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SEVENTH EDITION

Issues and Ethics

in the Helping
Professions
Gerald Corey
California State University, Fullerton
Diplomate in Counseling Psychology,
American Board of Professional Psychology

Marianne Schneider Corey

Private Practice/Consulting

Patrick Callanan
Private Practice

Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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Dedicated to
the friends, colleagues, clients, and
students who helped us to see and appreciate the complexities
and subtleties of ethical thinking and practice
 Gerald Corey is Professor Emeritus of
Human Services at California State Univer-
sity at Fullerton. He received his doctorate
in counseling from the University of South-
ern California. He is a Diplomate in Coun-
seling Psychology, American Board of
Professional Psychology; a licensed psy-
chologist; a National Certified Counselor; a Fellow of the American Psycho-
logical Association (Counseling Psychology); a Fellow of the American
Counseling Association; and a Fellow of the Association for Specialists in
Group Work (ASGW). Jerry received the ASGW’s Eminent Career Award in
2001 and the Outstanding Professor of the Year Award from California State
University at Fullerton in 1991. He teaches both undergraduate and gradu-
ate courses in group counseling, as well as courses in experiential groups,
the theory and practice of counseling, and professional ethics. He is the
author or co-author of 15 textbooks in counseling currently in print, along
with numerous journal articles. His book, Theory and Practice of Counseling and
Psychotherapy, has been translated into Arabic, Indonesian, Portuguese,
Korean, Chinese and Turkish. Theory and Practice of Group Counseling has been
translated into Chinese, Korean, Spanish and Russian. Issues and Ethics in the
Helping Professions has recently been translated into Chinese and Japanese.
Along with Marianne Schneider Corey, Jerry often presents workshops
in group counseling. In the past 25 years the Coreys have conducted group
counseling training workshops for mental health professionals at many uni-
versities in the United States as well as in Mexico, China, Germany, Belgium,
Scotland, Canada, Korea, and Ireland. In his leisure time, Jerry likes to travel,
hike and bicycle in the mountains, and drive his 1931 Model A Ford.
Recent publications by Jerry Corey, all with Thomson Brooks/Cole,
include:
■ Becoming a Helper, Fifth Edition (2007, with Marianne Schneider Corey)

iv
About the Authors

■ Groups: Process and Practice, Seventh Edition (2006, with Marianne Schneider
Corey)
■ I Never Knew I Had a Choice, Eighth Edition (2006, with Marianne Schneider
Corey)
■ Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Seventh Edition (and
Manual) (2005)
■ Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy, Sixth Edition (2005)
■ Theory and Practice of Group Counseling, Sixth Edition, (and Manual) (2004)
■ Group Techniques, Third Edition (2004, with Marianne Schneider Corey,
Patrick Callanan, and J. Michael Russell)
■ Clinical Supervision in the Helping Professions: A Practical Guide (2003, with
Robert Haynes and Patrice Moulton).
■ The Art of Integrative Counseling (2001)
Jerry is co-author, with his daughters Cindy Corey and Heidi Jo Corey,
of an orientation-to-college book entitled Living and Learning (1997), pub-
lished by Wadsworth. He is also co-author (with Barbara Herlihy) of Bound-
ary Issues in Counseling: Multiple Roles and Responsibilities, Second Edition
(2006) and ACA Ethical Standards Casebook, Sixth Edition (2006), both pub-
lished by the American Counseling Association.
He has also made three CD-ROM and DVD programs on various aspects
of counseling practice: (1) CD-ROM for Integrative Counseling (2005, with
Robert Haynes); (2) Groups in Action: Evolution and Challenges, DVD and
Workbook (2006, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Robert Haynes); and
(3) Ethics in Action CD-ROM (2003, with Marianne Schneider Corey and
Robert Haynes). All of these educational programs are available through
Thomson Brooks/Cole.

v
 Marianne Schneider Corey is a
licensed marriage and family therapist in
California and is a National Certified Coun-
selor. She received her master’s degree in
marriage, family, and child counseling from
Chapman College. She is a Fellow of the
Association for Specialists in Group Work
and was the recipient of this organization’s Eminent Career Award in 2001.
She also holds memberships in the American Counseling Association; the
Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling; the
Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (both national and
regional); and the Association for Specialists in Group Work.
Marianne has been actively involved in leading groups for different
populations, providing training and supervision workshops in group
process, and co-facilitating training groups for group counselors and resi-
dential workshops in personal growth. She sees groups as the most effective
format in which to work with clients and finds it the most rewarding for her
personally. With her husband, Jerry, Marianne has conducted training work-
shops, continuing education seminars, and personal-growth groups in
Germany, Ireland, Belgium, Mexico, China, and Korea, as well as regularly
doing these workshops in the United States. In her free time, Marianne
enjoys traveling, reading, visiting with friends, and hiking.
Marianne has co-authored several articles in group work, as well as the
following books with Thomson Brooks/Cole:
■ Becoming a Helper, Fifth Edition (2007, with Gerald Corey)
■ Groups: Process and Practice, Seventh Edition (2006, with Gerald Corey)
■ I Never Knew I Had a Choice, Eighth Edition (2006, with Gerald Corey)
■ Group Techniques (2004, with Gerald Corey, Patrick Callanan, and Michael
Russell)

