CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA

Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department

9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICE AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG

SELECTED ADULTS IN MANDALUYONG CITY: BASIS FOR
HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the School of Nursing
Centro Escolar University

In partial fulfillment
of the Requirements of the Course
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

by:
Barloso, Donizhen Jane R.
Caisip, Hannah Ruth F.
De Castro, Piolo A.
Delos Santos, Kayla Lorraine C.
Inosanto, Ejay L.
Pak, Shaira Mae C.
Pangandaman, Alyssa P.
Robledo, Roene Anne E.
Rodriguez, Maria Micah G.
Saez, Czarina Anne M.
Viesta, Paula Marie R.

S.Y. 2023-2024
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

ABSTRACT

Self-medication practices are said to be determined by a person’s evaluation of

treatment oneself about the form of treatment available. In addition, as of 2022, self-

medication practices were still rising in the Philippines, as reported by statistical data of a

31% to 66% increase, and the majority of its population came from urban areas (Robredo

et al. 2022). Furthermore, this study aims to explore self-medication practice and its

associated factors among selected adults as a basis for a health education program in one

of the urban areas in Metro Manila, which is Mandaluyong City. The target population of

the study was young adults (18 to 35 years old), middle adults (36 to 54 years old), and

older adults (55 to 65 years old), wherein a total of 180 participants were selected through

a stratified sampling technique. This study utilized the descriptive-correlational research

design to assess the difference in the variables and association between the three age

groups in Mandaluyong City. Moreover, statistical data treatment such as frequency and

percentage, mean and standard deviation, Chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used

to determine the characteristics of the population and if there are significant differences

and associations.

The study found that the majority of participants were moderately knowledgeable

about general information about medication used, where it also reported that self-

medication is prevalent, with NSAIDs being the most commonly used drugs, and the

often source were family or relatives, and local pharmacies that are easily accessible and

convenient. Also, financial considerations play a significant role in medication choices.

2
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

In addition, there is a prevalent attitude of the participants, which favors self-medication

over consulting a doctor, wherein the majority agreed that self-medication is effective

and safe, preferring it over obtaining a prescription and believing that herbal medicines

are cheaper and commonly utilize online resources for medication advice. Overall, this

indicates that they are likely to practice self-medication.

Moreover, it was described that there is no significant association in the

assessment between the demographic profile of respondents in terms of age, sex,

economic status, and educational level as a whole, but these also showed significant

association on certain questions except in sex. Also, the study reported no significant

differences in the overall assessment of self-medication practice between young, middle,

and older adults in terms of current knowledge, attitudes, customs and traditions,

affordability, and accessibility. However, significant differences in particular questions

are reported, whereas the respondents exhibited varying levels of knowledge regarding

the potential risks associated with continued use of nonprescription drugs. Attitudes also

varied, with some not willing to share prescriptions and relying on internet sources for

medication information. Accessibility and affordability of local pharmacies influenced

their choices, with convenience and time-saving being highlighted as the benefits of

purchasing medicines from nearby pharmacies.

The findings of this study highlight the need for community-specific health

interventions to effectively address the practice of self-medication. This suggests that a

comprehensive health education program is necessary in Mandaluyong City in order to

raise public awareness, with a focus on clarifying misconceptions about self-medication.

3
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

Keywords: Self-medication Practice, Young Adults, Middle Adults, Older Adults,

Associated Factors

4
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to everyone who made it

possible for them to fulfill their research paper.

First of all, to Almighty God for the wisdom and knowledge bestowed upon them

and to their parents who filled them with love, understanding, and support all throughout

the very start.

Secondly, to their ever-supportive research adviser, Prof. Anjanette S. De Leon,

for continuously giving them advice and guidance throughout the entire research process.

Great thanks to those who gave them persistent support.

The City Health officer of the City of Mandaluyong, Dr. Arnold C. Abalos, and

the Barangay Health Workers at Welfareville Health Center in assisting them in the

completion of the number of respondents needed in their research.

Special thanks to their statistician, Mr. Nhoriel I. Toledo, who helped them

prepare and analyze their data.

Their heartfelt thanks to the School of Nursing headed by Dr. Elvira L. Urgel and

Research Coordinator Dr. Pearl Ed G. Cuevas for giving them unending moral support,

for believing in their potential, and for uplifting their spirit and confidence.

Most importantly, the researchers wish to express their deepest gratitude to all

participants for graciously allotting their time to answer the survey questionnaire honestly

and with confidence. This study would not have been possible without their participation

and invaluable contribution.

5
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
THESIS APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1
Background of the Study 3
Statement of the Problem 6
Theoretical Framework 7
Conceptual Framework 10
Research Hypothesis 11
Significance of the Study 12
Scope and Limitations of the Study 13
Definition of Terms 14
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Self-Medication 16
Demographic Characteristics of Self-Medication Practice 17
Self-Medication Practice of Young Adults 20
Self-Medication Practice of Middle Adults 21
Self-Medication Practice of Older Adults 22
Factors Affecting Self-Medication Practice 23

6
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

Basis for Health Education 33

Synthesis 33
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 36
Setting of the Study 37
Participants of the Study 37
Sample Size and Sampling Techniques 38
Inclusion Criteria 38
Exclusion Criteria 39
Withdrawal Criteria 39
Ethical Consideration 40
Research Instrument 41
Research Validation 43
Data Gathering Procedure 45
Statistical Treatment 46
CHAPTER 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
Profile of the Respondents 48
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practices of Young, Middle, and
53
Older Adults
Association in Assessing Self-Medication Practice when Grouped
71
According to Profile
Significant Difference in Assessing Self-Medication Practices Between
79
Young Adults, Middle Adults, and Older Adults
CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings 87
Conclusion 88
Recommendations 89

7
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

REFERENCES 93
APPENDICES
A. CEU IERB Certification of Approval 103
B. Letter to Municipal Health Officer 107
C. Letter to the BHW 108
D. Research Instrument Validation 109
E. Research Ghant Chart 113
F. Informed Consent (Tagalog) 114
G. Research Instrument (Tagalog) 118
H. Informed Consent (English) 122
I. Research Instrument (English) 125
J. Certificate of English Editing 129
INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN 130
CURRICULUM VITAE 138

8
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

Four-point Likert Scale Point Range and Verbal Interpretation of

1 42
Knowledge
Four-point Likert Scale Point Range and Verbal Interpretation of
2 42
Attitudes, Tradition, Customs, Affordability, and Accessibility
3 Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age 48
4 Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Sex 49
5 Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Economic Status 49
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Economic Status According to
6 50
Occupation Status
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Economic Status
7 51
According to Health Insurance Membership
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Educational
8 52
Level
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and
9 53
Older Adults in Terms of Current Knowledge
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and
10 Older Adults in terms of Knowledge according to Source of Drug 56
Information
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and
11 Older Adults in terms of Knowledge according to Frequency of Self- 58
Medication
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and
12 60
Older Adults in terms of Knowledge according to Type of Drugs used.
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and
13 62
Older Adults in Terms of Attitudes, Customs, and Traditions
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and
14 66
Older Adults in Terms of Affordability and Accessibility

9
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

General Results of the Association of Self-Medication Practice to

15 71
Profile of the Respondents
Specific Results of the Association of Self-Medication Practice to the
16 72
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age
Specific Results of the Association of Self-Medication Practice to the
17 75
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Economic Status
Specific Results Association of Self-Medication Practice to the Profile
18 77
of the Respondents in Terms of Educational Level
General Results on the Difference of Self-Medication Practice between
19 79
Young Adults, Middle Adults, and Older Adults
Specific Results on the Difference of Self-Medication Practice
20 80
between Young Adults, Middle Adults, and Older Adults
Results of Assessment of Self-Medication and Associated Factors as a
21 83
Basis for Health Education
Results of Assessment of Self-Medication on Source of Drug
22 85
Information and Type of Drugs Used as Basis for Health Education

10
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

LIST OF FIGURES

Figur
Title Page
e
1 Orem’s Theory of Self-care Deficit 7

2 Research Paradigm of the Study 10

11
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Self-medication is taking drugs to treat self-diagnosed conditions or extended use

of prescription drugs after the recommended duration (World Health Organization

[WHO], n.d.). This practice is based on an individual’s judgment or the advice of others

and can involve both modern and traditional treatment methods (Araia et al., 2019). A

recent study by Ray et al. (2022) found that up to 90% of the population engages in self-

medication at some point. The most common reasons for self-medication include the

perceived mildness of the illness, lack of access to healthcare services, and cost

considerations. However, the misuse of medication can lead to adverse drug reactions,

drug interactions, and the development of antibiotic resistance.

In comparison, the World Health Organization (WHO) claimed that self-

medication has the potential to do both benefit and harm because it involves the use of

pharmaceuticals. It has been correctly said that careful self-medication can help prevent

and treat diseases that do not require medical consultation and is a less expensive choice

for treating common illnesses. However, Ramamoorthy et al. (2020) argue that self-

treatment should be grounded on reliable medical knowledge; otherwise, irrational use of

medication can result in squandering resources, amplifying pathogen resistance, and

exposing individuals to significant health hazards such as drug allergies and prolonged

illness.

1
 This is particularly concerning during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has

increased self-medication practices in the Philippines. According to the article, the

COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a surge in demand for medications, particularly for

symptoms associated with the virus, such as fever and cough. Moreover, self-medication

can lead to delays in proper diagnosis and treatment, as individuals may rely on self-

diagnosis and may not seek medical attention until their symptoms worsen (Palaganas,

2021).

A study conducted by the Philippine Pharmacists Association (2021) found that

self-medication practices have increased since the start of the pandemic, highlighting the

need for health education and awareness-raising campaigns to promote responsible use of

medications. The study also revealed a lack of awareness about the potential risks

associated with self-medication practice. Additionally, health experts emphasized the

importance of seeking medical advice, particularly for individuals with underlying health

conditions. Indiscriminate use of medication can lead to adverse side effects, particularly

if the medication is not taken as directed or if it interacts negatively with other

medications or health conditions. Therefore, individuals must seek professional medical

advice before taking any medication, even over-the-counter (Ray et al., 2022).

According to the study of Robredo et al. (2022), self-medication provides some

semblance of health care, especially for low-income households that can avoid the

financial and opportunity costs of medical consultation and diagnostics. Self-medication

is also common among higher-income earners in low- and middle-income communities

who have easier access to health information and the financial and social means to

acquire medication. Therefore, the prevalence of self-medication is associated with the

2
place of residence, as urban areas are correlated with the likelihood of consuming

medicines without the prescription of a medical practitioner. In addition, Akande-Sholabi

et al. (2021) stated that self-medication with either over-the-counter medications or

prescribed medications, including antibiotics, is a common practice in many developing

countries. Analgesics and antibiotics were the most common classes of medication used

for self-medication, while headache and cough were the most frequently treated

conditions.

The researchers believed that this study, which aimed to assess self-medication

practice and associated factors among adults, was timely and beneficial as self-

medication is widely practiced worldwide and often considered a component of self-care,

which can lead to major problems such as wastage of resources, increased resistance of

pathogens, adverse reactions, and prolonged suffering. This research study assesses the

common self-medication practice among adults, particularly young, middle, and older

adults in selected barangays in Mandaluyong City, and its associated factors. Moreover,

the data of this study will be useful in raising awareness among the public about the

potential side effects of widespread self-medication.

Background of the Study

Self-medication has become increasingly widespread, and many different

explanations are underlying it. The growing tendency toward self-medication is attributed

to the need for self-care, sympathy for ailing family members, a lack of time and health

services, financial constraints, misinformation and false beliefs, widespread advertising,

and the accessibility of medications other than those found in drugstores. Self-medication

3
with over-the-counter, prescribed, and herbal medicine remedies is widespread in

underdeveloped countries (Al-Worafi, 2020).

It was reported that self-medication practice is rampant in the Philippines, with

statistical data of 31-66% (Robredo et al., 2022). The study found that urban areas were

more likely to self-medicate than rural residents. The reason is that the healthcare

services in urban areas in the Philippines are insufficient and costly (Lirio & Lim, 2020).

In relation to this, Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, is one of the highly urbanized areas

in the Philippines. Hence, relevant studies supporting the focus population regarding self-

medication practice are limited. Therefore, the researchers considered the affiliated

communities in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines, where Level IV Nursing

students are exposed to collaborating with the Municipal Health office to prevent self-

medication practice in the community. Furthermore, according to Santos et al. (2018)

found that 69.0% of the adult population surveyed practiced self-medication in urban

areas, with the most commonly used drugs being analgesics and antipyretics. The most

common reasons for self-medication were the perceived mildness of the illness, such as

headache, fever, sore throat, gastrointestinal tract problems, respiratory problems, skin

disorders, and ear symptoms, and the lack of time to see a healthcare provider (Akande-

Sholabi et al., 2021).

On the other hand, according to Sudhir et al. (2020), adults over the age of 49 are

19.27 times more likely to practice than those under 30. Older individuals were forced to

self-medicate since it was difficult for them to obtain medical facilities from their homes.

In connection with this, research by Amaha et al. (2019) supported these findings that

relying on others was significantly associated with self-medication by demonstrating how

4
family members, relatives, neighbors, and friends influenced the decision to practice self-

medication.

As studied by Elayeh et al. (2021), this phenomenon has increased due to the

COVID-19 pandemic. According to Onchonga (2020), the Google trend for self-

medication searches shows an upsurge in interest in online self-medication information

between January 7, 2020, and June 1, 2020, corresponding to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Furthermore, According to Malik et al. (2020), a study about self-medication has become

essential to healthcare. However, it is also a primary global concern, especially in light of

the COVID-19 pandemic. Various studies have indicated that self-medication is a

widespread practice with a prevalence of 32.5%–81% worldwide. The World Health

Organization (2020) analyzed that, depending on the country where the study was

conducted, a wide range of individuals have been determined to self-medicate in

accordance with this study.

According to Shalini et al. (2021), although there is little evidence, self-

medication in urban populations seems to increase. Hence, this prompted the researchers

to investigate the self-medication practice of young adults, middle adults, and older adults

and its associated factors in the urban community due to the fact that the majority of the

evidence available is focused on rural populations.

5
Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess self-medication practices among young, middle, and

older adults. Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What profile of respondents is described in terms of

1.1. Age

1.2. Sex

1.3. Economic Status

1.4. Educational Level

2. What is the assessment of the self-medication practice of young, middle, and

older adults in terms of:

2.1. Current Knowledge

2.1.1. Source of Drug Information

2.1.2. Frequency of Self-Medication

2.1.3. Type of drugs used

2.2. Attitudes, Customs and Traditions

2.3. Affordability and Accessibility

3. What is the association in assessing self-medication practice when grouped

according to profile?

4. What is the significant difference in assessing self-medication practice between

young adults, middle adults, and older adults?

5. What health education program can be developed based on the results of the

study?

6
Theoretical Framework

Figure 1
Orem’s Theory of Self-care Deficit

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory focuses on each “individual’s ability

to perform self-care, defined as ‘the practice of activities that individuals initiate and

perform on their behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being. “The Self-Care or

Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing is composed of three interrelated theories: (1) the

theory of self-care, (2) the self-care deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems,

which is further classified into wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, and

supportive-educative.

The theory of self-care includes three components: (1) self-care, which is the

practice of actions that an individual initiates and performs on their behalf to maintain

life, health, and well-being; (2) self-care agency, which is a human ability and motivation

7
that is “the ability for engaging in self-care,” conditioned by age, developmental state,

life experience, sociocultural orientation, health, and available resources; and (3)

therapeutic self-care demand, which is the total self-care actions to be performed

(Petiprin, 2020).

The study concerned how individuals take care of their own needs. Self-

medication refers to the use of medications without the guidance or prescriptions of a

healthcare provider. Moreover, this suggests that individuals engage in self-care activities

based on their understanding of what is necessary for maintaining health. In line with the

study, an individual’s current knowledge about various medications, uses, and potential

risks is essential (See Table 9, pg. 52).

In the self-care deficit theory, Orem defines self-care agency as engaging in

activities promoting health and well-being. Orem described the self-care agency as

having three types of personal trait components. (1) Foundational, (2) Enabling, and (3)

Operational. Based on the study of self-medication conducted, the three personal trait

components happen to be related to the Attitudes (See Table 10, pg. 60) that affect one’s

deliberate actions, Knowledge (See Table 9, pg. 52) Decision-Making, (See Table 11, pg.

65) and Personal and environmental significant factors to one’s self actions. (See Table 5

- 13.1, pg 48 - 80). This examines factors contributing to self-medication that become a

barrier to self-care activities.

Orem defines therapeutic self-care demand as variables in the patient or the

environment that must be kept in equilibrium to preserve and promote one’s health and

wellness. Hence, it includes the necessary care actions at specific times or over time. This

correlates to the study; the factors contributing to self-medication correlate to self-

8
medication practice among adults, thus determining the overall self-care actions to meet

self-care requisites.

Moreover, one assumption of Orem is that to take care of oneself and others,

mature humans undertake actions that are simultaneously life-sustaining and function-

regulating, like self-medication. Thus, the self-care agency of an individual is triggered

when therapeutic self-care demands equilibrium are disrupted. Orem defines self-care

agency as the willpower or motivation of an individual to engage in self-care and is also

affected by conditioning factors. For instance, motivation in self-medication as part of

self-care was increased and is influenced by conditioning factors. These conditioning

factors may include Knowledge, Source of Drug Information, Attitudes, Customs and

Traditions, Affordability, and Accessibility toward self-medication.

In the context of Orem’s Self-Care Theory, the conditioning factors reflect the

individual’s assessment that influences their ability (self-care agency) to engage in self-

care practice, which includes self-medication. (See Table 5 -13.1, pg. 48 -80)

Thus, the deficit in self-care, which is inappropriate self-medication, can be

addressed through nursing agencies. This pertains to the power or capability of the nurse

to design and produce systems of care. Nursing agency pertains to the power or capability

of the nurses to design and produce systems of care. In line with this, nursing agencies

can help address inappropriate self-medication by promoting responsible medication use

and collaborating with the barangay health officials to conduct community outreach

programs where the knowledge and awareness of the population about the risks and

consequences of inappropriate self-medication. This will also enhance the importance of

consultations before taking any medications. Lastly, collaboration with other healthcare

9
professionals is necessary; this will help emphasize and coordinate the proper solution to

resolve the problem of self-medication.

In relation to the study, the result of the assessment of self-medication of young,

middle, and older adults is vital for nurses in developing effective individualized

interventions. Nurses can customize their intervention to accommodate the distinct

requirements of each age group by investigating how people of various ages engage in

self-medication. This study will serve as a guide for creating a health education program

and interventions that encourage appropriate self-medication behaviors and will help

improve healthcare outcomes.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2
Research Paradigm of the Study

10
 The conceptual framework used in the study contained three parts: input,

throughput, and output. Input consisted of the dependent variables. The study will

determine the demographic profile of the respondents and their self-medication practice.

Thus, the researchers will collect the respondents’ profiles, self-medication

practices, and associated factors using a standardized survey questionnaire.

The outcome of the study will identify the self-medication practice, the

relationship between demographic profile to self-medication practice, the association of

self-medication practice when grouped according to profile, and the differences in self-

medication practice between young adults, middle adults, and older adults. Thus, findings

will serve as a basis for health education programs.

Research Hypothesis

The hypothesis aims to determine whether there is a significant difference in the

assessment of self-medication practice between young, middle, and older adults. The

study is designed to collect data on the self-medication practice of groups of young,

middle, and older adults to identify any significant differences.

Null Hypothesis (Ho):

1. There is no significant association between the demographic profile and

assessment of self-medication practice.

2. There is no significant difference in the assessment of self-medication practice

between young, middle, and older adults.

11
Significance of the Study

This study on “Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors among Adults” is

designed to benefit the following stakeholders;

To the Respondents. The study can help respondents become aware of the

potential risks associated with self-medication practice and promote responsible use of

medications. Respondents can make informed decisions about their health and seek

appropriate medical advice and treatment when necessary by understanding the rational

use of medications, including over-the-counter and prescription drugs. This can lead to

better health outcomes and the prevention of aggravation of possible or linked diseases.

