and Mario Salvadori
11. Design of Steel Structures by Boris Bresler, T.Y. Lin and John B. Scalzi,
2nd Edition
12. Concrete Construction Handbook by Joseph J. Wadell, 2nd Edition

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 1

NOTATION: DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM:

γkud = Depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block (mm)

dn = distance of the neutral axis from the outermost fiber in compression (mm
b = width of the reinforced concrete beam (mm)
dst = effective depth, distance of the outermost fiber in compression to the centerline of the
reinforcing steel bars, (mm)
D = Overall beam depth (mm)
Ag = Area of the concrete beam (square mm)
Ast = Area of tension reinforcement (square mm)
Asc = Area of compression reinforcement (square mm)
Cs = Resultant Compressive force in the concrete beam (kN, N)
Cc = Resultant Compressive force in the compression steel (kN, N)
T = T1 + T2 - Total Tensile force in the compression steel and tension steel bars (kN, N)
T1 = Ast1fy
T2 = Ast2fy
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Ast1 = area of steel utilized by the Concrete – steel couple
Ast2 = area of steel utilized by the steel – steel couple
Mud = moment strength of concrete-steel couple
M2 = moment strength of steel-steel couple
Єst = unit strain at the centroid of steel in tension
Єsc = unit strain at the centroid of steel
Єsy= Allowable strain in reinforcing steel bars
Єc = Strain in concrete
M*= Ф(Mud + M2)
fc’ = Specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa)
fsy = Specified flexural strength of reinforcing steel bars (MPa)

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 2

 DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Reference: Concrete Structures by Warner, Rangan, Hall and Faulkes, 1998 Edition

Purpose of Double Reinforced Concrete beam

Compressive steel can be used effectively to increase the flexural strength of concrete beam
when the beam cross – section is restricted in size.

This situation arises when the total depth (D) and width (b) are fixed by architectural or other
consideration. If a beam is subjected to a fixed moment over a small proportion of its total
length, as for example at the interior supports of a continuous beam, it may be economical to
use compressive steel so that the overall depth of the beam can be reduced.

Compressive steel can substantially increase and improved the ductility of the beams and
therefore advisable in members that requires large quantities of tensile steel to achieve the
necessary bending moment. It is also effective in reducing the long – term deflection, which
occurs as the result of creep and shrinkage of concrete.

Benefits of doubly reinforced concrete beam

Benefits Remarks
1)Eases in fabrication Use corner bars to hold and anchor stirrups
The addition of compression reinforcement, causes the creep of the
2) Reduced concrete in the compression zone to transfer load from the concrete to the
sustained load compression steel, thus reducing the stress in the concrete. Because of the
deflections lower compression stress in the concrete, it creeps less, leading to a
reduction in sustained load deflections.
3) The ductility of the The addition of compression reinforcement causes a reduction in the depth
concrete beam of the compression stress block. As the depth of the compression stress block
increases decreases, the strain in the tension reinforcement at failure increases,
resulting in a more ductile behavior. The ductility of the concrete beam
increases significantly when compression reinforcement is used and added
to the beam.

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 3

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM AND A DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Єcu = 0.003 (lim.) α2 f’c

γkud/2
dn = kud γkud C C=0.85f’c γkud b
dst Neutral axis
dst - γkud/2 RM = force (distance)
= C (dst - γkud/2)
dst - dn
Ast
T=Ast fsy T=Ast fsy
Єs > Єsy

Stress Diagram
Strain Diagram Concrete - Steel
Cross Section Singly Reinforced Couple
Beam

FIGURE 8.1
Reinforced Concrete Beam when compressive steel bars is not yet added in the compression zone

Єc = 0.003 (lim.) α2fc’ α2fc’

d’ d’
Asc Єsc d’ γkud/2
Cc Cc = fs’Asc
dn = kud
Cs γkud/2
Cs=0.85fc’ γkud
b
dst Neutral axis dst – d’
d- γkud/2
dst - dn = M
ud + M
2
Ast Єst T = T1 +T2 T1=Ast fsy
T2=Asc fs

b
Stress diagram of Concrete – Steel – steel
Cross Section Strain Diagram Doubly Reinforced
beam
= Steel couple + Couple

FIGURE 8.2
Reinforced Concrete beam when steel bars is added in the compression zone of the beam.