vi
Visit https://ebookname.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
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 Marianne has also made two educational CD-ROM and DVD/workbook
programs: (1) Groups in Action: Evolution and Challenges, DVD and Workbook
(2006, with Gerald Corey and Robert Haynes), and (2) Ethics in Action CD-ROM
(2003, with Gerald Corey and Robert Haynes). Several of Marianne’s co-authored
books have been translated into other languages. Becoming a Helper has been
translated into Korean and Japanese; Group Techniques has been translated into
Portuguese, Korean, and Japanese; Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions has
been translated into Japanese and Chinese; Groups: Process and Practice has been
translated into Polish, Chinese, and Korean; and I Never Knew I Had a Choice has
been translated into Chinese.
Marianne and Jerry have been married since 1964. They have two adult
daughters, Heidi and Cindy. Marianne grew up in Germany and has kept in
close contact with her family there.

vii
 Patrick Callanan is a licensed mar-
riage and family therapist in private prac-
tice in Santa Ana, California. In 1973 he
graduated with a bachelor’s degree in
Human Services from California State Uni-
versity at Fullerton, and he received his master’s degree in professional psy-
chology from United States International University in 1976. He has had a
private practice for more than 20 years, working with individuals, couples,
families, and groups.
Patrick is on the part-time faculty of the Human Services Program at
California State University at Fullerton, where he regularly teaches an intern-
ship course. He also offers his time each year to the university to assist in
training and supervising group leaders and co-teaches a graduate course on
ethical and professional issues in counseling. Along with Marianne Schnei-
der Corey and Gerald Corey, he received an Award for Contributions to the
Field of Professional Ethics by the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Reli-
gious Values in Counseling in 1986.
Patrick co-authored Group Techniques, Third Edition (2004), which as
been translated into Portuguese, Korean, and Japanese. In his free time,
Patrick enjoys reading, walking fast, and playing golf. Each year he returns
for a stay in his home town in Ireland.

viii
 Contents
Introduction to
Professional Ethics

1 Introduction to Professional Ethics 2

The Focus of This Book 2
Some Suggestions for Using This Book 3
Professional Codes of Ethics 5
Ethical Decision Making 12
Steps in Making Ethical Decisions 19
Dealing With Suspected Unethical Behavior of Colleagues 23
Self-Assessment: An Inventory of Your Attitudes and Beliefs About Ethical and
Professional Issues 25
Chapter Summary 33
Suggested Activities 33
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 34

2 The Counselor as a Person and

as a Professional 36
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 36
Introduction 38
Self-Awareness and the Influence of the Therapist’s Personality and Needs 39
Personal Therapy for Counselors 42
Transference and Countertransference 48
Client Dependence 55
Stress in the Counseling Profession 57

ix
x Contents

Counselor Impairment 61
Maintaining Vitality 64
Chapter Summary 66
Suggested Activities 67
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 68

3 Values and the Helping

Relationship 70
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 70
Introduction 72
Clarifying Your Values and Their Role in Your Work 72
The Ethics of Imposing Your Values on Clients 75
Values Conflicts Regarding Sexual Attitudes and Behavior 78
Value Conflicts Pertaining to Abortion 80
Case Studies of Other Possible Value Conflicts 84
The Role of Spiritual and Religious Values in Counseling 88
End-of-Life Decisions 97
Chapter Summary 106
Suggested Activities 106
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 108

4 Multicultural Perspectives
and Diversity Issues 110
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 110
Introduction 112
The Need for a Multicultural Emphasis 112
The Challenges of Reaching Diverse Client Populations 116
Ethics Codes From a Diversity Perspective 118
Cultural Values and Assumptions in Therapy 120
Addressing Sexual Orientation 127
Matching Client and Counselor 136
Multicultural Training for Mental Health Workers 141
Chapter Summary 147
Suggested Activities 148
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 150
 Contents xi

5 Client Rights and Counselor

Responsibilities 152
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 152
Introduction 154
The Client’s Right to Give Informed Consent 156
The Content of Informed Consent 160
The Professional’s Responsibilities in Record Keeping 167
Ethical Issues in Online Counseling 175
Working With Children and Adolescents 180
Involuntary Commitment and Human Rights 191
Malpractice Liability in the Helping Professions 192
Chapter Summary 202
Suggested Activities 203
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 204

6 Confidentiality: Ethical and

Legal Issues 206
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 206
Introduction 208
Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy 208
Privacy Issues With Telecommunication Devices 220
Implications of HIPAA for Mental Health Providers 222
The Duty to Warn and to Protect 224
Protecting Children, the Elderly, and Dependent Adults From Harm 243
Confidentiality and HIV/AIDS-Related Issues 248
Chapter Summary 256
Suggested Activities 257
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 257

7 Managing Boundaries and Multiple

Relationships 260
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 260
Introduction 262
Dual and Multiple Relationships 263
Controversies on Boundary Issues 272
xii Contents