To the Nursing Students. This study is significant as it can provide Nursing

Students with valuable insights and knowledge about the factors affecting self-medication

among adults. As future healthcare professionals, the study’s outcome will be utilized to

educate and guide patients on the appropriate use of medications. Furthermore, this study

serves as a guide in developing effective interventions and strategies to promote the

responsible use of medications and prevent potential harm caused by self-medication

practices.

To the School of Nursing. The study’s outcome can be integrated into the RLE

activities as a form of health education focused on promoting responsible use of

medications and reducing the harm caused by self-medication practice. Lastly, the study

can improve public health outcomes and enhance the quality of healthcare services in the

community.

To the Selected Barangay. The study can provide valuable insights and

knowledge to the government regulatory agency responsible for drug authorization,

12
registration, and monitoring. The study’s findings can inform the development of

“evidence-based policies and regulations” to promote the responsible use of medications

and reduce the harm caused by self-medication practice.

To the other Healthcare Professionals. This study can serve as a reference and

guide for promoting the responsible use of medication among their patients. It can also

help them identify patients at risk of self-medication and provide appropriate

interventions to prevent potential harm. Additionally, the study can contribute to

developing guidelines and protocols for healthcare professionals in managing patients

who engage in self-medication practice.

To the Future Researchers. This study can serve as a reference and guide for

future researchers interested in investigating the issue of self-medication practices and

their impact on public health. The study’s findings can provide a foundation for further

research and exploration of the problem, leading to the development of evidence-based

interventions and strategies to promote responsible use of medications.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The researchers conducted this study to assess the self-medication practice and

associated factors among adults, specifically focusing on the age groups of young adults

(18 to 35 years old), middle adults (36 to 54 years old), and older adults (55 to 65 years

old). A total of 177 respondents will be selected by the use of a stratified sampling

technique in Barangay Addition Hills at Mandaluyong City in order for this study to

achieve an accurate outcome regarding adult self-medication practice and to represent the

13
whole population of Barangay Addition Hills, which consists of the majority of the

population of Mandaluyong City.

Furthermore, this research study is limited to individuals below 18 and above 65

years old. Adults living outside the Barangay Addition Hills at Mandaluyong City and

rural areas would be excluded. Additionally, the effects of self-medication on adults’

well-being will not be addressed as this study will only focus on identifying the self-

medication practice and its associated factors in the urban community.

Definition of Terms

To better understand the study, the following words are conceptually and/or

operationally defined.

Accessibility. Refers to how easy something, such as medical services, is to

utilize. This can involve physical, financial, or logistical obstacles to care. Accessibility

can be measured by how close healthcare facilities are, how easy it is to get there, how

much it costs, and whether someone has health insurance (University of Missouri, 2020)

Adult. Refers to a stage where a person is fully grown or matured (Definition of

Maturity | Dictionary.com, n.d.).

Affordability. Refers to the price and financial capabilities of healthcare services,

medication, health insurance, and income, which indicate affordability (Weiner et al.,

2018).

Attitudes. Refers to a complex mental state that includes thoughts, emotions,

values, and their capacity for particular actions (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2023).

14
 Customs and Traditions. Refers to the community’s established cultural

practices and beliefs. In healthcare, it might include attitudes about traditional or

alternative medicine, the significance of receiving competent medical advice, and the role

of family and community in healthcare decision-making (Swihart & Martin, 2022).

Knowledge. Refers to a person’s knowledge of a topic, whether practical or

academic, that they acquire through education or experience (Merriam-Webster, 2019).

Middle Adult. Refers to adults ages 36 to 54 (Petry, 2002).

Older Adult. Refers to adults ages 55 years old and above. (Petry, 2002)

Over-the-counter (OTC) Drugs. Refers to non-prescription medicine, also

known as over-the-counter drugs. All of these terms refer to medications available over

the counter. As long as instructions must be followed on the label as directed by the

doctor, they are safe and effective (Research, 2019).

Self-medication. Refers to the practice of taking drugs without a prescription

written by a professional and using them to cure or reduce the patient’s symptoms

(Bennadi, 2014).

Self-medication Practice. Refers to individuals independently diagnosing and

treating their health conditions without a healthcare professional’s direct supervision and

prescription.

Young adults. Refers to adults ages 18 to 35 (Petry, 2002).

15
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will provide readers with a general overview of literature and studies

on self-medication. The researchers conducted a review of related literature and studies to

familiarize themselves further with the topic, which will be beneficial in making this

research reliable. This chapter presents a review of previous studies that are relevant to

the topic. To provide support, deeper understanding, and enrichment of knowledge

regarding the topic.

Self-Medication

According to the article “Dangers of Self-Medication,” self-medication is using

substances to treat illness and ailments without seeking consultations with professionals

such as doctors. Most people diagnose themselves based on their conditions and self-

medicate to relieve themselves from those symptoms. Treating illnesses without seeking

professional help or being dependent on drugs or substances is dangerous. Additionally,

self-medication with OTC medicines for headaches can be hazardous, mainly if it is used

regularly, misused, or illegal (Foundation, 2021).

Furthermore, Baracaldo-Santamaría et al. (2022) mentioned that self-medication

has interesting concepts such as self-care, not following prescriptions, reusing drugs, and

sharing medications with others. It is specified in this study that the idea of self-

medication aims to promote health for aesthetic and recreational purposes. Thus, it puts

people at risk due to the improper use of medications.

16
 Moreover, the merits of self-medication include an active role in healthcare,

reducing the load of healthcare providers and hospitals, saving time when waiting for the

physician, and saving money on consultations. In contrast, the demerits of self-

medication include risks of incorrect self-diagnosis, adverse effects, increased side effects

of drug interactions, incorrect choice of therapy, drug dependence, and drug resistance

(Thakwani, 2020).

A study conducted by Loreche et al. (2023) found that self-care as a term and

concept is more commonly referred to as its synonyms, including self-medication and

traditional and complementary medicine. It was also revealed that opinions regarding the

ethnophysiology, the degree of disease, the efficacy of treatment, the source, and the

accessibility of care, its price, as well as assistance from reliable health information

sources, affected the choice to treat the symptoms at home rather than visiting a medical

professional.

Demographic Characteristics of Self-Medication Practice

Sex

Varghese et al. (2020) reported a high prevalence of self-medication among

pharmacy students. In their recent study, the majority, 87%, are females. One-third of its

participants self-medicate antibiotics without prescriptions despite knowing they can

develop into bacterial resistance. Other types of self-medication used are analgesics,

vitamins and minerals, antiemetics, antacids, and anti-diarrheal.

On the other hand, Shaamekhi (2019) reported that there was no significant

relationship between gender and self-medication (P=0.553). Thus, a study conducted by

17
Armillo et al. (2022) revealed that sex has a significant difference in self-medication.

Males were more likely than females to self-medicate, in particular. Ironically, Esan et

al., as cited by Armillo et al. (2022), discovered that OTC drugs are more prevalent

among women than among men. The incidence of self-medication users among men and

women is thought to vary depending on the drug’s indication. The female population is

influenced by social media and online advertising to self-medicate. Likewise, Shalini et

al. (2021) observed that males are more likely to self-medicate (1.5 times) than females

(P value: 0.036).

In addition, in a study conducted by Shayeste et al. (2018), self-medication was

more common among older women in this study, which is consistent with the findings of

two previous studies. This could be attributable to the fact that women are more likely

than males to seek and use health care services based on past prescription notes (53.2%),

previous experience with the ailment (31%), family members and relatives (28.6 %), and

pharmacy workers (28.6%).

Economic Status

Globally, self-medication is increasingly being considered as a component of self-

care. World Health Organization (WHO) defines self-care as what people do by

themselves to keep their health and prevent and treat illness, while the International

Pharmaceutical Federation, supported by WHO, defines self-medication as the self-

administration of medication in the absence of a current prescription and/or without

consulting a healthcare professional.

18
 Furthermore, the research revealed that persons without health insurance preferred

to buy their medications directly from pharmacies due to the high costs of doctor’s

appointments, which raised the probability of self-medication (Karimy et al., 2019).

Additionally, according to Robredo et al. (2022), in the Philippines, self-medication is

widespread, with approximately 31-66% prevalence. Self-medication supplies several

semblances of health care in the country, particularly for low-income families who avoid

the hassle of waiting hours for medical consultations and check-ups. Aside from that, it is

also prevalent among higher income earners, where most have easier access to proper

health information and consultation, as well as the financial capability and social means

to acquire proper health care. Furthermore, according to Divina (2023), The low-income

population experienced economic hardships and had restricted access to resources. This

category contains people and families with moderate incomes who frequently live below

the poverty line. Low-income people frequently face challenges such as restricted

educational options, limited access to healthcare, and a lack of stable jobs.

Furthermore, according to Amponsah et al. (2019), a recent study found that

individuals in certain professions, such as health workers and teachers with higher formal

education, exhibited a threefold increase in self-medication. The findings suggested a

correlation between occupation, formal education, and self-medication practice.

Moreover, a study by Chautrakarn et al. (2021) discovered various reasons for

self-medication; one of them was that participants in a working-age population tend to

buy their medication more conveniently than using their medical insurance.

Educational Level

19
 As per Shaamekhi et al. (2019), the chance of self-medication is lower among

participants who were not literate (P = 0.047), meaning participants who have a higher

educational level (89%) are associated with self-medication. The study suggests that

individuals who are less educated may be less confident about self-medication and may

opt to visit a physician.

Moreover, Alduraibi et al. (2021) reported that students who study medicine and

pharmacy differ from other university students since they are exposed to knowledge

about diseases and medications, making it simple and probable for them to practice self-

medication. In short, individuals exposed to knowledge are vulnerable to self-medication.

The study also showed that education level is one of the key factors influencing

the prevalence of self-medication: as education level lowers, the incidence of self-

medication rises. Consistent with the result of the study, this practice could be explained

by low health literacy and, subsequently, inadequate knowledge of the hazards of self-

medication among the less educated population (Karimy et al., 2019). In addition, from

the study by Aidah Sanad Alqarni et al. (2023), the relationship between health literacy

and self-medication is significant in middle adults ages (30 years old and above) with

factors such as age, marital status, educational level, and occupation.

Self-Medication Practice of Young Adults

According to Moonajilin (2020), university students who are classified as young

adults are significantly associated with self-medication due to the influence of the internet

and media. Thus, young adult university students are reported to be vulnerable to self-

medication since they have easier access to sources of information. Furthermore,

20
according to the study, analgesics are incredibly prevalent among university students.

Hence, a study survey demonstrates that most university students abuse it because they

perceive it safe despite not knowing the proper dosage.

Moreover, according to the study by Ford et al. (2019) concerning age, friends,

and relatives are the most common source of drugs among young adults aged 18 to 25,

with nearly 57% of young adults obtaining prescription opioids free from friends and

relatives. Research on school enrollment shows that young adults who are college

graduates are more likely to acquire drugs free from friends and relatives and less likely

to acquire drugs by buying them compared to individuals not in college.

Likewise, Shaamekhi et al. (2019) explored the demographic determinants of self-

medication. In this study, it was revealed that the incidence of self-medication was 70.9%

among younger participants who reported illness in the last month. Also, the possibility

of self-medication was found to be higher among younger participants (p = 0.007),

middle-aged (p = 0.012) groups, and housewives (p = 0.048).

Self-Medication Practice of Middle Adults

According to a study by Rathod et al. (2023), the prevalence of self-medication in

the conducted study was 60%. It was stated that the high prevalence seen in the current

study could be related to the fact that the adult study participants are primarily from the

working class and are preoccupied with additional duties to be financially stable. This

compels them to choose a quick fix to cure ailments in the family in a time- and money-

efficient way. Different definitions of self-medication, variations in people’s health-

21
seeking behaviors, sociocultural influences, and the seasonal variety of diseases may all

contribute to the diversity in prevalence within and between the countries.

Shalini et al. (2021) corroborate that younger adults (<30 years) are less likely to

use self-medication (55%) than adults ages greater than 30 years (P value: 0.001).

Self-Medication Practice of Older Adults

According to Karimy et al. (2019), there is a substantial correlation between age

and the likelihood of self-medication, with older age being linked to a higher likelihood

of self-medication. This result is significant because, biologically speaking, the liver and

kidneys are the organs responsible for medication metabolism. As people age, these

organs lose their ability to function at their peak, which increases the likelihood of

adverse drug reactions.

According to the study by Borja-Oliveira et al. (2018), self-medication is common

among the elderly. A survey conducted among 934 elderly citizens in Goiânia (GO)

discovered that over 36% used self-medication, consistent with other Brazilian studies.

However, according to certain surveys, the practice is far more prevalent. In a survey of

344 senior persons in Salgueiro (Pernambuco), 60% self-medicate. According to the

authors, individuals who did not engage in physical exercise used more prescriptions,

implying that healthier lifestyles use fewer medications.

According to Oliveira et al. (2018), they claim that self-medication was a

common habit among older adults. The likelihood of drug interactions and unfavorable

occurrences is increased by the widespread use of over-the-counter medicines and/or

potentially harmful pharmaceuticals for older people. One hundred seventy senior people

22
in total, which consist of 85.9% female gender, were interviewed, finding out that 80.5%

of people frequently self-medicate. Additionally, centrally acting muscle relaxants,

analgesics, antipyretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antirheumatic drugs

were the most frequently utilized pharmaceuticals for self-medication. According to

Beers, as cited in the study of Oliveira et al. (2018), 55.5% of older people who self-

medicated used pharmaceuticals that were not appropriate for them, and 56.9% used

drugs that had therapeutic overlap with those they were prescribed.

In addition, the result of the study conducted by Schepis et al. (2020) strongly

suggests that older adults, especially those 65 years of age and older, are a unique group

in terms of prescription opioid misuse sources. Those 65 years and older had the highest

use of physician sources and the lowest prevalence of fake prescriptions, purchases, and

obtaining opioids for free from friends and relatives.

Lastly, as stated by Ali et al. (2022), it tackles the older adults (ages 60 and

above) use of self-medication; the researchers conclude that there is a high prevalence of

the practice of self-medication in older adults in Takashi.

Factors Affecting Self-Medication Practice

Knowledge, Source of Drug Information, Frequency of Self-Medication,

Type of Drugs Used

According to Papansin et al. (2021), findings indicate that respondents typically

use pharmaceutical procedures if they have a fundamental understanding of the non-

prescription drug’s action and whether its safety medications are guaranteed. Of the 243

respondents, 86.47% self-medicate for fever and headache.

23
 In terms of an individual’s basic knowledge about medication when self-

medicating, a study by Chautrakarn et al. (2021) found that most participants are

knowledgeable about general medication use.

As stated by Aitafo et al. (2022), the study shows a significant relationship

between having a good knowledge of self-medication and people with educational level,

income level, and status designation.

Additionally, research on the link between knowledge and self-medication

revealed that a significant cause of the high incidence of self-medication is inaccurate and

insufficient information. Their study demonstrated that the participants’ degree of

knowledge was a significant predictor of self-medication, consistent with earlier studies.

(Karimy et al., 2019).

Moreover, according to Hashemzaei et al. (2021), in order to treat self-diagnosed

ailments or symptoms, responsible self-medication involves using over-the-counter

(OTC) and relatively low-risk medications. Preventing mild illnesses can lower the

financial burden of medical care. A prescription drug user must correctly diagnose

symptoms, determine treatment goals, and employ the right medications, dosages, and

therapy lengths in order to use the medication safely and effectively.

As shown by the study results (Bulario et al., 2018), most mothers attributed this

to prior visits to doctors’ appointments and health centers, the most frequently used

source of health information (42.68%). Old prescriptions (28.66%) and family counsel

(23.17%) came in second and third place, respectively, among other sources. In a prior

study, 41.1% of parents believed that their child had previously been exposed to the same

24
illness; as a result, they believed that they would receive the same prescription if they

went to the doctor.

However, Bante et al. (2021) found that self-medication in India is a serious

health problem. Patients who rely on online resources for knowledge about their

symptoms, such as students and professionals, are more likely to practice self-medication.

According to the study conducted by Soroush et al. (2018), most students who

self-medicate accessed the internet for medication information and saw it as a reliable

source of knowledge. Furthermore, several believed that the media, particularly national

television, was beneficial in self-medication. Participants cited the internet’s accessibility

and affordability as a motivation for self-medication while middle and older adults.

Additionally, according to the study by Conrad et al. (2019), participants are unlikely to

replace traditional medical advice with the information they can find online. When

middle-aged and older adults seek information online, it is primarily to supplement what

they have learned through more traditional methods.

In addition to a study conducted by Andayeshgar et al. ( 2018), most students who

self-medicate accessed the internet for medication information and saw it as a reliable

source of knowledge. Furthermore, several believed that the media, particularly national

television, was beneficial in self-medication. Participants cited the internet’s accessibility

and affordability as a motivation for self-medication, while other students believed that

most websites were untrustworthy.

The study conducted by Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2021) revealed that social media

significantly impacts self-medication behavior, as it provides easy access to health

information and medication without needing a healthcare professional’s advice. The

25
study revealed that social media influencers play a significant role in promoting self-

medication behavior. Hence, influencers promote the use of specific medications and

encourage their followers to self-medicate without providing any information on the

proper usage or potential side effects (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2021). Additionally, the study

found that online health information can be misleading, and people may rely on this

information to self-diagnose and self-medicate. Furthermore, Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2021)

stated some factors that can influence self-medication behavior through social media.

These include the perceived credibility of the source of information, the level of trust in

the information provided, and the individual’s health literacy.

According to Mirasol (2022), Filipinos would rather take medical advice from the

internet than personal consultation. The majority of Filipinos choose to self-medicate,

especially in the recent circumstances of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The survey results

show that Filipinos would rather treat themselves (28.6% strongly agreeing and 40.3%

agreeing), accept advice from friends and family (28.6% strongly agreeing and 43.1%

agreeing), and search online for medical information (25.5% strongly agreeing and 40.2%

agreeing). The increased use of self-medication in the Filipino community is due to the

heightened need of the people to relieve themselves from illness.

According to the study conducted by Ryvak and Denysiuk (2019), it has been

established that advertising is a priority source of information about medicines.

According to the results of the survey conducted on the study, it was determined that

advertising affects the choice of drug for the treatment of the respondents; 62.8% of them

buy drugs in the pharmacy, about which they learned from advertising for self-treatment.

26
 Moreover, Armillo et al. (2022) claim that the COVID-19 pandemic imposed

lockdowns on the world, causing people to remain still even when providing medical

assistance. Along with this, new kinds of information-gathering platforms, such as

TikTok and others, gained popularity. Most study participants did internet searches for

health-related material and verified any information they had read about prescription

drugs and alternative remedies on one of the websites. Additionally, the respondents

frequently used the internet to help them self-medicate and keep their medications at

home. The respondents occasionally used the internet without the advice of a

professional, thinking that it could cure their illnesses and applying the home remedies

they had looked up online.

When it comes to self-medication, studies have consistently documented

inappropriate and excessive use of drugs as the main contributing component creating the

emergence and selection of resistant bacteria. The study by Torres et al. (2019) stated that

self-medication constitutes one of the most significant issues for patient safety and global

public health. The inclusion criteria within the study involve evidence of the prevalence

of self-medication in adults, and according to the results, all the participants (100%) in

the studies had self-medicated in the past three months to one year.

Furthermore, as stated in the study by Chautrakarn et al. (2021), the majority of

the working-age population in metropolitan areas practiced self-medication less than once

a month (78.8%) or 1–2 times per month (18.8%).

As discussed in a MedicalNewsToday article, antitussives, designed to prevent

coughing, serve various purposes. However, considerations include the FDA’s restriction

on their use in children under 18 due to potential ineffectiveness and side effects. Studies

27
support alternative approaches for adults, such as using honey for cough relief, which is

especially suitable for adults and young children over one year old.

Moreover, Quispe-Cañari et al. (2021) stated that drugs such as Acetaminophen,

Penicillin, and Azithromycin were the most consumed drugs used to treat respiratory and

COVID-19 symptoms without sufficient evidence. The population of Peru self-medicates

using these drugs as preventives or treatment for suspected symptoms of COVID-19 even

after a positive diagnosis of the disease.