The factor α2 shall be calculated by:

α2 = 1.0 - 0.003(fc’) - - - 0.67 ≤ α2 ≤ 0.85
The factor γ shall be calculated by:
γ = 1.0 - 0.007(fc’) - - - 0.67 ≤ γ ≤ 0.85

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 4

 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams

1) Determine the design bending moment (M*) by structural analysis

2) Calculate the area of tensile steel bars in the concrete beam when compressive steel bars is not
yet added to the beam (concrete - steel – couple).

Ast1 = α2fc’ (γ) (ku dst) b; for estimating Ast1, use maximum neutral axis parameter (ku) = 0.40
fsy

3) Determine the moment capacity of the concrete beam (concrete - steel – couple), when
compressive steel bars is not yet added

Mud = Ast1 fsy dst (1 – 0.60 Ast1 fsy )

b dst fc’

4. Compare φ Mud with M*.

If M* > φ Mud and the dimension of the beam cannot be increased, the only alternative solution is
to install reinforcing steel bars at the compression zone of the beam.

5. Compute excess moment M2. M2 is the excess moment that will be carried by the compressive
steel.

M2 = M* - φ Mud

a) Evaluate whether compression steel yield or not

Єsc = 0.003 (dn - d’)

dn

6. Compute the area of compression steel

M2 = φ Cc (dst – d’)

i) If compression steel yield Cc = Asc (fsy)

ii) If compression steel does not yield, Cc = Asc (Єsc) (Es)

7. Additional area of tension steel.

M2 = φT2 (dst – d’)

M2 = φ Ast2 (fsy) (dst – d’)

Ast2 = M2 .
φ (fsy) (dst – d’)

8. Total area of tension steel (Ast) = Ast1 +Ast2

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 5

 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM NO. 1
Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam

The cross section of the rectangular beam is shown in Figure below. The beam dimension is limited to
300mm x 710mm because of architectural restraint and space limitation. fc’ =32MPa, fsy = 500MPa and
steel cover from the centerline of the main bars are: 60mm for tension bars and 60 mm for compression
bars. If the beam will carry a maximum moment (M*) = 800 kNm, answer the following:
Part 1) The area of tensile steel in the in the concrete beam without compression reinforcement
(concrete – steel couple);

Part 2) The moment capacity (Mud) of the concrete beam without compression reinforcement
(concrete – steel couple);

Part 3) The excess moment (M2) to be carried by the steel bars to be added in the compression
zone.

Part 4) Area of compression steel bars and the no. pieces of steel bars, if N20 bars that needs to
be added in the compression zone.

Part 5) The total area of tension steel bars and the no. of pieces of steel bars, if N36mm bars will
be used;

Part 6) Draw to appropriate scale the cross section of beam with bar details.

The strain – stress diagram is shown in Figure 1(b) to Figure 1(e) below to help in the design
analysis of the rectangular beam.

Єc = 0.003 (lim.) α2fc’ α2fc’

d’ d’
Asc Єsc d’ γkud/2
Cc Cc = fs’Asc
dn = kud
Cs γkud/2
Cs=0.85fc’ γkud
b
dst Neutral axis dst – d’
d- γkud/2
dst - dn = M
ud + M
2
Ast Єst T = T1 +T2 T1=Ast fsy
T2=Asc fs

b = 310mm
Stress diagram of Concrete – Steel – steel
Cross Section Strain Diagram Doubly Reinforced
beam
= Steel couple + Couple

Given design parameters:

1) fc’ =32MPa, fsy = 500MPa, b =300mm
2) dst = D – given steel cover = 710 – 60 = 650mm
3) Given steel cover of compression bars (d’)= 60mm
Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 6
 SOLUTION: ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM NO. 1