Managing Multiple Relationships in Small Communities 276

Bartering for Professional Services 279
Giving or Receiving Gifts 285
Social Relationships With Clients 288
Sexual Attractions in the Client-Therapist Relationship 291
Sexual Relationships in Therapy: Ethical and Legal Issues 295
Sexual Relationships With Former Clients 301
A Special Case: Nonerotic Physical Contact With Clients 304
Chapter Summary 307
Suggested Activities 308
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 310

8 Professional Competence and

Training 312
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 312
Introduction 314
Therapist Competence: Ethical and Legal Aspects 314
Ethical Issues in Training Therapists 319
Evaluating Knowledge, Skills, and Personal Functioning 325
Gatekeeper Role of Faculty in Promoting Competence 329
Dismissing Students for Nonacademic Reasons 331
Professional Licensing and Credentialing 334
Continuing Education and Demonstration of Competence 340
Review, Consultation, and Supervision by Peers 343
Chapter Summary 344
Suggested Activities 345
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 346

9 Issues in Supervision and

Consultation 348
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 348
Introduction 350
Ethical Issues in Clinical Supervision 350
Competence of Supervisors 359
Legal Aspects of Supervision 362
Special Issues in Supervision for School Counselors 364
 Contents xiii

Multicultural Issues in Supervision 367

Multiple Roles and Relationships in the Supervisory Process 371
Special Issues in Consultation 382
Chapter Summary 388
Suggested Activities 388
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 390

10 Issues in Theory, Practice

and Research 392
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 392
Introduction 394
Developing a Counseling Style 395
The Division of Responsibility in Therapy 396
Deciding on the Goals of Counseling 397
The Use of Techniques in Counseling 399
Assessment and Diagnosis as Professional Issues 401
Using Tests in Counseling 414
Counseling in a Managed Care Environment 416
Ethical Issues in Psychotherapeutic Research 425
Chapter Summary 432
Suggested Activities 432
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 434

11 Ethical Issues in Couples and

Family Therapy 436
Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 436
Introduction 438
Ethical Standards in Couples and Family Therapy 439
Special Ethical Considerations in Working With Couples and Families 441
Contemporary Professional Issues 442
Values in Couples and Family Therapy 445
Gender-Sensitive Couples and Family Therapy 448
Responsibilities of Couples and Family Therapists 452
Confidentiality in Couples and Family Therapy 453
Informed Consent in Couples and Family Therapy 455
Chapter Summary 456
xiv Contents

Suggested Activities 457

InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 458

12 Ethical Issues in Group Work 460

Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 460
Introduction 462
Training and Supervision of Group Leaders 462
Diversity Issues in Training Group Workers 466
Co-Leadership 468
Ethical Issues in Group Membership 469
Confidentiality in Groups 473
Values in Group Counseling 477
Uses and Abuses of Group Techniques 478
The Consultation and Referral Process 479
Issues Concerning Termination 480
Chapter Summary 481
Suggested Activities 482
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 483

13 Ethical Issues in Community Work 484

Pre-Chapter Self-Inventory 484
Introduction 486
Ethical Practice in Community Work 488
The Community Mental Health Orientation 488
Roles of Helpers Working in the Community 491
Promoting Change in the Community 497
Working Within a System 501
Chapter Summary 507
Authors’ Concluding Commentary 507
Suggested Activities 508
InfoTrac® College Edition Resources 510

References and Suggested Readings 511

Author Index 541
Subject Index 545
Preface

I
ssues and Ethics in the Helping Professions is written for both graduate and
undergraduate students in the helping professions. This book is suitable for
courses in counseling, human services, couples and family therapy, coun-
seling and clinical psychology, and social work. It can be used as a core text-
book in courses such as practicum, fieldwork, internship, and ethical and
professional issues or as a supplementary text in courses dealing with skills or
theory. Because the issues we discuss are likely to be encountered throughout
one’s professional career, we have tried to use language and concepts that will
be meaningful both to students doing their fieldwork and to professionals
interested in keep abreast of developments in ethical, professional, and legal
matters pertaining to therapeutic practice.
In this book, we want to involve you, our readers, in learning to deal with
the ethical and professional issues that most affect the actual practice of coun-
seling and related helping professions. We ask the following questions of help-
ing professionals: How do your values and life experiences affect the
therapeutic process? What are the rights and responsibilities of both the client
and the counselor? How can you determine your level of competence? How
can you provide quality services for culturally diverse populations? What
major ethical issues might you encounter in couples and family therapy? in
group work? in community agencies? in private practice? Our goal is both to
provide a body of information and to teach you a process of thinking about and
resolving the basic issues you will face throughout your career. For most of the
issues we raise, we present various viewpoints to stimulate discussion and
reflection. We also present our views and personal commentaries, when appro-
priate, and challenge you to formulate your own position.
The ethics codes of various professional organizations offer some guidance
for practice. However, these guidelines leave many questions unanswered. We
believe that as a student or a professional you will ultimately struggle with the
issues of responsible practice, deciding how accepted ethical principles apply
in the specific cases you encounter.

xv
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