In an article by Edet et al. (2021), the Nigerian population primarily self-

medicates using over-the-counter drugs such as vitamin C, multivitamins, and

antibiotics/antimicrobials to prevent or treat COVID-19 infections.

In addition, a study published in the Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine in

2018 found that the most commonly self-medicated drugs in the Philippines were non-

steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antihistamines, and antibiotics (Santos,

2018). Furthermore, a study by Chautrakarn et al. (2021) also found that 88.2% of

working-age people in Thailand’s urban areas reported using self-medicating frequently.

Antibiotics (30.2%) and NSAIDs (34.8%) were the two medication classes most

frequently utilized by these participants. As a result, several participants experienced

adverse effects while taking medications they purchased on their own, and the common

drug reaction was caused by NSAIDs, which is gastric upset.

According to MacGill (2021) from Medical News Today, non-steroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are vital in relieving pain

by reducing inflammation. These drugs are typically used for milder pain compared to

28
opioid analgesics and work by slowing down the production of prostaglandins, which are

essential in the body’s inflammatory response.

In the context of dietary and herbal supplements, as ReNue Rx highlighted, a

potential risk exists for consumers. These supplements, often utilized to boost vitamins

and nutrient levels, present uncertainties due to their lack of comprehensive testing and

FDA approval.

Attitudes, Customs, and Traditions

According to Karimy et al. (2019), the results of their study indicate that attitude

was a major factor in predicting the use of self-medication and that the group who did not

self-medicate had a higher attitude score than the self-medication group. About two-

thirds of the women in the survey believed self-medication was a kind of self-care, and

41% of them considered the medications they took were harmless, indicating the

prevalence of false beliefs about self-medication.

According to Morgan et al. (2023), medication storage at home is a widespread

habit that encompasses both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs

recommended for acute and chronic ailments. Furthermore, a study by Chacko et al.

(2020) stated that most medications kept in storage were intended for future usage.

Medications intended for future use were stored in similar conditions to those used for

ongoing treatments and leftover medications. They also claimed that one of the issues

with self-medication is that some people use leftover medication from past prescriptions.

Correspondingly to the study of De Jesus et al. (2019) on the attitudes of adults in

the Philippines towards the use of traditional medicine for self-medication, the study

29
found that while most adults recognize the potential benefits of traditional medicine,

many still engage in self-medication practice without proper guidance from healthcare

providers. It is also mentioned in the study (Robredo et al., 2022) that culture

considerably influences the behavior of Filipinos when it comes to health habits and

practices. The majority of Filipinos in rural areas still seek treatment from traditional

healers as they provide rituals and unknown herbal treatments that they consider healing

treatments. Furthermore, public education must include public health experts, healthcare

providers, and community leaders in rural areas in discussing and tackling the important

information relating to medical information.

In addition, a study by Emberger-Klein et al. (2018) mentioned that family

traditions were most likely why herbal medicine is commonly used among all age groups,

especially older people. It was found in this study that information from family traditions

was more important than consulting with medical professionals.

In addition, according to Andayeshgar et al. (2018), nursing students’ self-

medication is influenced by their field of study, job environment, beliefs, and

experiences. Certainly, some of these views and experiences are influenced by society,

and many ordinary individuals in the community believe them. According to a study by

Ahmad et al. (2019), herbal medicine effectively prevents and treats multiple health

conditions. This is primarily because of the general belief that herbal drugs are safe,

cheap, and readily available.

Lastly, according to a study by Janatolmakan et al. (2022), self-medication is

widely accepted in Iranian society, where some individuals believe that medication is

necessary for any specific ailment. And there is a perspective where they tend to perceive

30
that other people’s illnesses are the same as what they feel. And in that case, they

independently chose the same medications. One of the study’s participants says,

“Unfortunately, self-medication is a socially accepted behavior, and people who

recommend medication to others are considered literate” - (Participant No. 7). The study

highlights the practice of self-medication. It emphasizes the factors contributing to the

prevalent behavior of the Iranian community.

Affordability and Accessibility

According to a study by Saha et al. (2022), local community pharmacies were

discovered to be the most typical primary sources of self-medication in Bangladesh.

Those who live far from healthcare facilities may be more inclined to use medications

from nearby pharmacies without a doctor’s prescription. The current study also found

that healthcare facilities were between 2 and 4 km away from most participants’ homes

and that the closest community pharmacies were accessible within 1.5 km. An earlier

study found that accessibility to far-off hospitals and clinics from home was a major

factor in promoting self-medication.

In connection with these, a study by Kassie et al. (2018) also found that the

likelihood of self-medication was almost four times higher among people with access to

pharmacies. Caminati et al. (2021) stated that pharmacists are more easily accessible to

patients because an appointment is unnecessary. Furthermore, according to Quispe-

Cañari et al. (2021), self-medication is more common in countries where healthcare

systems are less effective due to long wait times, difficulty obtaining physician

31
appointments, insufficient stock of essential medicines, delays in attention, and a lack of

available beds/space in healthcare facilities.

In addition, Mannasaheb et al. (2022) found that the distance from the home to the

healthcare facility was a significant independent predictor of self-medication. Individuals

who live less than 10 kilometers from a healthcare facility are 0.55 times less likely to

self-medicate than individuals who live more than 10 kilometers.

Moreover, a study by Mekuria et al. (2021) revealed that participants who had

access to pharmacies were almost twice as likely to self-medicate as those who did not. It

is argued that this is possibly due to private pharmacies offering medications without a

prescription and lack of income and time for consultation. This argument is supported by

a finding that indicates practicing self-medication is facilitated by not being able to afford

or pay for healthcare costs. Furthermore, strict regulatory control should be in place when

purchasing medications from pharmacists. As these habits can harm patients over the

long term, self-medication may only be useful for a short period.

Additionally, in the study of Bante et al. (2021), the availability of over-the-

counter (OTC) and outdated prescription drugs among patients causes an increase in self-

medication. Observations show that 45% of patients avoid visiting doctors due to the

prolonged wait, expenses, and recommended tests. 33% of the patients relied on the

pharmacist for their symptoms as they became more dependent on them because the

pharmacists’ free advice was convenient.

Furthermore, a study by Chautrakam et al. (2021) reported that the participants of

the working-age population in metropolitan areas most frequent reasons for self-

32
medication are easy access to pharmacy stores, the capacity to store essential medications

at home, and the inconvenience of health insurance.

Basis for Health Education

According to the study, self-medication is the practice of taking medications

without consulting a physician, and it is becoming more prevalent in developing

countries. Most people are unaware of the negative consequences of the drug responses

caused by self-medication (Thenmozhi & Sharmil, 2023).

Furthermore, according to Thireesha et al. (2020), a reliable source of medication

information is necessary to strengthen patient safety by reducing medication-related

problems for the patient and promoting sensible medication usage by the physician and

patient. In line with that, credible and reliable drug information sources should be

emphasized to the respondents to promote health safety and minimize health-related

risks.

Moreover, Tesfamariam et al. (2019) state that finding an easy way to address

common health concerns through self-medication comes with many dangers. Seeking

professional medical advice ensures accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and a

comprehensive understanding of potential risks. Prioritizing one’s health through

conscientious and knowledgeable healthcare decisions is fundamental for sustained well-

being.

33
Synthesis

Several studies examined the influence of demographic factors on self-medication

practice. Some studies found higher rates of self-medication among males compared to

females (Varghese et al., 2020), while others reported no significant association between

gender and self-medication (Shaamekhi, 2019). Regarding age, findings were consistent

that younger and middle-aged groups had higher rates of self-medication than older

adults (Shaamekhi et al., 2019; Karimy et al., 2019). However, the proposed study will

focus on individuals in Mandaluyong City, providing valuable insights and “evidence-

based policies and regulations” for them to be aware and more knowledgeable regarding

pharmaceutical information. This is to prevent harm caused by self-medication practice.

While studies found that higher education levels were associated with increased

self-medication, Alduraibi et al. (2021) and Karimy et al. (2019) reported that those with

less education were less confident and more likely to consult a physician instead of self-

medicating. These contradictory findings highlight cultural differences in behaviors that

influence self-medication. Understanding these differences is important for modifying

effective health education programs.

In the study of Saha et al. (2022), individuals who live far from healthcare

facilities are more likely to use medications from nearby local pharmacies that are more

typical primary sources of self-medicating without a prescription. In connection with this,

individuals in Barangay Addition Hills designate local pharmacies as more accessible and

convenient for them.

In General, numerous studies contribute to the understanding of self-medication

and its influencing factors; conducting an assessment within a specific local setting such

34
as Mandaluyong City can provide awareness and deeper knowledge promoting

responsible medication use and curbing the harm caused by self-medication practice. This

specific approach can inform the development of targeted health education programs that

aim to minimize the risk associated with self-medication. The proposed study seeks to

contribute additional knowledge within the specific population prioritizing health through

conscientious healthcare decisions for sustained well-being.

35
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter articulates how the research will be conducted, including its research

method, setting, subject, sample and sampling techniques, research instrument, data

gathering procedure, and statistical data treatment.

Research Design

The study “Self-medication Practice Among Selected Adults in Mandaluyong

City” used a descriptive-correlational design classified as quantitative research. The study

aimed to determine the self-medication practice of selected adults in Mandaluyong City.

The study systematically measures variables such as the demographic profile and factors

affecting self-medication practice. Furthermore, it also determined the association

between variables such as demographic profile characteristics, self-medication practice,

and associated factors. The descriptive-correlational study allows the collection of

numerical data that can analyze the aspects of respondents, self-medication practice, and

their relationships and differences among populations utilizing statistical methods. The

descriptive component comprises data collection through surveys administered to a

representative sample of adults to determine the frequency and scope of self-medication

practice. Concurrently, the correlational aspect will concentrate on identifying the factors

that influence the self-medication decision-making process, potentially revealing

associations between demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related variables. The

findings of this study are expected to shed light on the prevalence, patterns, and

underlying factors influencing self-medication practice among the selected adults,

36
providing valuable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, and individuals

seeking to make informed decisions about their healthcare management. Lastly, this

enabled the researchers to obtain a precise and objective understanding of self-medication

practice among adults in Mandaluyong City.

Setting of the Study

Mandaluyong City, also called the “Tiger City of the Philippines,” is a highly

urbanized city in the heart of Metropolitan Manila in the Republic of the Philippines. The

study setting focused on Barangay Addition Hills in Mandaluyong City, where Centro

Escolar University is affiliated with fourth-year nursing students. As endorsed by the

Municipal Health Office of Mandaluyong City, this study is conducted specifically within

the vicinity of Welfareville Main Health Center in the barangay. With this area as the

setting of the study, it provided a greater and larger amount of data that will be useful for

the researchers. This provided a sufficient number of respondents, which consists of the

majority of the population of Mandaluyong City, which is essential for the study. The

selected research site provided accessibility to selected areas and data of the respondents,

safety for the researchers with well-maintained safety personnel, and readily available

emergency response protocols and facilities to ensure the safety and convenience of the

research team throughout the study.

Participants of the Study

The target population of this study is young adults (18 to 35 years old), middle

adults (36 to 54 years old), and older adults (55 to 65 years old).

37
Sample Size and Sampling Techniques

Stratified random sampling is a statistical technique that divides the population

into distinct subgroups, or strata, based on some shared characteristics. The researchers

utilized a stratified sampling technique based on the study’s inclusion criteria: young

adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults.

In order to determine the sample size of the population from Barangay Addition

Hills, we used the G-Power F-Test in the ANOVA application tool for calculation. This

approach calculates power for predictor variable main effects or interactions since this

study has three groups to compare based on age. Parameters such as effect size,

significance level, number of groups, and the desired statistical power were identified in

the application tool for its computation. The number of participants in each group

required to reach the designated level of power in light of the effect size and alpha level

is represented by the computed sample size. It gives researchers guidance on the

minimum number of respondents required in each group to identify true effects with

sufficient power. Therefore, a total sample size of 180 respondents was obtained from the

said tool.

Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria for this study are adults aged 18 to 65 who currently reside

in the Barangay Addition Hills, where the CEU School of Nursing in Mandaluyong City

is affiliated. The study focused on three age groups: young adults (18-35 years old),

middle adults (36-54 years old), and older adults (older than 55-65 years old). A total of

180 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling to ensure a

38
representative sample. Only individuals within the specified age range and residing in

Barangay Addition Hills were included in the study. The inclusion criteria also specify

that the participants must have the capacity to give informed consent to participate in the

study. Overall, the inclusion criteria for this research were limited to adults residing in

Mandaluyong City who are within the specified age range and have engaged in self-

medication practice.

Exclusion Criteria

This study will not include participants under 18 years old and those ages above

65 years old. Also, participants without a signed written waiver from Barangay Addition

Hills in Mandaluyong City are excluded from the study.

Withdrawal Criteria

In this research, participants can discontinue their involvement while protecting

their rights and well-being. These are the following criteria:

1. The participant voluntarily decides to withdraw from the study, with or without

giving a justification.

2. The participant is unable or unwilling to follow instructions, comply with the

study protocol, or accomplish tasks related to the study, such as providing

relevant data.

3. Participants who cannot be reached or located for an extended length of time,

preventing data collection or adherence to the study protocol, may be deemed to

have withdrawn from the study.

39
 4. Participants who migrate to a location beyond the scope of the research may

withdraw their participation due to inconsistency with the needs of the study.

5. Participants who have been determined to no longer meet the study’s defined

criteria for participation may be considered to have withdrawn.

During the informed consent process, these withdrawal criteria will be disclosed

to all participants. It highlights that participants are under no obligation to remain in the

course of study if they decide not to, and their decision will be respected without any

negative consequences. In accordance with the study’s procedures for handling data and

ethical standards, the confidentiality of participants who withdraw will also be respected.

Ethical Consideration

The research study will be submitted for review and approval by the CEU

Institutional Ethics Review Board. Furthermore, the researchers will ensure that all

survey respondents are voluntary and keep all data confidential. Prior to the

accomplishment of the questionnaire, informed consent will be obtained, which includes

the objectives of the research. The researchers tested the validity of the questionnaire

with no bias and with assurance that the validators were competent and reliable with the

study. The researchers also ensured the study was conducted so no respondents would be

harmed. Under the informed consent, the researchers informed the respondents they

would have the option to withdraw from the study at any moment without explanation or

penalty. In this study, the participants will be given between 10 and 15 minutes to answer

and complete the survey questionnaire prepared by the researchers.

40
 The data will be stored for five (5) years in an encrypted file and thereafter can be

destroyed. Unless required by law, the respondent’s name will be available only to the

following people or agencies: The Principal Investigator and staff and authorized

representatives of the Principal Investigator ethics committees. There will be no

foreseeable risks or harm in participating in this study. No monetary costs or financial

compensation will be given to the participating subjects in this study.

Research Instrument

The research instruments used to gather data are the questionnaires, which are

divided into three sections: Demographic Profile, Assessment of Self-Medication Practice

Questionnaire, and Associated Factors of Self-Medication Scale. The researchers utilized

a modified self-made questionnaire due to a combination of the related literature and

studies gathered to make a specific set of questionnaires to assess the self-medication

practice and its associated factors among selected adults.

For the first section of the instrument, the following questions will be used to

determine the profile of the respondents. Through this, the respondents will be asked

about their age, sex, economic status, and educational level in order to determine the

relationship between the variables.

For the second part of the instrument, the following questions will be used to

identify the presence or history of self-medication practice among selected adults. It is

divided into three categories: (1) source of drug information, (2) frequency of self-

medication, and (3) types of drug used. Each category consists of multiple choices that

41
are applicable to the respondents. The respondents will be asked to tick the appropriate

box representing their answers.

The third part of the instrument, which is under the second part of the instrument

as well, will consist of statements under each category that will be used to determine the

associated factors influencing self-medication practice. It consists of three categories,

which are (1) knowledge, (2) attitudes, customs, and tradition, and (3) affordability and

accessibility. Then, the respondents will be asked to rate each statement on a four-point

scale together with their verbal interpretation.

Table 1
Four-point Likert Scale Point Range and Verbal Interpretation of Knowledge

Point Range Interpretation Description

Completely
4 3.26 - 4.00 Very knowledgeable about
knowledgeable
Moderately
3 2.51 - 3.25 Knowledgeable about
knowledgeable
Somewhat knowledgeable
2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly knowledgeable
about
1 1.00 - 1.75 Not knowledgeable about Not knowledgeable at all

42
Table 2
Four-point Likert Scale Point Range and Verbal Interpretation of Attitudes, Tradition,
Customs, Affordability, and Accessibility

Point Range Interpretation Description

Extremely to practice self-

4 3.26 - 4.00 Strongly Agree
medication
3 2.51 - 3.25 Agree Likely to practice self-medication
Unlikely to practice self-
2 1.76 - 2.50 Disagree
medication
Not likely to practice self-
1 1.00 - 1.75 Strongly Disagree
medication

Lastly, the Cronbach reliability test for the overall modified self-made research

instrument is a=0.933, which is interpreted as very reliable.

Research Validation

The researchers constructed a self-made research instrument from the following

studies. First, the profile of the respondents’ section is adapted from the study of Ngigi

(2016), entitled “Self-Medication With Antibiotics Prior To Seeking Treatment Among

Adult Patients Attending Outpatient Department At Gatundu Sub-County Hospital,

Kiambu County, Kenya.”

Secondly, the research instrument section consisting of (1) Knowledge about Self-

Medication, (2) Attitudes, Traditions, and Customs about Self-Medication, and (3)

Affordability and Accessibility are adapted from the following studies. “Self-reported

Measure of Medication Adherence Scale in Patients Taking Oral Antidiabetic Treatment

by Yesilbalkan (2019)”, “Prevalence of Self-medication Practice among Health Sciences

Students in Kermanshah, Iran by Abdi et al. (2018)” and the study of Oznur 2019 “Self-

43
reported Measure of Medication Adherence Scale in Patients Taking Oral Antidiabetic

Treatment.” The researchers incorporated elements from diverse studies on self-

medication, drawing inspiration from studies conducted in Kenya and Iran. Sections of

the questionnaire, such as the profile of respondents and knowledge, attitudes, traditions,

and customs, were adapted from existing studies. The researchers carefully selected and

modified items to suit the focus of the study, and the adapted sections underwent a

rigorous validation process, including pre-testing for content validity. This involved

assessing the clarity, relevance, and appropriateness of the questions. Items that were

irrelevant to the study focus were excluded from the questionnaire. To address the

specific objectives of the research, the researchers introduced new questions or modified

existing ones. They sought feedback from experts in the field, including health

professionals, who evaluated the questionnaire using rubrics. This feedback guided

further modifications, ensuring the questionnaire’s relevance, clarity, and

appropriateness. Therefore, the research instrument is considered self-made due to the

meticulous process employed by the researchers in its development.

Furthermore, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the scale’s

internal consistency by calculating the reliability of the self-made instrument

questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using the test-retest method. Concerning the

outcomes, the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient for four items was determined to be a

= 0.9001, which is interpreted as very reliable.

Moreover, three health professionals and one Filipino linguist ascertained the

validity of the self-made research instrument using instrument validation rubrics. The

rubrics consist of 5 scales. Furthermore, the researchers computed the mean average of

44
each result and considered the comments and suggestions from three health professionals

to validate the appropriateness of the self-made research instrument to the research. First,

a Municipal Health Officer (MHO) rated the self-made research instrument with a mean

average of 4.33. The critique from the validator includes redundancy of the questionnaire,

and it must be positive, avoiding using NOT or negative questions. Second, a DOH Nurse

examined the self-made research instrument. It was critiqued that the modified

questionnaire, with a mean average of 4.67, is too long based on the perspective of a

DOH Nurse. Third, a pharmacist examined the self-made research instrument. The result

of the mean average is 4.89; hence, it was suggested that the self-made research

instrument is too long and needs to be simplified. Lastly, a Filipino linguist evaluated the

self-made research instrument for its language appropriateness to the target population.

The result of the mean average is 4.00, with no comments or suggestions.

Data Gathering Procedure

1. This research study will be submitted to the CEU Institutional Ethics Board for

letter approval.