Part 1) The area of tensile steel in the in the concrete beam without compression reinforcement
(concrete – steel couple);

α2 = 1.0 - 0.003(32) = 0.904 > 0.85; adopt α2 = 0.85

γ = 1.0 - 0.007(32) = 0.776; adopt γ = 0.776
Ast1 = α2fc’ (γ) (ku dst) b; for estimating Ast1, use maximum neutral axis parameter (ku) = 0.40
fsy

Ast1 = (0.85) (32N/mm2) (0.776) (0.40) (650mm) (300mm) = 3, 292.723mm2

500N/mm2

Part 2) The moment capacity (Mud) of the concrete beam without compression reinforcement
(concrete – steel couple);

Mud = Ast1 fsy dst (1 – 0.60 Ast1 fsy )

b dst fc’

Mud = 3292.723 (500) (650) [1 – 0.60 3292.723 500 ]

300(650) 32

Mud = 1, 070, 134, 975 (1 - 0.1583) = 900, 732, 608.5 Nmm say 900.733kNm
φ Mud = 0.757 (900.733) = 681.855kNm

Part 3) The excess moment (M2) to be carried by the steel bars to be added in the compression
zone.

φ = 1.19 – 13(0.40)/12 = 0.757 but not greater than 0.80, Adopt φ = 0.757 for N bars
M*= 800 > φ Mud = 681.855kNm;
Excess moment M2.
M2 = M* - φ Mud
M2 = 800 – 681.855 = 118.145kNm

Part 4) Area of compression steel bars and the no. pieces of steel bars, if N20 bars that needs to
be added in the compression zone.

Evaluate whether the compression steel is yielding or not

dn= ku (dst) = 0.40(650) = 260mm, d’ =60mm (given)

Єsc = 0.003 (dn - d’) = 0.003 (260 – 60) = 0.00231
dn 260
Єsy = fsy = 500 = 0.0025
E 200, 000
Єsc < Єsy, Compression steel is not yielding, hence Cc = Asc (Єsc) (Es)

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 7

 Area of compression steel

Since compression steel did not yield, Cc = Asc (Єsc) (Es)

M2 = φ Cc (d – d’)

M2 = φ Asc (Єsc) (Es) (dst – d’)

Asc = M2 .
φ (Єsc) (Es) (dst – d’)

Asc = 118.145 x 106 Nmm = 572.566 mm2; No. of N 20 bars = 2 pieces

0.757(0.00231) (200000) (650 - 60)

Part 5) The total area of tension steel bars and the no. of pieces of steel bars, if N36mm bars will
be used;

Ast2 = M2 = 118.145 x 106 Nmm = 529.05mm2

φ (fsy) (dst – d’) 0.757(500) (650 -60)

Total area of tension steel (Ast) = Ast1 +Ast2

(Ast) = 3, 292.723mm2 + 529.05 = 3,821.773mm2; No. of N 36bars = 4 pieces

Bar Diameter 1 2 3 4 5
16 201.06 402.12 603.18 804.24 1005.30
20 314.16 628.32 942.48 1256.64 1570.8
24 452.39 904.78 1357.17 1809.56 2261.95
28 615.75 1231.15 1847.25 2463.0 2078.75
32 804.25 1608.5 2412.75 3217.0 4021.25
36 1017.88 2035.76 3053.64 4071.52 5089.4

Part 6) Draw to appropriate scale the cross section of beam with bar details.

ds’ = 60mm

Top Bars: 2 – N20 mm bars

dst = 650mm
D = 710mm Bottom Bars: 4 – N36mm bars
Stirrups: R10

60mm
b = 300mm

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 8

 INVESTIGATION OF DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM NO. 2

The cross section of a doubly reinforced concrete beam is shown in the Figure below. fc’ = 32 MPa, fsy =
500 MPa, E = 200, 000MPa. Determine if the tension steel bars and compression steel bars is yielding or
not yielding.