2. A letter will be submitted to the Municipal Health Officer of City Mandaluyong

in accordance with the plans to conduct the study on the selected Barangay

Addition Hills at Mandaluyong City.

3. Select the population in the chosen barangay based on the given inclusion criteria.

4. A formal letter will be submitted to the community physician and nurse in the

health facility.

45
 5. Orientation will be conducted for Barangay Health Workers, who will facilitate

answering the tool.

6. Duly signed informed consent forms will then be obtained from the participants.

7. Data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted based on the outcome.

To ensure that the study adheres to ethical standards, the researchers will submit

the study to CEU Institutional Ethics Review Boards for review and approval. A letter

will also be submitted to the Municipal Health Officer of City Mandaluyong, Dr. Arnold

C. Abalos, informing him of the planned study on Barangay Addition Hills,

Mandaluyong City. After receiving the Endorsement Letter from the Municipal Health

Office, a formal letter will also be submitted to the community physician and nurse in the

health facility. Then, the researchers will also conduct training/orientation for Barangay

Health Workers who will be facilitating in answering the tool, if necessary. After

obtaining the necessary approval and orientation, the researchers will obtain informed

consent from participants, which will be duly signed. Therefore, the researchers will

discuss the purpose of the study, distribute the questionnaires to the participants, and ask

them to answer the questions truthfully. The participants will be allowed to refuse to

answer any questions they feel uncomfortable with. Thus, once everything is in place, the

researchers will proceed with data collection, analysis, and interpretation based on the

outcome.

46
Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical computation was utilized to answer the queries that the

researchers established:

1. Frequency and Percentage

The frequency count and percentage are used to describe the characteristics of the

respondents in terms of age, gender, educational level, and socioeconomic status. The

frequency count and percentage are utilized to accurately analyze and interpret these

categorical data in accordance with the number of respondents.

2. Mean and Standard Deviation

The mean and standard deviation are used to determine the adults’ self-

medication practice and associated factors. Since these variables are numerical and

answerable in many by one respondent, the mean will be used to get the average of the

respondent’s answers, and the standard deviation will provide the summary measure of

the differences between each observation from the mean.

3. Chi-square

In this study, the researchers used the chi-square test. This statistical tool can help

determine if there is a significant association between self-medication practice and

demographic factors such as age, sex, education level, and economic status. To elaborate,

the chi-square test can examine the association between categorical variables, such as

self-medication practice (yes/no) and demographic profiles (e.g., age group, sex,

education level).

47
 4. Kruskal-Wallis Test

In this study, a statistical treatment named the Kruskal-Wallis Test is used to

determine if there are any significant differences between the means of the three age

groups being studied. The Kruskal-Wallis test is a non-parametric statistical test used to

determine whether there are significant differences among the medians of three or more

independent groups. It is appropriate when the assumption of a normal distribution is not

met. It does not require the data to follow a normal distribution, making it appropriate for

the statements.

48
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter focused on the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data

gathered for this study. The data were organized, computed, analyzed, and interpreted to

find the answers to the stated problems.

Profile of the Respondents

Table 3
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age

Items Frequency Percentage

Young Adult (18-35 years old) 61 33.9%

Middle Adult (36-54 years old) 61 33.9%
Older Adult (55-65 years old) 58 32.2%

Table 3 shows the respondents' profiles in terms of age. It is shown that the

highest percentage of respondents according to age is between 33.9%, who are young

adults and middle adults, while there are 32.2% of older adults.

The demographic determinants of self-medication were explored in the study of

Shaamekhi et al. (2019). It was revealed in their study that the possibility of self-

medication was found to be higher among younger participants (p = 0.007), middle-aged

(p = 0.012) groups, and housewives (p = 0.048). Concerning this, the present study also

suggests that most of the respondents in the Barangay Addition Hills are young adults

(18-35 years old) and middle-aged adults (36-54 years old).

49
Table 4
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Sex

Items Frequency Percentage

Female 138 76.7%

Male 42 23.3%

Table 4 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of sex. It shows 76.7%

females and 23.3% males, with 180 respondents. In corroboration, Varghese et al. (2020)

reported a high prevalence of self-medication among female pharmacy students (87%) in

their recent study. Likewise, Shayeste et al. (2018) stated that older women are more

likely to self-medicate compared to male adults. In relation to this, the present study also

suggests that most of the respondents in the Barangay Addition Hills are female. This

concluded that in the assessment of self-medication practice, female adults are the

majority to self-medicate compared to the adult male population.

Table 5
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Economic Status

Items Frequency Percentage

Less than P1,000 62 34.4%

P3,001 - P7,000 41 22.8%
P7,001 - P10,000 33 18.3%
More than P10,000 23 12.8%
P1,000 - P3,000 21 11.7%

50
 Table 5 shows the economic status of the respondents according to their monthly

income. The data shows that most adults have an income of less than P1,000 with 34.4%,

then P3,001-P7,000 with 22.8%, followed by P7,001-10,000 with P18.3%, more than

P10,000 with 12.8%, and P1,000-P3,000 with 11.7%.

According to Divina (2023), the low-income category contains people who

frequently live below the poverty line. Low-income people frequently face challenges

such as restricted educational options, limited access to healthcare, and a lack of stable

jobs. Moreover, according to Robredo et al. (2022), Self-medication provides a

semblance of health care in the nation, especially for low-income families.

Table 6
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Economic Status According to Occupation Status

Occupation Status Young Adults Middle Adults Older Adults

f % f % f %

Unemployed 35 57.4% 25 41.0% 29 50.0%

Employed 26 42.6% 36 59.0% 29 50.0%

Table 6 indicates the economic status of the respondents according to occupation

status. It shows that of the respondents with No Job (Walang Trabaho), the majority from

this category is 57.4% from Young Adults, 50.0% from Older Adults, and 41.0% from

Middle adults. In contrast, the majority of respondents with a Job (May Trabaho) are

59.0% from Middle adults, 50.0% from Older Adults, and 42.6% from Young Adults.

In relation to this, a recent study by Amponsah et al. (2019) found that individuals

in certain professions, such as health workers and teachers with higher formal education,

51
exhibited a threefold increase in self-medication. The findings suggested a correlation

between occupation, formal education, and self-medication practice. Therefore, this

suggests that the higher the educational attainment, the higher the chance of being

employed, as they tend to have a higher formal education, which means they also have

sufficient health literacy. That said, middle-aged adults are mostly employed in the

present study, which is consistent with earlier studies.

Table 7
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Economic Status According to
Health Insurance Membership

Items Young Adults Middle Adults Older Adults

f % f % f %

Yes 30 49.2% 37 60.7% 31 53.4%

No 31 50.8% 24 39.3% 27 46.6%

Table 7 displays respondents' economic status according to health insurance

membership. It shows that most of the respondents with insurance from this category are

60.7% middle adults, followed by 53.4% older adults and 49.2% young adults. In line

with this, Chautrakarn et al. (2021) observed several reasons for self-medication, one of

which was that participants in a working-age population chose to buy their own medicine

rather than utilize their medical insurance.

However, the majority of the respondents with no insurance are 50.8% from

young adults, 46.6% from middle adults, and 39.3% from older adults. According to a

study by Karimy et al. (2019), due to the high expense of doctor's appointments, people

without health insurance chose to acquire their drugs straight from pharmacies. This

52
increased the likelihood of self-medication. This suggests that most young adults in the

community do not have access to health care services covered by health insurance.

Table 8
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Educational Level

Items Frequency Percentage

Secondary 103 57.2%

College 54 30.0%
Elementary 19 10.6%
No Formal Education 4 2.2%

Table 8 indicates the profile of the respondents according to their level of

education. The data presents the respondents with a majority of Secondary Level at 57.2

%, followed by College Level at 30.0%, Elementary Level at 10.6 %, and selected

respondents who did not go to school at 2.2 %.

In relation, Shaamekhi et al. (2019) reported that the chance of self-medication is

lower among participants who are not literate (P = 0.047); thus, participants who were

literate have a higher association (89%) with self-medication.

53
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practices of Young, Middle, and Older Adults
Table 9
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and Older Adults in Terms
of Current Knowledge

Weighted
Items
Mean
Result Interpretation SD

I am knowledgeable of checking the expiry

date of the medication before using it. (Ako ay Moderately
3.206 Knowledgeable about 0.979
may kaalaman kung paano suriin ang petsa ng pag-expire ng gamot Knowledgeable
bago ito gamitin.)

I am knowledgeable of double-checking the

information about the uses of the drugs that Moderately
3.128 Knowledgeable about 0.957
I use. (Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano i-double check ang Knowledgeable
impormasyon tungkol sa paggamit ng mga gamot na iniinom ko)

I am knowledgeable on when to take the Moderately

proper dose at the right time. (Ako ay may kaalaman 3.122 Knowledgeable about 0.984
kung paano inumin ang tamang dosage sa tamang oras.)
Knowledgeable

I am knowledgeable on how many Moderately

medications I need to take. (Ako ay may kaalaman 3.039 Knowledgeable about 0.918
kung ilan at gaano karami ang kailangang gamot na aking iinumin.)
Knowledgeable

I am knowledgeable that taking medication

without a fundamental understanding of its Moderately
action cannot be harmful. 3.028 Knowledgeable about 0.994
(Ako ay may kaalaman na ang paginom ng gamot ng walang sapat na Knowledgeable
kaalaman ukol sa side effect nito ay maaring magdulot ng
kapahamakan sa kalusugan.)

I am aware of the possible/negative

consequences of taking medication. (Ako ay Moderately
2.956 Knowledgeable about 1.013
may kaalaman sa posibleng negatibong kahihinatnan sa Knowledgeable
pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan.)

I am knowledgeable that continuous use of

non-prescription drugs may cause Moderately
dependency. (Ako ay may kaalaman na ang patuloy na 2.956 Knowledgeable about 1.013
Knowledgeable
paggamit ng mga non-prescription drugs ay posibleng magresulta sa
pagka-depende ng katawan sa naturang gamot.)

I am knowledgeable of the Moderately

content/constituents of medication. (Ako ay may 2.80693 Knowledgeable about 1.078
kaalaman sa mga nilalaman ng gamot na aking iniinom.)
Knowledgeable

I am knowledgeable of taking multiple non-

prescription drugs to treat my health Moderately
condition. (Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano uminom ng 2.733 Knowledgeable about 1.096
Knowledgeable
maraming gamot para gamutin ang aking kalusugan o mga
karamdaman.)

I am knowledgeable on how to increase the

drug dose when my symptoms are not Somewhat Slightly
relieve. (Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano taasan ang 2.317 1.131
Knowledgeable about Knowledgeable
dosis ng gamot kapag hindi gumagaan ang aking
pakiramdam.)

Moderately
OVERALL MEAN 2.926 Knowledgeable about
Knowledgeable

Table 9 shows the weighted mean of respondents who have knowledge of self-

medication. The weighted mean of the first statement has a value of 3.201 and is

54
moderately knowledgeable about checking the expiration date of medications before use.

When it comes to double-checking information about the use of medications, a weighted

mean of 3.128 is moderately knowledgeable about it. Furthermore, some respondents

claimed to be moderately knowledgeable, with a weighted mean of 3.112, about taking

the correct dosage at the right time. Moreover, with the 3.039 weighted mean, the

respondents consider themselves moderately knowledgeable about the required dosage

and quantity of medication to take when treating an illness.

Additionally, concerning the awareness of potential harm from taking the

medication without proper knowledge of its effects, a weighted mean of 3.028

respondents are moderately knowledgeable. Further, with a weighted mean of 2.956, the

respondents are moderately knowledgeable about the potential negative effects of self-

medication.

Concerning the potential risks associated with continued use of non-prescription

drugs, a weighted mean of 2.956 is moderately knowledgeable. A weighted mean of

2.806 of the respondents claim to be moderately knowledgeable about the contents of the

medications they are consuming.

Furthermore, about 2.733 weighted mean of respondents consider themselves

moderately knowledgeable about managing multiple medications to treat health

conditions. Lastly, a weighted mean of 2.317 is slightly knowledgeable about adjusting

medication dosage when their condition does not improve. In corroboration, Chautrakarn

et al. (2021) revealed in their study that the working-age population in Thailand is

knowledgeable about general medication use (e.g., dosage).

55
 In correlation to these results, findings on the study by Papansin et al. (2021)

indicate that respondents typically self-medicate if they have a basic understanding of

how non-prescription drugs work and if the medication's safety is guaranteed.

Additionally, a study demonstrated that the participants' degree of knowledge was a

significant predictor of self-medication, consistent with earlier studies. (Karimy et al.,

2019).

Table 10
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and Older Adults in terms
of Knowledge according to Source of Drug Information

Items Young Adults Middle Adults Older Adults

f % f % f %
Family/Relatives 42 68.9% 32 52.5% 39 67.2%
(Pamilya/Mga Kamag-anak)

Friends/Peers
11 18.0% 18 29.5% 14 24.1%
(Mga Kaibigan/Barkada)

Social Media Platforms 11 18.0% 23 37.7% 13 22.4%

(Paggamit ng Social Media)

Past Exposure 5 8.2% 8 13.1% 9 13.1%

(Nakaraang karanasan)

Television 13 21.3% 21 34.4% 25 43.1%

(Telebisyon)

Pharmacy 6 9.8% 15 24.6% 21 36.2%

(Parmasya)

Others 4 6.6% 8 13.1% 5 8.6%

(Iba pa)

Table 10 showcases the sources of drug information among young, middle, and

older adults in this study. Among young adults, drug information given by

family/relatives was ranked the highest, with a total of 68.9%, followed by the use of

television, which has a total of 21.3%. Information provided by friends/peer groups,

56
which had 18.0%, tied with social media usage, which also had 18.0%, yielded the third

highest response from the demographic group. However, pharmacy resulted in minimal

responses, which totaled 9.8%. Additionally, past experiences from the young adults only

had 8.2%. Other sources of information, like health center teachings and doctor

consultations, had the lowest percentage of 6.6% from individuals within the young adult

group.

The middle adults showed that advice from family/relatives yielded 52.5%. The

use of social media, used for advertising and entertainment purposes, had a total of

37.7%, followed by information seen on television, which had a total of 34.4%, showing

moderate usage. Moreover, advice given by friends/peer groups yielded 29.5% of the

results provided by individuals in the middle adults group. Information provided by the

pharmacy had minimal results, at only 24.6%. Other sources of information provided by

doctors, health centers, and checkups were also included; it showcased minimal

responses, which totaled 13.1%.

Lastly, the older adults group were most likely to rely on information given by

family/relatives, a total of 67.2%. Television, widely used by the older population, ranked

as the second highest source of information, with 43.1%. Furthermore, drug information

provided by pharmacies had a total of 36.2%. However, friends/peer group advice only

had 24.1%, followed by the use of social media with 22.4%. Lastly, past experiences

from taking medicine had 13.1%. Additionally, Other sources of information, such as

health center teachings and doctor appointments, have yielded 8.6%.

This table provides a comparative view of how individuals in different age groups

rely on various sources of information about drugs. These interpretations are based on the

57
percentages and frequencies provided in the table. For instance, young and older adults

are more likely to rely on their family and relatives for drug information. In

corroboration, Mirasol, P. (2022), Filipinos accept advice from family members for

medical information. This is due to the heightened need of the people to relieve

themselves from illness, emphasizing the role that familial networks play in healthcare

decisions and practice within Filipino society. The result of 68.9% for young adults and

older adults, relating it to the literature, highlights the cultural family exchange of health

communication processes.

Meanwhile, middle adults may rely more on social media or television. It is also

mentioned in the study of Mirasol (2022) that Filipinos would rather take medical advice

from the internet than personal consultation. It emphasized the increased reliance of

individuals on medical information found on the internet over physical consultations.

Relating to the study of Armillo et al. (2020), due to the creation of new platforms, it is

easier for people to acquire information online, which in turn leads them to self-medicate.

Table 11
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and Older Adults in terms
of Knowledge according to Frequency of Self-Medication

58
 Young Middle
Items Older Adults
Adults Adults

f % f % f %

Once a month 31 50.8% 33 54.1% 25 43.1%

2-4 times a month 27 44.3% 23 37.7% 29 50.0%
5-7 times a month 2 2.3% 0 0.0% 3 5.2%
8-10 times a month 0 0.0% 2 3.3% 0 0.0%
More than 10 months 1 1.6% 3 4.9% 1 1.7%

Table 11 presents the data on the frequency of self-medication among different

age groups: young adults, middle adults, and older adults. The table shows the number

and percentage of respondents who engage in self-medication within specific frequency

ranges per month.

For respondents who reported self-medicating once a month, the highest

percentage was middle adults at 54.1%. The second highest was young adults, with

50.8%. Older adults had the lowest percentage of individuals self-medicating once a

month at 43.1%.

When looking at the frequency of 2-4 times per month, older adults had the

highest percentage of respondents reporting this frequency at 50%. Young adults

followed with 44.3%. Middle adults had the lowest number of individuals who self-

medicated at this frequency, with 37.7%. Among those who self-medicated 5-7 times a

month, only 2.3% reported this frequency, representing the highest and only reported

results for this category. For the frequency of 8-10 times per month, only middle adults

responded with this level of self-medication at 3.3%, making it again the highest and sole

reported frequency. Lastly, for self-medicating more than ten times a month, the highest

59
percentage was reported by middle adults at 4.9%. Young adults followed with 1.6%.

Older adults had the lowest percentage at 1.7%.

In line with these findings, a study by Torres et al. (2019) found that all

participants (100%) had engaged in self-medication within the past three months to one

year.

In summary, once a month and two to four times a month were the most

frequently reported self-medication frequencies across all three age groups. Younger

adults tended to self-medicate slightly less often than middle and older adults. In support

of these results, as stated in the study by Shalini et al. (2021) corroborates that younger

adults (<30 years old) are less likely to use self-medication (55%) than adults ages greater

than 30 years old. This suggests that participants in the present study engaged with self-

medication but practiced it less frequently.

Table 12
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and Older Adults in terms
of Knowledge according to Type of Drugs used.

60
 Items Young Adults Middle Adults Older Adults

f % f % f %

NSAIDs 34 55.7% 39 69.3% 47 81.0%

Supplements 31 50.8% 25 41.0% 28 48.3%
Antitussive/Expectorant 21 34.4% 24 39.3% 26 44.8%
Nasal Decongestant 19 31.1% 19 31.1% 23 39.7%
Anti-Diarrhea 16 26.2% 12 19.7% 15 25.9%
Antibiotics 6 9.8% 10 16.4% 10 17.2%
Antihistamine 4 6.6% 8 13.1% 6 10.3%
Antacid 1 1.6% 8 13.1% 1 1.7%
Laxative 0 0.0% 5 8.2% 3 5.2%

Table 12 shows the profile distribution of respondents according to the types of

drugs used across different age groups. The data unveils distinctive patterns in

pharmaceutical preferences within the surveyed demographics.

In summary, the interpretation of the three most commonly used types of drug,

including the least used, underscores the diversity in pharmaceutical preferences among

young, middle, and older adults, providing valuable insights into the self-medication

practice within each age group alongside the actual number of individuals involved in

each category.

Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), being the most used among

the types of drugs, exhibit a rising trend with age, led by older adults at 81.0%, followed

by middle adults at 69.3%, and young adults at 55.7%. The consistent upward trend in

usage with age indicates the significant reliance on NSAIDs for pain management.

61
 Followed by supplements, including Multivitamins, Collagen, and Glutathione,

resulted in second to the most widely used, with young adults leading at 50.8%, followed

by older adults at 48.3%, and middle adults at 41.0%. This indicates a prevalent

inclination towards supplementary health and beauty aids within the surveyed population.

Finally, Antitussive/Expectorant drugs are the third most used, with older adults

leading at 44.8%, followed by middle adults at 39.3%, and young adults at 34.4%. This

signifies a consistent demand for medications addressing cough-related symptoms within

the surveyed population.

After ranking the three most commonly used types of drug,

Analgesic/Antipyretics/Anti-bacterial drugs resulted in the most minimal usage across all

age groups, resulting in a rate of (0.0%) in young adults, while middle adults had a

percentage of 3.3% and older adults with a 3.4%.

In support of the result that NSAIDs are the most used type of drug, a study by

Chautrakarn et al. (2021) also found that 88.2% of working-age people in Thailand's

urban areas reported self-medicating frequently. NSAIDs (34.8%) are one of the

medication classes most frequently utilized by these participants. Relating it to the result,

NSAIDs are the most used among other types of drugs by the age groups. Therefore,

55.7% of young adults, 69.3% of middle adults, and 81.0% of older adults emphasize the

significance of comprehensive public health information and interventions in promoting

safety and awareness, with a particular focus on educating with the appropriate use of

NSAIDs’ and its possible adverse effects.

Table 13
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and Older Adults in Terms
of Attitudes, Customs, and Traditions

62
 Weighted
ITEMS Results Interpretation SD
Mean

I do not prefer seeking a prescription prior to Likely to practice

taking any medication. (Hindi ko ninanais ang paghahanap 3.033 Agree 0.933
ng reseta bago ang pag-inom ng anumang gamot.)
self-medication

Self-medicating cannot cause serious health Likely to practice

hazards. (Ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan ay hindi 3.028 Agree 0.900
maaaring maging sanhi ng isang malubhang panganib sa kalusugan.)
self-medication

Mild medical problems do not need medical Likely to practice

consultation. (Ang mga simpleng karamdamang pangkalusugan 2.756 Agree 0.978
ay hindi nangangailangan ng konsultasyon.)
self-medication

I searched on the internet for which medication

is appropriate for the symptoms I am
Likely to practice
experiencing. (e.g Google, YouTube, etc). (Ako 2.656 Agree 1.090
ay sumangguni sa internet kung alin ang gamot na nababagay sa mga self-medication
sintomas na aking
nararamdaman. (halimbawa; Google, YouTube, atbp.)

I use herbal remedies instead of drug

prescription or over-the-counter (OTC)
Likely to practice
medications as they are less expensive. 2.594 Agree 1.034
(Gumagamit ako ng mga herbal na gamot sa halip na mga gamot na self-medication
inireseta o over the counter (OTC) na gamot dahil mas mura ang mga
ito.)

Given medicine at home is a good practice for

preventing the development of disease. (Ang Likely to practice
2.567 Agree 0.952
pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan sa tahanan ay isang magandang self-medication
kasanayan upang makaiwas sa pagkakaroon ng anumang sakit.)

I believe that practicing self-medication is safe Likely to practice

and effective. (Naniniwala ako na ang pagsasagawa ng 2.511 Agree 0.954
pansariling gamutan ay isang mabisa at ligtas na paraan.)
self-medication

I would recommend self-medication to friends Unlikely to

and family. (Inirerekomenda ko ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling 2.306 Disagree practice self- 1.052
gamutan sa mga kaibigan at pamilya.) medication

When I feel sick, there is nothing wrong with Unlikely to

using leftover medicines. (Kapag ako ay nagkakasakit, 2.300 Disagree practice self- 1.013
ginagamit ko ang mga natirang gamot sa bahay.) medication

I am using the recommended medications that Unlikely to

my friends suggest. (Ginagamit ko ang mga 2.133 Disagree practice self- 0.999
inirerekomendang gamot na nasabi sa akin ng aking mga kaibigan.) medication

I will offer my prescription to someone who is Unlikely to

having the same symptoms as I have. (Ibibigay ko 2.050 Disagree practice self- 1.045
ang aking reseta sa isang tao na nagkaroon ng parehong mga
sintomas tulad ng mayroon ako.) medication

Likely to practice
OVERALL MEAN 2.539 Agree
self-medication

A significant number of respondents, with a weighted mean of 3.033, agree that

they prefer not obtaining a prescription before using any medication. It indicates that they

63
were likely to practice self-medication as it reveals a cautious approach to seeking

knowledgeable medical assistance. To support this result, Al-Worafi et al. (2020) stated

that medication abuse and misuse encompass all schedule classifications of

pharmaceuticals, encompassing nonprescription, over-the-counter (OTC), prescribed, and

regulated substances. Many respondents, with a weighted mean of 3.028, agree that it can

lead to significant health risks. This highlights that participants were likely to practice

self-medication to recognize the possible risks associated with self-medication practice.

In addition, a weighted mean of 2.756 respondents also agree that advice from a

doctor is not necessary for basic health problems. It implies that the respondents are

likely to practice self-medication.

Furthermore, a large number of respondents, with a weighted mean of 2.656,

agree that the respondents seek to use the internet for information on suitable medications

based on their symptoms. This indicates that they were likely to practice self-medication.

Most respondents, with a weighted mean of 2.594, agree that they choose herbal

medicines over prescribed or over-the-counter ones since they are cheaper. This reveals

that they were likely to self-medicate since the cost is a big factor in their preference for

alternative remedies. In relation to this, Ahmad et al. (2019) stated that herbal drugs are

safe, cheap, and readily available.

Additionally, with a weighted mean of 2.567, most respondents agree that

practicing self-medication is perceived at home as a good skill to prevent illness. This

indicates that they are likely to practice self-medication because they believe it is a good

practice. Also, most respondents, with a weighted mean of 2.511, agree that self-

medication is an effective and safe method. This shows that they were likely to practice

64
self-medication due to a positive perception of the efficacy and safety of self-treatment

practice.

On the other hand, the respondents, with a weighted mean of 2.306, disagree with

recommending self-medication practice to friends and family, which indicates that they

are not likely to practice self-medication. The majority of the respondents, with a

weighted mean of 2.300, disagree with using leftover medicine when sick. This shows

that respondents are not likely to self-medicate since they do not appear to be taking the

medications they have on hand.

Also, with a weighted mean of 2.133, most respondents disagree with using

medications recommended by friends. This suggests that participants do not use the

medications suggested by friends, which indicates that they are not likely to practice self-

medication. Lastly, a significant number of respondents, with a weighted mean of 2.050,

disagree with sharing their prescriptions with others exhibiting similar symptoms. This

indicates that they were not likely to practice self-medication as they perceive this as a

protective stance towards the proper use of prescribed medications.

The study's result indicates various perspectives and practices concerning self-

medication among individuals. While a significant portion perceives self-medication as

effective and safe, there is also a recognition of potential risks. According to Karimy et

al. (2019), about two-thirds of the women in the survey believed self-medication was a

kind of self-care, and 41% of them considered the medications they took were harmless,

indicating the prevalence of false beliefs about self-medication.

According to a study by Ahmad et al. (2019), herbal medicine is primarily

believed to be safe, cheap, and readily available. Additionally, it was mentioned in the

65
study of Emberger-Klein et al. (2018) that family traditions were the most likely reason

why herbal medicine is commonly used among all age groups, especially in older people.

It was found that information from family traditions was more important than consulting

with medical professionals. This is also revealed in the present study, wherein people

prefer herbal medicines to over-the-counter drugs. It is also mentioned in the study of De

Jesus et al. (2019) the attitudes of adults in the Philippines towards the use of herbal

medicine for self-medication; most adults recognize the potential benefits of herbal

medicine; hence, many still engage in self-medication practice without proper guidance

from healthcare providers.

However, not seeking advice from healthcare professionals is a common practice

among them, indicating trust in themselves. Additionally, informal recommendations

from friends or family members are questionably doubtful. Therefore, the findings

suggest that a careful and detailed understanding of its complex approach is necessary

when addressing self-medication behaviors, considering both positive behaviors and

awareness of associated risks.

Table 14
Assessment of the Self-Medication Practice of Young, Middle, and Older Adults in Terms
of Affordability and Accessibility

66
 Weighted
ITEMS Result Interpretation SD
Mean

Local pharmacies are easy to Extremely to

Strongly
access. (Ang lokal na botika ng gamot ay 3.422 practice self- 0.845
Agree
madaling puntahan.) medication

It is time-saving to use medications Likely to

from nearby pharmacies. 3.239 Agree practice self- 0.924
(Makakatipid sa oras ang pagbili ng gamot sa
mga malapit na botika) medication

It is easier to purchase over-the-

counter drugs than prescribed Likely to
drugs. (Higit na madali ang pagbili ng mga 3.078 Agree practice self- 1.005
over-the counter na gamot kaysa sa mga ini- medication
reseta ng doktor)

It is cheaper to purchase non-

prescribed medications than to Likely to
consult a doctor. (Higit na mura ang mga 2.961 Agree practice self- 1.021
gamot na hindi ni-reseta kaysa ang medication
magpakonsulta pa sa doktor.)

Non-prescription drugs are easy to Likely to

obtain. (Madaling makakuha ng mga di 2.939 Agree practice self- 1.015
resetadong gamot.) medication

Self-medication reduces the need

for medical consultation. (Ang pag- Likely to
inom ng gamot ay binabawasan ang 2.811 Agree practice self- 0.938
pangangailangan para sa medikal na medication
konsultasyon.)

Self-medication allows me to
avoid the hassle of making a Likely to
doctor’s appointment. (Higit na 2.594 Agree practice self- 1.092
madali ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling
gamutan kaysa ang maglaan ng oras upang
medication
makapag pakonsulta sa doktor.)

Self-medicating with OTC drugs is

a safe, affordable, and reliable Likely to
practice. (Ang pag-gamot sa sarili gamit 2.544 Agree practice self- 0.988
ang mga over the counter na gamot ay ligtas, medication
mura, at maaasahan na pagsasanay.)

I prefer to self-medicate than to

visit a doctor for minor ailments. Likely to
(Mas pipiliin ko mag-self-medication kaysa 2.522 Agree practice self- 1.080
bumisita sa doktor para sa maliliit na medication
karamdaman lamang.)

67
 I believe self-medication is the
fastest and easier solution to Unlikely to
consulting a doctor. (Naniniwala akong 2.461 Disagree practice self- 1.027
ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan ang
pinaka mabilis at pinakamadaling solusyon
medication
kaysa ang magpakonsulta pa sa doktor)

I am aware that I exceeded the

prescribed dose from an old Unlikely to
prescription. (Batid ko na humigit ako sa 2.233 Disagree practice self- 1.025
iniresetang dosis batay sa lumang reseta ng medication
doktor)

The availability of medication in

online stores makes self-medicating
Unlikely to
more convenient.
(Higit na madaling ma-access ang 2.167 Disagree practice self- 1.101
pagkakaroon ng gamot sa mga online store medication
upang makapag-sagawa ng pansariling
gamutan.)

Likely to
OVERALL MEAN 2.749 Agree practice self-
medication

Table 14 shows the assessment of self-medication practice to young, middle, and

older adults regarding Affordability and Accessibility.

The result of the data has a weighted mean of 3.422, which strongly agrees that

local pharmacies are convenient to visit, interpreted as making them to extremely practice

self-medication. To support the result, Caminati et al. (2021) stated that pharmacists are

more easily accessible to patients because an appointment is not required. As a result,

local pharmacies may be extremely relevant in promoting behavioral changes aimed at

improving healthy lifestyles and treatment adherence to medications for various

conditions, which considerably impacts healthcare costs for national health services.

Utilizing non-prescription drugs from local pharmacies saves time and has a

weighted mean of 3.239, which suggests that it potentially makes them likely to practice

self-medication. Likewise, the statement that it is easier to purchase over-the-counter

68
drugs than prescribed drugs has a weighted mean of 3.079 agree that interpreted as they

are likely to self-medicate. Hence, self-medicating with OTC drugs is affordable,

resulting in a weighted mean of 2.961 agree, which also interpreted that they are likely to

practice self-medication. In connection with this, a study conducted by Bante et al. (2021)

stated that the availability of over-the-counter (OTC) among patients causes an increase

in self-medication. Additionally, according to Alshahrani et al. (2021), the use of OTC

drugs is associated with many advantages, including decreased doctor visits and lower

costs compared with prescription drugs.

In line with these two findings, a study by Mekuria et al. (2021) revealed that

participants who had easy access to pharmacies were likely to self-medicate. It is argued

that this is possibly due to private pharmacies offering medications without a prescription

and lack of income and time for consultation. Furthermore, a study by Chautrakam et al.

(2021) reported that participants' most frequent reasons for self-medication are easy

access to pharmacy stores, the capacity to store essential medications at home, and the

inconvenience of health insurance.

Additionally, the data revealed that respondents with a weighted mean response of

2.939 agreed that purchasing non-prescribed medication is cheaper than consulting a

doctor. This indicates that respondents are ‘likely to practice self-medication’ by

purchasing medications without a prescription in order to avoid the cost of seeing a

doctor. Similarly, the statement that self-medication reduces the need for medical

consultation had a weighted mean of 2.811, which means that they agreed. This also

shows that respondents will likely practice self-medication to avoid medical

consultations. Correspondingly, the statement that believing self-medication is the fastest

69
and easiest solution to consulting a doctor had a weighted mean of 2.594 agree, and self-

medication with OTC drugs is a safe, affordable, and reliable practice had a weighted

mean of 2.544 agree. The results collectively indicate that respondents are ‘likely to

practice self-medication.’

Regarding self-medication, the statement It is better to self-medicate than to visit

a doctor for minor ailments has a weighted mean of 2.522, which means agree and

interpreted as they are likely to practice self-medication. This shows that they would

rather care for minor illnesses on their own than see a doctor. A study by Mannasaheb et

al. (2022) found that the distance from the home to the healthcare facility was a

significant independent predictor of self-medication.

On the other hand, self-medication is the fastest and easier solution than

consulting a doctor, has a weighted mean of 2.461, and is interpreted as strongly

disagreeing with the thought of buying medication online for easier access to medication.

Therefore, this indicates that they are not likely to practice self-medication. Further, a

statement of being aware of the exceeded prescribed dose from an old prescription has a

weighted mean of 2.233, interpreted as they disagree that they exceeded the

recommended dosage based on their doctor's previous prescription. This indicates that

they are unlikely to practice self-medication. Lastly, a weighted mean of 2.167 disagrees

with a statement that the availability of medication in online stores makes self-medicating

more convenient, indicating that they are unlikely to practice self-medication.

Overall, the data indicates that local pharmacies are generally well-preferred for

their accessibility and time-saving qualities; however, some respondents appear to have a

mild preference for self-medication for minor illnesses. Furthermore, most respondents

70
factor in the cost of medication when making choices, reflecting a financial consideration

in their healthcare decisions. These results demonstrated how affordability and

accessibility influence people’s decision-making regarding their healthcare.

71
Association in Assessing Self-Medication Practice when Grouped According to

Profile

Table 15
General Results of the Association of Self-Medication Practice to Profile of the
Respondents

Pearson
Profile p-value Remarks
Chi-Square

Age 3.430 0.753 No Significant Association

Sex 3.322 0.345 No Significant Association
Economic Status 12.608 0.398 No Significant Association
Educational Level 9.280 0.412 No Significant Association

Table 15 illustrates the study's overall findings in terms of the association of self-

medication practice to the profile of respondents. It was reported that there is no

significant association between the profiles of the respondents, which are sex, age,

economic status, educational level, and self-medication practice when statistically tested.

It remarks as no significant association due to the p-value of the profile of the

respondents being greater than the 5% level of significance. In correlation to these

results, the study by Shaamekhi et al. (2019) also found no significant relationship

between gender and self-medication.

In contrast, studies by Shalini et al. (2021) and Armillo et al. (2022) found

significant associations between sex, age, economic status, and educational level with

self-medication practice. Studies reported that males are more likely to self-medicate than

females. Moreover, studies by Shaamekhi et al. (2019) and Alduraibi et al. (2021)

showed that high educational levels are significantly associated with high rates of self-

medication, as more educated individuals may be more confident in self-medicating.

72
 The contrasting findings compared to other studies (Shalini et al., 2021; Armillo

et al., 2022; Shaamekhi et al., 2019; Alduraibi et al., 2021) implies that the connection

between demographic profile and self-medication might differ based on cultural and

socioeconomic differences within the studied population (Robredo et al., 2022).

Table 16
Specific Results of the Association of Self-Medication Practice to the Profile of the
Respondents in Terms of Age

Pearson
Items Chi- p-value Remarks
Square

I know how to take the proper dose at the right time.

(Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano inumin ang tamang dosis sa tamang 14.900 0.021 Significant
oras)

When I feel sick I use leftover medicines. (Kapag ako ay 13.340 0.038 Significant
nagkakasakit, ginagamit ko ang mga natirang gamot sa bahay)

I use herbal remedies instead of drug prescription or

over-the-counter (OTC) medications as they are less
expensive. (Gumagamit ako ng mga herbal na gamot sa halip na 14.682 0.023 Significant
mga gamot na inireseta o over the counter (OTC) na gamot dahil mas
mura ang mga ito.)

I know how to search on the internet for which

medication is appropriate for the symptoms I am
experiencing. (e.g Google, YouTube, etc) (Ako ay 18.223 0.006 Significant
sumangguni sa internet kung alin ang gamot na nababagay sa mga
sintomas na aking nararamdaman. (halimbawa; Google, YouTube,
atbp.))

Local pharmacies are easy to access. (Ang lokal na botika 16.618 0.011 Significant
ay madaling puntahan.)

It is cheaper to purchase non-prescribed medications

than to consult a doctor. (Higit na mura ang mga gamot na 13.834 0.032 Significant
hindi ni-reseta kaysa ang magpakonsulta pa sa doktor.)

It is time-saving to use medications from nearby

pharmacies (Makakatipid sa oras ang pagbili ng gamot sa mga 18.840 0.004 Significant
malapit na botika.)
Note. "If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, significant; otherwise, not significant".

73
 Table 16 illustrates the association of self-medication practice to the profile of the

respondents according to their age. It showed that there is a statistically significant

association at a 5% level of significance when grouped according to age on the following

questions:

Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano inumin ang tamang dosis sa tamang oras

(p=0.021). According to Papansin et al. (2021), findings indicate that respondents

typically use pharmaceutical procedures if they have a fundamental understanding of the

non-prescription drug's action and whether its safety medications are guaranteed. Results

show that respondents typically self-medicate if they have a basic understanding of how

non-prescription drugs work and if the medication's safety is guaranteed. Thus, this

implies that adults' knowledge of the proper dosage of non-prescription medications plays

a significant role in influencing self-medication behaviors.

Kapag ako ay nagkakasakit, ginagamit ko ang mga natirang gamot sa bahay

(p=0.038). According to Morgan et al. (2023), medication storage at home is a

widespread habit that encompasses both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs

recommended for acute and chronic ailments. Furthermore, a study by Chacko et al.

(2020) stated that most medications kept in storage were intended for future usage.

Medications intended for future use were stored in similar conditions to those used for

ongoing treatments and leftover medications. They also claimed that one of the issues

with self-medication is that some people use leftover medication from past prescriptions.

This indicates that the adults tend to utilize the remaining medication for future needs.

Gumagamit ako ng mga herbal na gamot sa halip na mga gamot na ini-reseta o

over the counter (OTC) na gamot dahil mas mura ang mga ito (p=0.023). According to

74
the study by De Jesus et al. (2019), the attitudes of adults in the Philippines toward using

traditional medicine for self-medication. In correlation, as mentioned in the study by

Ahmad et al. (2019), herbal medicine is an effective medication for the prevention and

treatment of multiple health conditions. This is primarily because of the general belief

that herbal drugs are safe, cheap, and readily available.

Ako ay sumangguni sa internet kung alin ang gamot na nababagay sa mga

sintomas na aking nararamdaman. (halimbawa; Google, YouTube, atbp.) (p=0.006). In a

study conducted by Andayeshgar et al. (2018), most students who self-medicate accessed

the internet for medication information and saw it as a reliable source of knowledge.

Furthermore, Armillo et al. (2022) claimed that most sources of information on self-

medication of the people are from information-gathering platforms such as TikTok. This

indicates that the adults are knowledgeable in using social media platforms to check for

drugs based on the symptoms.

Ang lokal na botika ay madaling puntahan (p=0.011), Higit na mura ang mga

gamot na hindi ni-reseta kaysa ang magpakonsulta pa sa doktor (p=0.032), and

Makakatipid sa oras ang pagbili ng gamot sa mga malapit na botika (p=0.004). Saha et

al. (2022) stated that local community pharmacies were discovered to be the most typical

primary sources of self-medication. Thus, those who live far from healthcare facilities

may be more inclined to use medications from nearby pharmacies without a doctor's

prescription. In connection with these findings, a study by Kassie et al. (2018) also found

that the likelihood of self-medication was almost four times higher among people with

access to pharmacies than among those who did not.