Additional Design Parameters:

Top Bars: 2 – N16

D = 600 Bottom Bars: 8 – N24
Space bars N24
Stirrups R10

Durability cover requirement = 20mm

b = 350mm

FIGURE

Bar Diameter 1 2 3 4 5
16 201.06 402.12 603.18 804.24 1005.30
20 314.16 628.32 942.48 1256.64 1570.8
24 452.39 904.78 1357.17 1809.56 2261.95
28 615.75 1231.15 1847.25 2463.0 2078.75
32 804.25 1608.5 2412.75 3217.0 4021.25
36 1017.88 2035.76 3053.64 4071.52 5089.4

SOLUTION: Ast1 = Ast - Asc

Asc = 2 – N16 = 402.12mm2
Ast - Asc = α2fc’ (γ) (ku dst) b;
Ast = 8 – N24 = 3619.12mm2 fsy
d’ = 20 + 10 + 16/2 = 38mm dn = (Ast - Asc ) fsy .
α2fc’ (γ) b
dst = 600 – [20 + 10 + 24 + 24/2] = 534mm
Ast1 = Ast - Asc = 3217mm2 α2 = 1.0 - 0.003(32) = 0.904 > 0.85; adopt α2 = 0.85
γ = 1.0 - 0.007(32) = 0.776; adopt γ = 0.776

dn = (Ast - Asc ) fsy = (3217) (500) = 217.732mm.

α2fc’ (γ) b (0.85) (32) (0.776) (350)

dn = ku dst and ku = 217.732/534 = 0.408 < 0.40 over reinforced beam

Єst = 0.003 (dst - dn) = 0.003 (534 – 217.732) = 0.00178 < Єsy =0.0025; steel bars not yielding
dn 534

Єsc = 0.003 (dn - d’) = 0.003 (217.732 – 38) = 0.00248 < Єsy =0.0025; compression bars not yielding
dn 217.732

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 9

 TUTORIAL PROBLEM NO. 1

The cross section of the rectangular beam is limited to 350mm x 500mm because of architectural restraint and space
limitation. The steel cover for both tensile and compressive bars from centerline of the main bars are both 50mm. If the
beam will carry a maximum moment (M*) = 380 kNm. fc’ = 25MPa, fsy = 500MPa
Answer the following:
Part 1) The area of tensile steel in the in the concrete beam without compression reinforcement
(concrete – steel couple);

Part 2) The moment capacity (Mud) of the concrete beam without compression reinforcement
(concrete – steel couple);

Part 3) The excess moment (M2), if any.

Part 4) Area of compression steel bars and the no. pieces of steel bars.

Part 5) The total area of tension steel bars and the no. of pieces of steel bars.

Part 6) Draw to appropriate scale the cross section of beam with bar details.

The strain – stress diagram is shown in Figure 1(b) to Figure 1(e) below to help in the design
analysis of the rectangular beam.

Єc = 0.003 (lim.) α2fc’ α2fc’

d’ d’
Asc Єsc d’ a/2
Cc Cs=0.85fc’ ab Cc = fs’Asc
dn = kud
Cs a/2
dst Neutral axis d – d’
d-a/2

dst - dn = M
ud + M
2
Ast
Єst T = T1 +T2 T1=Ast fs
T2=Asc fs

b
Stress diagram of Concrete – Steel – steel
Cross Section Strain Diagram Doubly Reinforced
beam
= Steel couple + Couple

dst =450mm
D = 500mm

b =350mm

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 10

 TUTORIAL PROBLEM NO.2

The cross section of a double reinforced rectangular beam is shown in the Figure
below. Find the ultimate moment capacity of the doubly reinforced concrete beam.
f’c = 25 MPa, fsy = 500 MPa, Es = 200, 000MPa.

ds’ = 50mm

Top Bars: 2 – 20mm bars

d = 510mm
D = 560mm Bottom Bars: 3 – 32mm bars

50mm
b = 280mm

FIGURE

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 11

 THANK YOU, JESUS CHRIST

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam – Semester 2, 2021 Page 12