In relation to this, adults in the Barangay Addition Hills indicated that the local

75
pharmacies are more accessible and convenient for them to visit. Furthermore, the adults

found it cheaper to take drugs from the nearest pharmacy rather than consulting with the

doctor.

However, the respondents showed no statistically significant association at a 5%

level of significance when grouped according to sex in all of the questions. According to

a study by Shaameki (2019), it was also reported that there was no significant

relationship between gender and self-medication (P=0.553). This suggests that there is no

association between self-medication practice and the profile of the respondents in terms

of sex.

Table 17
Specific Results of the Association of Self-Medication Practice to the Profile of the
Respondents in Terms of Economic Status

Pearson
Items Chi- p-value Remarks
Square

I know the content/constituents of the

medication I am taking. (Ako ay may kaalaman sa 22.119 0.036 Significant
mga nilalaman ng gamot na aking iniinom.)

I know how to increase the drug dose when

my symptoms are not relieved. (Ako ay may 28.777 0.004 Significant
kaalaman kung paano taasan ang dosis ng gamot kapag
hindi gumagaan ang aking pakiramdam.)

I use herbal remedies instead of drug

prescription or over-the-counter (OTC)
medications as they are less expensive. 21.260 0.047 Significant
(Gumagamit ako ng mga herbal na gamot sa halip na mga
gamot na ini-reseta o over the counter (OTC) na gamot
dahil mas mura ang mga ito.)
Note. "If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, significant; otherwise, not significant".

76
 Table 17 illustrates the association of self-medication practice to the profile of the

respondents according to their economic status. It showed a statistically significant

association at a 5% level of significance when grouped according to economic status on

the following questions:

Ako ay may kaalaman sa mga nilalaman ng gamot na aking iniinom (p=0.036).

According to Shaamekhi et al. (2019), the chance of self-medication is lower among

participants who were not literate (P = 0.047), meaning participants who have a higher

educational level (89%) are associated with self-medication. The study suggests that

individuals who are less educated may be less confident about self-medication and may

opt to visit a physician.

Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano taasan ang dosis ng gamot kapag hindi

gumagaan ang aking pakiramdam (p=0.004). In a study conducted by Mirasol, P. (2022),

it was stated that the increased use of self-medication in the Filipino community is due to

the heightened need of the people to relieve themselves from illness. This suggests that

respondents tend to adjust the dosage of the medication they take when the current

dosage is ineffective.

Gumagamit ako ng mga herbal na gamot sa halip na mga gamot na ini-reseta o

over the counter (OTC) na gamot dahil mas mura ang mga ito (p=0.047). According to

the study by De Jesus et al. (2019), the perceptions and attitudes of adults in the

Philippines towards using traditional medicine for self-medication. Thus, it is also

mentioned in the study by Emberger-Klein et al. (2018) that family traditions were the

most likely reason why herbal medicine is commonly used among all age groups,

especially in older people. It was found that information from family traditions was more

77
important than consulting with medical professionals. This is also revealed in the present

study, wherein people prefer herbal medicines to over-the-counter drugs. Thus,

According to the study by Sam, S. (2019), Herbal products are more affordable than

pharmaceuticals; also, they are easier to obtain than prescription medications that do not

require the person to see a doctor to get prescriptions before purchasing them. This

certainly makes it easier to obtain herbal products and avoid additional healthcare costs.

Table 18
Specific Results Association of Self-Medication Practice to the Profile of the Respondents
in Terms of Educational Level

Pearson
Items Chi- p-value Remarks
Square

I know the possible/negative consequences of

self-medication. (Ako ay may kaalaman sa posibleng 17.964 0.036 Significant
negatibong kahihinatnan sa pagsasagawa ng pansariling
gamutan.)

I believe that practicing self-medication is safe

and effective. (Naniniwala ako na ang pagsasagawa ng 22.456 0.008 Significant
pansariling gamutan ay isang mabisa at ligtas na paraan.)

I know how to search on the internet for which

medication is appropriate for the symptoms I
am experiencing. (e.g. Google, YouTube, etc) 17.251 0.045 Significant
(Ako ay sumangguni sa internet kung alin ang gamot na
nababagay sa mga sintomas na aking nararamdaman.
(halimbawa; Google, YouTube, atbp.))

I prefer to self-medicate than to visit a doctor

for minor ailments. (Mas pipiliin ko mag-self- 22.804 0.007 Significant
medication kaysa bumisita sa doktor para sa maliliit na
karamdaman lamang.)

I believe self-medication is the fastest and

easiest solution to consulting a doctor.
(Naniniwala akong ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan 17.717 0.039 Significant
ang pinaka mabilis at pinakamadaling solusyon kaysa ang
magpakonsulta pa sa doktor.)
Note. "If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, significant; otherwise, not significant".

78
 Table 18 illustrates the association of self-medication practice to the profile of the

respondents according to their educational level. It showed a statistically significant

association at a 5% level of significance when grouped according to educational level on

the following questions:

Ako ay may kaalaman sa posibleng negatibong kahihinatnan sa pagsasagawa ng

pansariling gamutan (p=0.036). and Naniniwala ako na ang pagsasagawa ng

pansariling gamutan ay isang mabisa at ligtas na paraan (p=0.008). According to

Papansin et al. (2021), findings indicate that respondents typically self-medicate if they

have a basic understanding of how non-prescription drugs work and if the medication

safety is guaranteed.

Mas pipiliin ko mag-self-medication kaysa bumisita sa doktor para sa maliliit na

karamdaman lamang (p=0.007) and Naniniwala akong ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling

gamutan ang pinaka mabilis at pinakamadaling solusyon kaysa ang magpakonsulta pa

sa doktor (p=0.039). In the study of Bante et al. (2021), the availability of over-the-

counter (OTC) and outdated prescription drugs among patients causes an increase in self-

medication. Observations show that 45% of patients avoid visiting doctors due to the

prolonged wait, expenses, and recommended tests. Thus, according to Quispe-Cañari et

al. (2021), self-medication is more common in countries where healthcare systems are

less effective due to long wait times, difficulty obtaining physician appointments,

insufficient stock of essential medicines, delays in attention, and a lack of available

beds/space in healthcare facilities.

The results revealed a significant association between self-medication practice

79
and the demographic profile of respondents based on their educational level. Specifically,

respondents with a basic understanding of non-prescription drug mechanisms and a belief

in the efficacy and safety of self-medication were more likely to engage in such practice.

Additionally, a preference for self-medication over doctor visits for minor ailments,

coupled with the view that self-medication is a quicker and more convenient solution,

demonstrated statistically significant associations among participants with varying

educational levels. These findings underscore the influence of education on self-

medication choices, emphasizing the importance of knowledge and beliefs in shaping

healthcare decisions.

Significant Difference in Assessing Self-Medication Practices Between Young

Adults, Middle Adults, and Older Adults

Table 19
General Results on the Difference of Self-Medication Practice between Young Adults,
Middle Adults, and Older Adults

Independent-Samples
Groupings Decision
Kruskal-Wallis (p-value)

Young, Middle, and Older

0.974 No Significant Difference
Adults
Note. "If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, significant; otherwise, not significant".

Table 19 illustrates no significant difference in the assessment of self-medication

practice between young, middle, and older adults. The interpretation of the obtained p-

value of 0.974, which exceeds the predetermined significance level of 0.05, leads to the

retention of the null hypothesis. Therefore, these studies delve into the relationship

between age and self-medication; they differ in their approach and focus. Karimy et al.

(2019) found a substantial correlation between older age and higher likelihood of self-

80
medication, and Borja-Oliveira et al. (2018) found self-medication to be common among

the elderly population with over 36% reporting use, the additional result from Table 13

shows no significant difference between age groups. Furthermore, it could also correlated

with studies by Shaamekhi et al. (2019) and Rathod et al. (2023), which respectively

found the incidence of self-medication to be higher among middle adult groups and the

prevalence of self-medication in adults to be 60%, did not statistically compare the

different age groups. Table 13 directly assessed and compared young, middle, and older

adults, whereas the study by Shaamekhi et al. (2019) only reported trends within groups

but not direct comparisons.

Table 20
Specific Results on the Difference of Self-Medication Practice between Young Adults,
Middle Adults, and Older Adults

Items p-value Decision

I am aware that continued use of nonprescription drugs

may potentially lead to my body becoming dependent on Reject the null
such medication. (Ako ay may kaalaman na ang pagpatuloy na 0.044
hypothesis.
paggamit ng mga nonprescription drugs ay posibleng magresulta sa pagka-
depende ng katawan sa naturang gamot.)

I will give my prescription to a person who has the same Reject the null
symptoms as I do. (Ibibigay ko ang aking reseta sa isang tao na 0.031
nagkaroon ng parehong mga sintomas tulad ng mayroon ako.)
hypothesis.

I am knowledgeable about how to refer to the internet to

identify the appropriate medication for the symptoms I
am experiencing. (For example: Google, YouTube, etc.) Reject the null
0.007
(Ako ay may kaalaman sa kung papaanong sumangguni sa internet kung hypothesis.
alin ang gamot na nababagay sa mga sintomas na aking nararamdaman.
(halimbawa; Google, YouTube, atbp.)

The local pharmacy is easily accessible. (Ang lokal na botika Reject the null
0.001
ng gamot ay madaling puntahan.) hypothesis.
Purchasing medication from nearby pharmacies can save Reject the null
time. (Makakatipid sa oras ang pagbili ng gamot sa mga malapit na 0.004
botika.)
hypothesis.
Note. "If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 level of significance, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, retain the
null hypothesis".

81
 Table 20 shows the difference in the assessment of self-medication practice

between young adults, middle adults, and older adults.

The respondents showed statistically significant difference at a 5% level of

significance when grouped according to young adults, middle adults, and older adults on

the following questions:

Ako ay may kaalaman na ang pagpatuloy na paggamit ng mga non-prescription

drugs ay posibleng magresulta sa pagka-depende ng katawan sa naturang gamot

(p=0.044). The result shows that different age groups have different views on how self-

medication affects their health, including how their body depends on medication.

According to Moonajilin (2020), most university students (young adults) abuse self-

medication because they perceive it safe despite not knowing the proper dosage.

Furthermore, the study of Rathod et al. (2023) states that middle adults, primarily from

the working class, exhibit a high prevalence of self-medication. The prevalence is linked

to the participants' work-related commitments and the need for quick, time- and cost-

efficient solutions for family health issues. Lastly, according to the findings of Karimy et

al. (2019), older age is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in self-medication.

This result is significant because, biologically speaking, the liver and kidneys are the

organs responsible for medication metabolism. As people age, these organs lose their

ability to function at their peak, which increases the likelihood of adverse drug reactions.

Ibibigay ko ang aking reseta sa isang tao na nagkaroon ng parehong mga

sintomas tulad ng mayroon ako (p=0.031). According to the study by Ford et al. (2019)

concerning age, friends, and relatives are the most common source of drugs among young

82
adults aged 18 to 25, with nearly 57% of young adults obtaining prescription opioids free

from friends and relatives. Research on school enrollment shows that young adults who

are college graduates are more likely to acquire prescription drugs free from friends and

relatives and less likely to acquire prescription drugs by buying them compared to

individuals not in college. In addition, the result of the study conducted by Schepis et al.

(2020) strongly suggests that older adults, especially those 65 years of age and older, are

a unique group in terms of prescription opioid misuse sources. Those 65 years and older

had the highest use of physician sources and the lowest prevalence of theft/fake

prescription, purchases, and obtaining opioids for free from friends and relatives.

Ako ay may kaalaman sa kung papaanong sumangguni sa internet kung alin ang

gamot na nababagay sa mga sintomas na aking nararamdaman. (halimbawa; Google,

YouTube, atbp.) (p=0.007) . According to the study conducted by Soroush. A et al.

( 2018), most students who self-medicate accessed the internet for medication

information and saw it as a reliable source of knowledge. Furthermore, several believed

that the media, particularly national television, was beneficial in self-medication.

Participants cited the internet's accessibility and affordability as a motivation for self-

medication. The study conducted by Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2021) reveals that social media

significantly impacts self-medication behavior, as it provides easy access to health

information and medication without needing a healthcare professional's advice. Given

this information, according to the study by Conrad et al. (2019), middle and older adults

are unlikely to replace traditional medical advice with the information they can find

online. When middle-aged and older adults seek information online, it is primarily to

supplement what they have learned through more traditional methods.

83
 Ang lokal na botika ng gamot ay madaling puntahan (p=0.001) and Makakatipid

sa oras ang pagbili ng gamot sa mga malapit na botika (p=0.004). The study by

Mannasaheb et al. (2022) found that the distance from the home to the healthcare facility

was a significant independent predictor of self-medication. Individuals who live less than

10 kilometers from a healthcare facility are 0.55 times less likely to self-medicate than

individuals who live more than 10 kilometers. Convenience for young adults might be

associated with the ease of using technology to order and receive medications without

visiting a physical pharmacy. In addition, middle-aged adults typically juggle work and

family responsibilities. Their convenience perspective may be influenced by the

proximity of a pharmacy to their workplace or home. While technology adoption is

increasing among older adults, some may still face barriers to using online pharmacy

services. For this group, a physical pharmacy might be perceived as more convenient.

Table 21

84
Results of Assessment of Self-Medication and Associated Factors as a Basis for Health
Education

Questions Interpretation

I am aware that taking medication without sufficient knowledge of its Not

effects can potentially be harmful to health. (Ako ay may kaalaman na ang knowledgeable
paginom ng gamot ng walang sapat na kaalamang epekto ay maaring magdulot ng kapahamakan
sa kalusugan.) at all

I believe that self-medication is an effective and safe way. (Naniniwala ako Likely to practice
na ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan ay isang mabisa at ligtas na paraan.) self-medication

I highly prioritize obtaining a prescription before taking any Likely to practice

medication. (Higit kong ninanais ang paghahanap ng reseta bago ang pag-inom ng anumang self-medication
gamot.)

I use herbal medication instead of prescribed or over-the-counter

(OTC) medications because they are more affordable. (Gumagamit ako ng Likely to practice
mga herbal na gamot sa halip na mga gamot na inireseta o over the counter (OTC) na gamot self-medication
dahil mas mura ang mga ito.)

Engaging in self-medication at home is a beneficial skill to avoid Likely to practice

acquiring any illness. (Ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan sa tahanan ay isang self-medication
magandang kasanayan upang makaiwas sa pagkakaroon ng anumang sakit.)

I refer to the internet to determine which medication is suitable for the

symptoms I am experiencing. (For example: Google, YouTube, etc.) Likely to practice
(Ako ay sumangguni sa internet kung alin ang gamot na nababagay sa mga sintomas na aking self-medication
nararamdaman. (halimbawa; Google, YouTube, atbp.)

Minor health concerns require consultation. (Ang mga simpleng karamdamang Likely to practice
pangkalusugan ay nangangailangan ng konsultasyon.) self-medication

Taking medication reduces the need for medical consultation. (Ang pag- Likely to practice
inom ng gamot ay binabawasan ang pangangailangan para sa medikal na konsultasyon.) self-medication

Self-medicating with over-the-counter drugs is a safe, affordable, and Likely to practice

reliable practice (Ang pag-gamot sa sarili gamit ang mga over the counter na gamot ay self-medication
ligtas, mura, at maaasahan na pagsasanay.)

I believe that self-medication is the quickest and easiest solution

compared to seeking consultation with a doctor. (Naniniwala akong ang Likely to practice
pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan ang pinaka mabilis at pinakamadaling solusyon kaysa ang self-medication
magpakonsulta pa sa doktor.)

Self-medicating is more convenient than dedicating time to consult a Likely to practice

doctor. (Higit na madali ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan kaysa ang maglaan ng self-medication
oras upang makapag pagkonsulta sa doktor.)

Table 21 represents the various perspectives on self-medication, including the

respondents' lack of knowledge of the drug's side effects and adverse effects, the proper

85
dosage of a medication, affordability, accessibility, attitude, and beliefs about self-

medication. According to a study conducted by Thenmozhi and Sharmil (2023), most

people are unaware of the negative consequences of drug responses caused by self-

medication. The lack of awareness among participants regarding the adverse effects of

drugs results from factors such as educational limitations, insufficient health literacy, and

a prevailing societal perception that considers self-medication a prompt and convenient

remedy for minor health issues

Table 22
Results of Assessment of Self-Medication on Source of Drug Information and Type of
Drugs Used as Basis for Health Education

% % %
Sources of Drug Information (Young (Middle (Older
Adult) Adult) Adult)

Family/Relatives 68.9% 52.5% 67.2%11

Social Media 18.0% 37.7% 22.4%
Pharmacy 9.8% 24.6% 36.2%
Others 6.6% 13.1% 8.6%

% % %
Type of Drugs Young (Middle (Older
Adult) Adult) Adult)

NSAIDs 55.7% 69.3% 81.0%

Supplements 50.8% 41.0% 48.3%
Antitussive/Expectorant 34.4% 39.3% 44.8%

Table 22 shows the result of the most frequent sources of drug information

concerning self-medication. The following are the most frequent sources of drug

information, and they are ranked accordingly: Family/Relatives, Social Media, Pharmacy,

and Others (Physicians, Health Centers, etc.). According to Thireesha et al. (2020), a

86
reliable source of medication information is necessary to strengthen patient safety by

reducing medication-related problems and promoting sensible medication usage by the

physician and patient. In line with that, credible and reliable drug information sources

should be emphasized to the respondents to promote health safety and minimize health-

related risks.

The type of drugs presented in the table above are the assessment results

regarding self-medication. The knowledge regarding the widespread perception of self-

treatment is a more cost-effective and convenient approach for addressing common

ailments such as colds, fever, cough, and body pain with common supplements.

However, in contrast, Tesfamariam et al. (2019) mentioned that finding an easy way to

address common health concerns through self-medication comes with many dangers.

Seeking professional medical advice ensures accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment,

and a comprehensive understanding of potential risks. Prioritizing one’s health through

conscientious and knowledgeable healthcare decisions is fundamental for sustained well-

being.

See Instructional Plan in the appendices on pages 130-145.

87
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, the significant findings, the conclusions

drawn, and the recommendations offered as a result of the findings.

Summary of Findings

This study assessed the self-medication practice of young, middle, and older

adults in Barangay Addition Hills. It involved 180 respondents, mainly from the age

range of 18-54 years old, which falls under the category of young and middle adults, with

a few respondents aged 55-65 years old belonging to the category of older adults. The

majority of the respondents are females. Most had a monthly income of 1,000 pesos or

less and attained secondary education, whereas most respondents with health insurance

are middle-aged adults.

Moderate knowledge about medication safety measures was observed with

family, relatives, and social media as common sources of medication information. Self-

medication occurred once a month, with NSAIDs being the most common type of drug

used. Respondents generally believed in its effectiveness and safety, favoring it over

prescriptions and considering herbal medicines cheaper. They disagreed with

recommending self-medication or using leftover medications. Accessibility and

affordability drove the preference for non-prescribed drugs and avoidance of doctor

consultations. While no significant associations were noted across demographics,

differences existed within age groups regarding knowledge, attitudes, customs, and

accessibility.

88
 Overall, respondents may lack proper medical guidance despite reliance on

accessible and affordable options, showing reluctance towards inappropriate practices

like sharing medications or using outdated prescriptions.

Conclusion

This study assessed the self-medication practice of young, middle, and older adult

residents in Barangay Addition Hills, Mandaluyong City, emphasizing a significant

aspect of community healthcare behavior. Significant findings have been drawn based on

the thorough analysis and interpretation of the data gathered. Factors such as

demographic variables, socioeconomic status, and health-related behaviors contribute to

self-medication practice.

The primary source of drug information for young, middle-aged, and older adults

is family and/or relatives. It was concluded that for people of all age groups, family

and/or relatives are an important source of drug information for self-medication.

However, there is reduced use of pharmacies and professional sources like doctors and

health facilities; social media and friends/peer groups have a moderate influence. These

findings emphasize the necessity of focused education and awareness initiatives to

guarantee that people are provided with correct and trustworthy pharmacological

information. Pharmacies and medical professionals play a crucial role in encouraging safe

self-medication practices.

Local pharmacies greatly influence treatment adherence and healthy lifestyle

promotion, which can lower national healthcare expenditures. The availability and ease

of non-prescription medications from these pharmacies facilitate self-medication

89
activities. Therefore, encouraging responsible and safe self-medication, particularly with

OTC medications from neighborhood pharmacies, may result in improved health and

lower medical expenses. This emphasizes how crucial it is to provide people with correct

information and direction when self-medicating, as doing so will eventually help people

and healthcare systems.

It is evident that family and/or relatives serve as the primary source of drug

information for individuals of all age groups. Local pharmacies have a big influence on

treatment adherence and healthy lifestyle promotion. This highlights the importance of

giving people appropriate information and guidance when they self-medicate since doing

so will ultimately benefit both individuals and healthcare systems.

In addition, this study makes it evident that there exists a compelling necessity for

extensive health education initiatives in Mandaluyong City. These initiatives should be

strategically designed to enhance public awareness and health education, promote

responsible medication use, emphasize the importance of proper healthcare-seeking for

self-medication practice, and mitigate the potential adverse effects associated with drug

misuse in the future.

Furthermore, the researchers might be able to foster an understanding of informed

decision-making and safe healthcare practice by implementing an evidence-based

approach into practice and encouraging collaboration among healthcare providers,

policymakers, and communities.

90
Recommendations

To the Respondents. The respondents should consult healthcare professionals for

proper diagnosis and treatment whenever necessary. Increasing awareness about the

potential dangers of self-medication is crucial. Therefore, educating respondents more on

proper medication usage, dosage, storage, expiry dates, drug interactions, and potential

side effects through reliable sources like health providers will prevent the harm of self-

medication and possible medical errors. Respondents should be encouraged to

responsibly seek medical advice only from healthcare professionals and not rely solely on

social media platforms and web engines, like TikTok and Google, to assess diagnoses

and health-related information for self-medication.

To the Nursing Students. Nursing students should be educated about the risks

and benefits of self-medication during their apprenticeship, particularly in community

settings. Nursing students should understand the importance of promoting evidence-based

practice, seeking consultations, and relying on information from healthcare professionals,

as guiding patients in proper medication use fall within their role. Nursing students

should be trained to identify signs of inappropriate self-medication practices, such as

taking medications without consulting a doctor, using old prescriptions from family or

relatives, and relying solely on information from social media platforms or search

engines. Lastly, nursing students should provide appropriate guidance and referrals to

healthcare professionals to prevent the harm associated with self-medication practices.

To the School of Nursing. The School of Nursing should incorporate study

results into relevant RLE activities and enhance courses and modules that focus on

patient education regarding their life capabilities, which can affect their usage of

91
medications. The School of Nursing should also address the dangers of self-medication

practice to equip future nurses with skills to educate the public on self-medication. This

will help nursing students develop the necessary skills and knowledge to practice in their

future careers, as well as partner with local health centers, pharmacy associations, and

community leaders to organize regular health education and discussions. Conducting

follow-up studies by engaging in health education seminars or programs within the

population will help to evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions in

improving self-medication behaviors.

To the Selected Barangay. The barangay should organize health awareness

campaigns and regular health educational programs that address the risks and

consequences of inappropriate self-medication practices. These campaigns should

highlight the importance of seeking professional medical advice and emphasize the

potential dangers of relying solely on self-medication practice. Collaborating with

healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to provide health screenings,

consultations, and access to affordable healthcare services can help reduce the reliance on

self-medication in the community. Disseminate correct health advisories through

barangay bulletin boards, social media pages, and community meetings to disseminate

accurate and up-to-date health advisories. These advisories should address common

health concerns, provide information about emerging diseases, and emphasize the

importance of seeking professional medical advice. Promote affordable or free

consultation programs to encourage doctor visits over self-medication.

To the other Healthcare Professionals. Healthcare Professionals should

establish a patient education program on self-medication risks and benefits. Healthcare

92
professionals can select a common self-treatment topic each month, like cold/flu

remedies, headache/pain relief, or digestive issues. Healthcare providers could then

volunteer for 30-minute sessions at local pharmacies and community centers to discuss

health education. Professionals should emphasize the importance of proper diagnosis,

appropriate medication use (NSAIDs, Supplements, Antitussive/Expectorant), and the

potential dangers of self-diagnosis and self-medication. Healthcare Professionals should

provide examples of when self-medication may be appropriate and give guidance

regarding medication labels and potential drug interactions. Improving accessibility to

healthcare services and providing affordable options can help reduce the need for self-

medication among patients. Collaborate with community leaders to implement

standardized health education activities about self-medication practice in the area.

To Future Researchers. Future researchers are encouraged to employ qualitative

research methods to capture the subjective experiences and beliefs that influence

individuals’ healthcare choices. Future researchers should explore the reasons behind the

prevalence of self-medication practice in specific age groups and demographic profiles.

Assess the effectiveness of educational interventions over time through follow-up

surveys. Understanding the factors contributing to self-medication can help develop

targeted interventions and educational programs. Explore behavioral and sociocultural

barriers to medication compliance beyond knowledge factors. Further research is needed

to identify effective strategies to promote responsible medication use and reduce

inappropriate self-medication practices.

93
 REFERENCES

Abadilla, R. A., & Dizon, J. M. (2021). Self-medication practice among rural populations
in the Philippines: A systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 1-8.

Abdi, Alireza, et al. “Prevalence of Self-Medication Practice among Health Sciences

Students in Kermanshah, Iran.” BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 19, no.
1, 3 July 2018,
bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40360-018-0231-4,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0231-4.

Aidah Sanad Alqarni, Eddieson Pasay-an, Reynita Saguban, Cabansag, D. I., Gonzales,
F., Alkubati, S. A., Villareal, S., Ann, G., Salman Amish Alshammari, Bader
Emad Aljarboa, & Mostoles, R. (2023). Relationship between the Health Literacy
and Self-Medication Behavior of Primary Health Care Clientele in the Hail
Region, Saudi Arabia: Implications for Public Health. European Journal of
Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(6), 1043–1057.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060080

Aitafo, J. E., Wonodi, W., & Briggs, D. C. (2022). Self-Medication among Health
Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Nigeria: Knowledge,
Patterns, Practice and Associated Factors. International Journal of Health
Sciences and Research, 12(2), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220223

‌Akande-Sholabi, W., Ajamu, A., & Adisa, R. (2021). Prevalence, knowledge and
perception of self-medication practice among undergraduate healthcare students.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 14(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-021-00331-w

Al-Worafi, Y. M. (2020, January 1). Chapter 7 - Self-medication (Y. Al-Worafi, Ed.).

ScienceDirect; Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/abs/pii/B9780128198377000078

Alduraibi, R. K., & altowayan, W. mohammad. (2021). A Cross-Sectional Survey

Among Medical and Pharmacy Students Regarding Knowledge, Attitudes, and
Practice of Toward Self-Medication in Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi
Arabia. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-745381/v1

Ali, Z., Saeed, R., Kanwal, F., Amin, F., Durrani, N., & Abdullah, A. (2022). Self-
Medication Among the Elderly and Factors Associated with It. The Journal of
Bahria University Medical and Dental College, 13(01), 18–23.
https://doi.org/10.51985/jbumdc202287

Ahmad Khan, M. S., & Ahmad, I. (2019, January 1). Chapter 1 - Herbal Medicine:
Current Trends and Future Prospects (M. S. Ahmad Khan, I. Ahmad, & D.

94
 Chattopadhyay, Eds.). ScienceDirect; Academic Press.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/abs/pii/B978012814619400001X

Amaha, Mebrahtom Hafte, et al. “Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors

among Adult Community Members of Jigjiga Town, Eastern Ethiopia.” PLOS
ONE, vol. 14, no. 6, 28 June 2019, p. e0218772,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218772. Accessed 2 Mar. 2021.

Amponsah, S., Mensah, B., Agyemang, I., & Afriyie, D. (2019). Self-medication practice
in Akuse, a rural setting in Ghana. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 26(3),
189. https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_87_19

Antitussives: Examples, uses, side effects, and more. (2023, August 8).
Www.medicalnewstoday.com.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/antitussives?
fbclid=IwAR28c9YfEOLyOoLOnMRA7cTRRLg53q3OY8kYZ6nOuoJBz3OVz
2PbmbowkJs

Araia, Z. Z., Gebregziabher, N. K., & Mesfun, A. B. (2019). Self-medication practice and
associated factors among students of Asmara College of Health Sciences, Eritrea:
a cross-sectional study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 12(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0165-2

Armillo, C. M., Salarda-Corsiga, A. J., Enriquez, R. M. G., Libang, J. D., Lucban, J. M.

P., Roxas, M. A. M., Santos, K. A. O., Sernat, Z. M. G., Supan, N. M. T., Andal,
M. S., & Santiago, C. D. (2022). Level of self-medication awareness to internet
usage among selected, non-medical students in Centro Escolar university-Manila
during COVID-19 pandemic. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
20(2), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.20.2.0288

Attitude - Dictionary Definition. (n.d.). Vocabulary.com.

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/attitude

B Thenmozhi, & S Hepsibah Sharmil. (2023). Self-medication Practice of the Rural

Community People: A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian Journal of Community
Medicine, 48(4), 619–622. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_842_22

Bante, V., Rahate, V., Dixit, R., Jha, R. K., & Jha, R. K. (2021). Self-Medication
Practice: A Threatening Challenge. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
International, 21–25. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i38a32055

Baracaldo-Santamaría, D., Trujillo-Moreno, M. J., Pérez-Acosta, A. M., Feliciano-

Alfonso, J. E., Calderon-Ospina, C.-A., & Soler, F. (2022). Definition of self-
medication: a scoping review. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 13,
20420986221127501. https://doi.org/10.1177/20420986221127501

95
Bulario, J., Cruz, I. L., Pilapil, M., & Gutierrez, M. (2018). Factors Associated with
Parental Self-medication of Antibiotics in Health Centers of Manila | KnE Social
Sciences. Knepublishing.com.
https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/article/view/2427/5332

Caminati, M., Cegolon, L., Bacchini, M., Segala, N., Dama, A., Bovo, C., Olivieri, B.,
Furci, F., & Senna, G. (2021). The potential role of local pharmacies to assess
asthma control: an Italian cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10080-1

Chautrakarn S, Khumros W and Phutrakool P (2021) Self-Medication With Over-the-

counter Medicines Among the Working Age Population in Metropolitan Areas of
Thailand. Front. Pharmacol. 12:726643. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726643

Chacko CT, Prakash D, Hafsa P et.al. A review on the attitude and practice on self-
medication, storage, and disposal of drugs in a community. International Journal
of Research and Review. 2020; 7(8): 122-129.

Conrad, K., & Dillon, J. (2019, February 23). Online Health-Information Seeking Among
Older Populations: Family Influences and the Role of the Medical Professional.
National Library of Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6230499/

De Jesus, J. M., Tio, A. C., & Rivera, W. L. (2019). Perceptions and attitudes of Filipino
adults towards the use of traditional medicine for self-medication. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 231, 282-287.

Ebrahimzadeh, A. R., Rostami, M., & Miri, S. R. (2021). The impact of social media on
self-medication behavior: a systematic review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy
and Practice, 14(1), 1-11.
Edet, C., Fagbamige, A., Kiri, V., Raimi, O., & Wegbom, A. (2021). Self-medication
practice and associated factors in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19
virus: A population-based survey in Nigeria. Frontiers in Public Health.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.606801

Elayeh, E., Akour, A., & Haddadin, R. N. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of self‐
medication drugs to prevent or treat COVID‐19: Experience from a Middle
Eastern country. International Journal of Clinical Practice.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14860

Esan, D. T., Fasoro, A. A., Odesanya, O. E., Esan, T. O., Ojo, E. F., & Faeji, C. O.
(2018). Assessment of Self-Medication Practice and Its Associated Factors among
Undergraduates of a Private University in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and
Public Health, 2018, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5439079

96
Foundation, G. (2021, November 5). Dangers of Self-Medication. Gateway Foundation.
https://www.gatewayfoundation.org/addiction-blog/dangers-of-self-medication/
#self-medication

Ford, J. A., Pomykacz, C., Szalewski, A., McCabe, S. E., & Schepis, T. S. (2020).
Friends and Relatives as Sources of Prescription Opioids for Misuse among
Young Adults: The Significance of Physician Source and Race/Ethnic
Differences. Substance Abuse, 41(1), 93–100.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635955

Getting Started with the Kruskal-Wallis Test | UVA Library. (n.d.).

https://library.virginia.edu/data/articles/getting-started-with-the-kruskal-wallis-
test?
fbclid=IwAR2_tOMatSrDCOBWP_cklFGNwIS5Q6Ad0PTV7ykQMdYLo9pEFf
Vwbz_gT4k

Hashemzaei, M., Afshari, M., Koohkan, Z., Bazi, A., Rezaee, R., & Tabrizian, K. (2021).
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacy and medical students regarding
self-medication, a study in Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Sistan and
Baluchestan province in south-east of Iran. BMC Medical Education, 21(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02374-0

Janatolmakan, M., Abdi, A., Andayeshgar, B., Soroush, A., & Khatony, A. (2022). The
Reasons for Self-Medication from the Perspective of Iranian Nursing Students: A
Qualitative Study. Nursing Research and Practice, 2022, 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2960768

Jember, E. et al. “Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors among Households at

Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Research
Notes, vol. 12, no. 1, 19 Mar. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4195-2.
Accessed 2 Feb. 2020.

Karimy, M., Rezaee-Momtaz, M., Tavousi, M., Montazeri, A., & Araban, M. (2019).
Risk factors associated with self-medication among women in Iran. BMC Public
Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7302-3

Kassie, A. D., Bifftu, B. B., & Mekonnen, H. S. (2018). Self-medication practice and
associated factors among adult household members in Meket district, Northeast
Ethiopia, 2017. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 19(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0205-6

Knowledge - Dictionary Definition. (n.d.). Vocabulary.com.

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/knowledge

97
Lin, K. S., Hlaing, T., Maung, E. T., & Lat, T. W. (2022). Prevalence and reasons for
practicing self-medication among basic health staff: case of Monywa District,
Myanmar: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine
and Public Health, 9(3), 1190. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-
6040.ijcmph20220675

Lirio, A. M., & Lim, M. A. (2020). Prevalence of self-medication in the Philippines: A

cross-sectional study. Journal of Public Health, 22 (1), e2020020.

Loreche, A.M., Pepito, V.C.F. and Dayrit, M.M. (2023), "Self-care practice for common
acute conditions in the Philippines: a scoping review," International Journal of
Health Governance, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 383-412. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-01-
2023-0008

Lucero-Prisno DE 3rd, Adebisi YA, Lin X, et al. (2020). Prevalence and determinants of
self-medication practice among selected households in the Philippines. Journal of
Public Health, 42(2), e135-e142. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz040

Malik, M., Tahir, M. J., Jabbar, R., Ahmed, A., & Hussain, R. (2020). Self-medication
during Covid-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities. Drugs & Therapy
Perspectives, 36(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00785-z

Mannasaheb, B. A., Alajlan, S. M., Alshahrani, J., Othman, N., Alolayan, S. O., Alamrah,
M. S., Asdaq, S. M. B., Al-Qahtani, A. M., Shaikh, I. A., & Alasmary, M. Y.
(2022). Prevalence, Predictors and Point of View Toward Self-Medication
Among Residents of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in
Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.862301

Mekuria, A. B., Birru, E. M., Tesfa, M. T., Geta, M., Kifle, Z. D., & Amare, T. (2021).
Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Medication Practice Among Teachers'
Education Training College Students in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-
Sectional Study. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 593764.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.593764

Mirasol, P. (2022, February 1). Dr. Google, self-medicating preferred by Filipinos —

survey. BusinessWorld Online.
https://www.bworldonline.com/health/2022/02/02/427233/dr-google-self-
medicating-preferred-by-filipinos-survey/?amp

Moonajilin, M. S. (2020). Knowledge, attitude & practice of self-medication with

painkillers among young adults, Bangladesh. International Journal of Public
Health Research, 10(1), 1174–1182.

Morgan, A. K., Arimiyaw, A. W., & Nachibi, S. U. (2023). Prevalence, patterns and
associated factors of self-medication among older adults in Ghana. Cogent Public
Health, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/27707571.2023.2183564

98
Ngigi, C.K., Mwagiru, P.M., & Wala, J. (2016). Self-medication with antibiotics prior to
seeking treatment among adult patients attending outpatient department at
Gatundu Sub-County Hospital, Kiambu County, Kenya. Imperial journal of
interdisciplinary research, 2.

NSAIDs: Examples, side effects, and uses. (2017, May 25).

Www.medicalnewstoday.com.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179211?
fbclid=IwAR3859235JnnYWun4W_aoKbBI4bGx-
GNphgh8m1FzwXItdDtx5impPWsXek

Oliveira, S. B. V., Barroso, S. C. C., Bicalho, M. A. C., & Reis, A. M. M. (2018). Profile
of drugs used for self-medication by elderly attended at a referral center. Einstein
(Sao Paulo, Brazil), 16(4), eAO4372.
https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2018AO4372

Onchonga, D. (2020). A Google Trends study on the interest in self-medication during

the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic. Saudi Pharmaceutical
Journal, 28(7), 903–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.007

One-way ANOVA. One-way ANOVA - An introduction to when you should run this test
and the test hypothesis | Laerd Statistics. (n.d). Retrieved April 28, 2023, from
https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/one-way-anova-statistical-
guide.php#:~:text=The%20one%2Dway%20analysis%20of,more%20independent
%20(unrelated)%20groups.

Palaganas, R. (2021). Self-medication: A dangerous trend during the COVID-19

pandemic. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147086

Papansin, K.M.L., Comia, R.N.M., Manalo, E.R.R., Maramot, M.M., Silang, J.M.M.,
Cobeng, A.D., & De

Petiprin, A. (2020). Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory. Nursing Theory.

https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/orem-self-care-deficit-theory.php

Philippine Pharmacists Association. (2021). Self-medication practice during the

pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.philpharm.org.ph/self-medication-
practice-during-the-pandemic/

Quispe-Cañari, J., Fidel-Rosales, E., Manrique, D., Mascaró-Zan, J., Huamán-Castillón,

K., Chamorro–Espinoza, S., Garayar–Peceros, H., Ponce–López, V., Sifuentes-
Rosales, J. Alvarez-Risco, A., Yáñez, J., & Mejia, C. (2021). Self-medication
practice during the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population in Peru: A

99
 cross-sectional survey. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 29(1).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.001

Ramamoorthy, L., Baskar, A., George, N., & Sarika, M. (2020). Self-medication practice:
A threat to health care. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 45(3), 388.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_368_19

Rathod P, Sharma S, Ukey U, et al. (January 18, 2023) Prevalence, Pattern, and Reasons
for Self-Medication: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study From Central
India. Cureus 15(1): e33917. doi:10.7759/cureus.33917

Ray, I. A., Bardhan, M., Hasan, M. K., Sahito, A. R., Khan, E., Patel, S. Y., Jani, I.,
Bhatt, P., Sp, R., & Swed, S. (2022). Over-the-counter drugs and self-medication:
A worldwide paranoia and a troublesome situation in India during the COVID-19
pandemic. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 78, 103797.

Ray, S., Kumar, P., Mishra, A., & Sreenivas, V. (2022). Self-medication in the COVID-
19 pandemic era: A word of caution. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary
Care, 11(1), 1-4.

Robredo, J. P. G., Eala, M. A. B., Paguio, J. A., Salamat, M. S. S., & Celi, L. A. G.
(2022). The challenges of combatting antimicrobial resistance in the Philippines.
The Lancet Microbe, 3(4), e246.

Saha, A., Marma, K. K. S., Rashid, A., Tarannum, N., Das, S., Chowdhury, T., Afrin, N.,
Chakraborty, P., Emran, Md., Mehedi, H. M. H., Hussain, M. I., Barua, A., &
Mistry, S. K. (2022). Risk factors associated with self-medication among the
indigenous communities of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. PLOS ONE,
17(6), e0269622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269622

Santos, R. S. (2018). Self-Medication Practice among Adult Patients in a Public Hospital

in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine, 56(1), 21-29.

Schepis, T., & Klare, D. (2020, March 5). Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan
Perspective. National Library of Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7065295/

Shaamekhi, H. R., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Alizadeh, M. (2019). Demographic determinants

of self-medication in the population covered by health centers in Tabriz. Health
Promotion Perspectives, 9(3), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2019.26

Shalini, A., & Logaraj, M. (2021). Prevalence and determinants of self-medication use
among the adult population residing in a sub-urban areas near Chennai, Tamil
Nadu. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(5), 1835.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1615_20

100
Soroush, A., Abdi, A., Andayeshgar, B., Vahdat, A., & Khatony, A. (2018). Exploring
the perceived factors that affect self-medication among nursing students: a
qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-018-0302-
2

Tesfamariam, S., Anand, I. S., Kaleab, G., Berhane, S., Woldai, B., Habte, E., & Russom,
M. (2019). Self-medication with over-the-counter drugs, the prevalence of the
risky practice and its associated factors in pharmacy outlets of Asmara, Eritrea.
BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6470-5

Thakwani, J. (2020, December 23). Causes, Merits, and Demerits of Self-Medication.

Medindia. https://www.medindia.net/patientinfo/causes-merits-and-demerits-of-
self-medication.htm

Torres, N. F., Chibi, B., Middleton, L. E., Solomon, V. P., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P.
(2019). Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in low
and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review. Public health, 168,
92-101.

Varghese, G. (2020, April 29). Assessment of prevalence of self-medication among

pharmacy students. Academia.edu. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from
https://www.academia.edu/80993494/Assessment_of_Prevelance_of_Self_Medic
ation_Among_Pharmacy_Students

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Regulatory Assessment of Medicinal

Products for use in Self-Medication. Available from: URL:
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/66154/WHO_EDM_QSM_00.1_
eng.pdf

101
 APPENDICES

Appendix A. CEU IERB Certification of Approval

102
103
104
105
APPENDIX B. Letter to Municipal Health Officer

106
APPENDIX C. Letter to the BHW

107
APPENDIX D. Research Instrument Validation

108
109
110
111
 APPENDIX E. Research Gantt Chart

Research Title:

Month/Year

M M A
J S J
J F a A M J A O N D J F a p
u e u
a e r p a u u c o e a e r r
Research l p n
n b c r y n g t v c n b c i
y t e
Activities h h l
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
0 0 0
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0
2 2 2
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2
3 3 4
3 4 4

1. Title Proposal

2. Submission and
approval of Research
proposal to Research
Adviser

3. Oral defense

4. Editing of Research
Chapters 1 to 3 based
on recommendations

5. Submission to
research Adviser

6. Application for
Ethics Review

7. Validation of
Research Instrument

8. Data Collection
process

9. Data Analysis

10. Research Oral

Defense- Final
defense

11. Writing of results/

research journal

12. English editing of

final research journal

13. Presentation of
results through
Research
Colloquium

112
 APPENDIX F. Informed Consent (Tagalog)

KAALAMANG PAHINTULOT

Pagbati!
Mangyaring basahing mabuti bago maglagay ng lagda at huwag mag-atubiling
magtanong upang matiyak na magkaroon ng paglilinaw ang kaisipan sa paglahok sa pananaliksik
na ito. Tinitiyak din ng mga mananaliksik sa inyo na ang lahat ng nakalap na impormasyon ay
mananatiling kumpidensyal alinsunod sa Data Privacy Act of 2012. Lahat ng impormasyon ng
mga kalahok ay kokolektahin at susuriin para lamang sa layunin ng pag-aaral na ito.

IMPORMASYON NG PROYEKTO

Ang mga talatanungan ay binubuo ng mga sumusunod na tanong ay gagamitin upang

matukoy ang pagkakakilanlan ng mga respondente, upang matukoy ang pagkakaroon o
kasaysayan ng mga kasanayan sa pag inom ng mga gamot sa mga matatanda, at upang matukoy
ang mga kaugnay na kadahilanan na nakakaimpluwensya sa mga kasanayan sa self-medication na
sasagutin sa loob ng 15 hangang na 20 minuto lamang.
Ito ay isang boluntaryong pakikilahok sa pagsagot sa talatanungan at ang iyong mga
sagot ay mag aambag sa pagtatasa ng mga kadahilanan ng self gamot pagsasanay na walang
implikasyon ni pinsala na ito ay magdadala sa iyo. Maaari mong bawiin ang sarili mula sa
pagsagot sa talatanungan anumang oras. Sinisigurado ng mga mananaliksik na ang lahat ng
impormasyong nakuha ay itatago nang may kompidensiyal.

LAYUNIN NG PAG-AARAL
Layunin ng pag-aaral na ito na alamin at kilalanin ang mga kasanayan patungkol sa self-
medication at ang mga nauugnay na salik nito sa mga piling respondente na nasa hustong gulang
sa Urban area sa Mandaluyong City partikular sa Barangay Addition Hills. Ang pangunahing
layunin ng mga mananaliksik ay tasahin ang mga salik na nakakaimpluwensya sa kanilang
kasanayan sa self-medication sa paggamit ng descriptive-correlational isang disenyo ng
pananaliksik upang matukoy ang pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng mga variable at ang mga kaugnayan sa
pagitan ng mga napiling respondents. Bukod pa rito, ang pananaliksik ay naglalayong pahusayin
ang kamalayan ng publiko tungkol sa mga potensyal na panganib na nauugnay sa self-medication
at hikayatin ang mas mahusay na paggawa ng desisyon sa pangangalagang pangkalusugan sa
populasyon ng nasa hustong gulang.

PAKIKILAHOK SA PAKSA
Ang pag aaral na ito ay magkakaroon ng kabuuang 177 na kalahok na isasagawa sa
Barangay Addition Hills Mandaluyong City.

RESPONSIBILIDAD NG MGA KALAHOK SA PANANALIKSIK

Ang pahintulot para sa pakikilahok ay mawawalan ng bisa sa loob ng pitong-araw mula
sa araw na lagdaan ng kalahok ang informed consent. Ang mga kalahok ay bibigyan ng tungkulin
na sagutin ang mga katanungan na may buong katapatan na ang lahat ng mga tanong ay batay sa
kanilang karanasan at lawak na kaalaman upang makakuha ng maayos na mga resulta. Maaaring
lapitan ang mga mananaliksik para sa anumang mga katanungan o paglilinaw patungkol sa
pananaliksik.

INAASAHANG TAGAL SA PAGSAGOT SA TALATANUNGAN-

Ang mga napiling kasama sa pag aaral ay bibigyan ng sampu hanggang labing limang
minuto (10-15 minutes) upang matapos ang naisaad na mga katanungan sa survey. Ang

113
pagkakalap ng mga datos ay tinatayak na mag sisimula sa ika-huling linggo ng Oktobre at
matatapos ito sa huling linggo ng Nobyembre. Itinakda ito upang matiyak ang sapat na
pagkakataon para sa pakikipag-ugnayan ng kalahok at upang matugunan ang anumang mga
lohikal na pagsasaalang-alang na may kaugnayan sa pangangalap ng datos sa loob ng tinutukoy
na urban sa Mandaluyong City.

PRIBADO, PERSONAL NA IMPORMASYON, AT KONPIDENSIYALIDAD

Ang lahat ng impormasyon tungkol sa mga kalahok ay kinuha mula sa mga ulat.
Makakatiyak na ang lahat ng kolektadong datos ay ligtas na nakatago sa isang nakasalansan na
kabinet sa opisina ng pangunahing mananaliksik. Ito ay upang siguruhing hindi malalabag o
maibabahagi ang mga datos sa mga hindi kasama sa pag-aaral. Pagkatapos suriin ang mga datos,
ipapabatid namin sa mga kalahok o kanilang mga kinatawan ang mga resulta ng pag-aaral. Sa
panghuli, pagkatapos maipahayag ang pag-aaral, tatanggalin nang buong-buo ang mga
kolektadong datos mula sa mga digital na dokumento ng mga mananaliksik. Ang mga datos na
kukulektahin ay mananatiling pribado at ito ay aabot lamang sa mga mananaliksik. Ang lahat ng
impormasyon mula sa pag-aaral ay naka-encrypt upang protektahan ang pangalan ng bawat
kalahok. Makakatiyak na walang mga pangalan o iba pang impormasyon sa pagkakakilanlan ang
gagamitin kapag tinatalakay o nag-uulat ng datos. Ang mga mananaliksik ay maingat at ligtas na
itatago ang lahat ng dokumento at datos na kanilang nakolekta sa isang nakasalansang na kabinet
sa opisina ng pangunahing mananaliksik. Kapag natapos na ang pagsusuri ng datos, ito ay agad
na papawiin.
Sa pag-aaral na ito, hindi ihahayag ang personal na impormasyon at ang mga datos ay
mananatiling ligtas. Ipinapangako ang inyong kaligtasan at hindi magkakaroon ng anumang
paglabag o pagbabahagi ng datos sa iba. Pagkatapos mailathala ang pag-aaral, aalisin ang mga
datos upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng mga impormasyon.
Ang mga kalahok ay maaring tingnan ang kanilang mga sariling rekord para sa kanilang
kumpirmasyon. Sa mga pagkakataon na hindi pagkakaunawaan at pag-update ng datos, maaring
suriin ang mga dokumento at ipaalam sa awtorisadong tauhan. Pagkatapos suriin ang mga datos,
ipapabatid namin ang mga resulta ng pag-aaral sa mga kalahok upang magkaroon ng kaalaman.

KAHINAAN
Ang pag-aaral na ito ay may layuning magtipon ng iba't-ibang mga indibidwal mula sa
komunidad, na kumakatawan sa magkakaibang mga edad. Ang mga kalahok sa pag-aaral na ito
ay inuuri sa tatlong magkakaibang mga grupo batay sa edad: young-adults, middle adults, at
older adults.
Upang maikategorya bilang mga kalahok na kabataan o gitnang edad, kinakailangan na
ang mga indibidwal ay may gulang na 18 taon o higit pa. Sa tulong ng kriteryong ito, ang mga
menor de edad ay hindi kasama sa layunin ng pagsasaliksik, na nakatuon sa mga adultong may
gulang na hindi kukulangin sa 18 taong gulang. Sa kabilang dako, ang grupo ng mas matatandang
matanda sa pananaliksik ay binubuo ng mga indibidwal na nasa edad na 55 hanggang 65 taon.

BENEPISYO AT KABAYARAN
Ang mga kalahok ay makatatanggap ng pera bilang kapalit sa paglahok. Sa halip sila ay
makatatanggap ng munting handog (token of appreciation) bilang pasasalamat sa oras na
kanilang nilaan sa pakikilahok. Ang mga young-adults (may edad 18-35), middle adults (may
edad 36-55) at older adults (may edad 56-65) ay makatatanggap ng pouch. Sa karagdagan, ang
mga kalahok ay isa-isang makatatanggap ng leaflet na naglalaman ng kaalaman patungkol sa
Self-medication. Upang ito ay maisakatuparan, ang mga mananaliksik ay naglaan ng dalawang-
libo at limang-daan piso (2,500 php) na badyet. Gayundin, sa katuparan ng pananaliksik, ang mga
kalahok ay magkakaroon ng benepisyo sa paraan na sila ay magiging mas maingat mapanuri sa
posibleng panganib na dulot ng self-medication. Ang mga napiling barangay ay magkakaroon din

114
ng benepisyo sa katuparan ng pananaliksik sa pamamagitan ng health education na isasagawa ng
mga mananaliksik. Ang mga natukoy na mga salik o (factors) sa self-medication ay ang magiging
batayan ng mga mananaliksik sa pagbuo ng health education na maaaring gamitin o
mapakinabangan ng mga pang-apat na antas o (Level-IV) na mag-aaral sa affiliated na lugar.

PAGPILI NG MGA KALAHOK, KARAPATAN NG PAGTANGGI AT PAG-URONG SA

PAG-AARAL
Ang boluntaryong pakikilahok ng mga respondente. Lahat ng mga respondente ay
kinakailangan pumirma sa pahintulot na papeles upang maging bahagi ng pag-aaral. Kung nais ng
sinuman na umurong mula sa pag-aaral, wala itong negatibong epekto sa kanilang ugnayan sa
mga mananaliksik. Lahat ng datos na kolektado matapos ang pag-atras mula sa pag-aaral ay agad
na iaalis.

POSIBLENG PANGANIB
Walang inaasahan na panganib sa buong pananaliksik na maaaring makapinsala sa mga
kalahok o maging sanhi ng permanenteng pinsala sa kanila.

KAGASTUSAN/PAGBABAYAD PABALIK
Hindi magbibigay ng anumang salapi bilang kabayaran sa mga kalahok na boluntaryong
sasali sa pagsusuri na ito. Gayunpaman, bilang pasasalamat, tatanggap ang mga kalahok ng isang
simpleng regalo sa anyo ng kalakal matapos nilang matagumpay na makumpleto ang mga
katanungan sa pagsusuri.

KONSIDERASYON SA KOMUNIDAD
Ang resulta ng pag aaral na ito ay magbibigay kamalayan sa komunidad sa pagsasagawa
ng self-medication. Ang mga makakalap na impormasyon sa pag aaral na ito ay makakatulong sa
mga mananaliksik bilang batayan ng pagsasagawa ng programang edukasyong pangkalusugan.

PAG-APRUBA SA PAG-AARAL
Ang pag aaral na ito ay inaprubahan upang magpatuloy sa pangangalap ng impormasyon
ng CEU Institutional Ethics Review. Para sa mga karagdagang katanungan, Kabilang ang mga
reklamo. Maaari kang makipag ugnay sa pamamagitan ng email sa CEU IERB, panel chair at
Principal Investigator.

Makipag-ugnayan sa:
Para sa anumang alalahanin at katanungan tungkol sa pag-aaral na ito, maaaring
makipag-ugnayan sa Principal Investigator na si Paula Marie R. Viesta #09175555979 o mag
email sa [email protected]

Name of CEU IERB Panel Chair: Dr. Ronald D. Subida.

Address: Mendiola St, San Miguel, Manila,
1008 Metro Manila
Email: [email protected]
Tel: (+63)2 8735-68-61 to 71 loc.228

115
Kontrata:
Naipaalam sa akin ang layunin ng pag-aaral, mga benepisyo at karapatan ng mga kalahok
sa pag-aaral. Nabigyan ako ng pagkakataong magtanong at masagot ang mga ito ayon sa aking
kasiyahan. Nabigyan din ako ng katiyakan na binigyan ako ng kopya ng form na ito at kusang-
loob akong sumasang-ayon na lumahok sa pag-aaral na ito.

Pangalan at Lagda ng Kalahok Petsa

Nasaksihan ni:

Pangalan at Lagda ng Mananaliksik Petsa

116
 APPENDIX G. Research Instrument (Tagalog)

I. Pagkakakilanlan ng Respondente
Punan ng tsek ang kahon na naaangkop o may kaugnayan sa iyong sagot.

Edad
• Young Adult (18-35 • Middle Adult (36-54 • Older Adult (55-65
taong gulang) taong gulang) taong gulang
Kasarian
• Lalaki • Babae
Estadong Pang-ekonomiya
A. Katayuan ng Trabaho
• Walang Trabaho • May Trabaho
B. Miyembro ka ba ng anumang “health insurance”?
• Oo • Hindi
C. Buwanang kinikita
• Wala pang P1,000 • P3,001 - P7,000 • Mahigit P10,000

• P1,000 - P3,000 • P7,001 - P10,000

Antas ng Edukasyon
• Elementarya • Hindi pumasok sa paaralan

• Sekondarya • Iba pa, mangyaring tukuyin:_______________

• Kolehiyo

II. Pagtatasa ng mga Kasanayan sa Paggamot sa Sarili

Punan ng tsek ang kahon na naaangkop o may kaugnayan sa iyong sagot.

Pinagmulan ng Impormasyon ng Gamot

• Pamilya/Mga • Paggamit ng Social • Parmasya
Kamag-anak Media
• Mga • Nakaraang karanasan • Telebisyon
Kaibigan/Barkada
• Iba pa, mangyaring tukuyin:_________________________________
Dalas ng Paggagamot sa Sarili
• Isang beses sa isang • 5-7 beses sa isang • Mahigit 10 buwan
buwan buwan
• 2-4 beses sa isang • 8-10 beses sa isang

117
 buwan buwan
Uri ng Gamot na Ginamit
• NSAIDs (para sa matinding sakit at • Antitussive/Expectorant (para sa ubo)
pamamaga ng katawan)
• Antibiotics (para sa sugat at problema • Antihistamine (para sa alerhiya)
sa balat)
• Antacid (para sa indigestion at • Nasal decongestant (para sa sipon)
heartburn)
• Anti-Diarrhea (para sa pagtatae) • Laxative (para makadumi)

• Supplements (para sa diyeta at kagandahan) hal. (Multivitamins, Collagen,

Glutathione)

III. Mga Kaugnay na Salik ng Paggamot sa Sarili

Punan ng tsek ang kahon na naaangkop o may kaugnayan sa iyong sagot.

Puntos Interpretasyon Paglalarawan

4 Lubos na may kaalaman Lubos na may kaalaman
3 May sapat na kaalaman May katamtamang kaalaman
2 May kaalaman May kaunting kaalaman
1 Walang kaalaman Walang kaalaman

Kaalaman 4 3 2 1

1. Ako ay may kaalaman sa mga nilalaman ng gamot na aking

iniinom.

2. Ako ay may kaalaman kung ilan at gaano karami ang

kailangang gamot na aking iinumin.

3. Ako ay may kaalaman sa posibleng negatibong kahihinatnan sa

pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan.

4. Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano suriin ang petsa ng pag-

expire ng gamot bago ito gamitin.

5. Ako ay may kaalaman na ang patuloy na paggamit ng mga non-

prescription drugs ay posibleng magresulta sa pagka-depende
ng katawan sa naturang gamot

6. Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano i-double check ang

impormasyon tungkol sa paggamit ng mga gamot na iniinom
ko.

7. Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano inumin ang tamang dosis ng

gamot sa tamang oras.

118
8. Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano taasan ang dosis ng gamot
kapag hindi gumagaan ang aking pakiramdam.

9. Ako ay may kaalaman na ang paginom ng gamot ng walang

sapat na kaalaman ukol sa side effect nito ay maaring magdulot
ng kapahamakan sa kalusugan

10. Ako ay may kaalaman kung paano uminom ng maraming gamot

para gamutin ang aking kalusugan o mga karamdaman.

119
Punan ng tsek ang kahon na naaangkop o may kaugnayan sa iyong sagot.

Puntos Interpretasyon Paglalarawan

Ganap na nagsasagawa ng paggagamot sa
4 Lubos na sumasang-ayon
sarili
3 Sumasang-ayon Nagsasagawa ng paggagamot sa sarili
Hindi gaano nagsasagawa ng paggagamot
2 Hindi sumasang-ayon
sa sarili
Ganap na hindi nagsasagawa ng
1 Lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon
paggagamot sa sarili

Mga saloobin, tradisyon, at kaugalian 4 3 2 1

1. Inirerekomenda ko ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan sa

mga kaibigan at pamilya.

2. Ang mga simpleng karamdamang pangkalusugan ay hindi

nangangailangan ng konsultasyon.

3. Ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan sa tahanan ay isang

magandang kasanayan upang makaiwas sa pagkakaroon ng
anumang sakit.

4. Kapag ako ay nagkakasakit, ginagamit ko ang mga natirang

gamot sa bahay.

5. Naniniwala ako na ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan ay

isang mabisa at ligtas na paraan.

6. Ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan ay hindi maaaring

maging sanhi ng isang malubhang panganib sa kalusugan.

7. Hindi ko ninanais ang paghahanap ng reseta bago ang pag-inom

ng anumang gamot.

8. Ibibigay ko ang aking reseta sa isang tao na nagkaroon ng

parehong mga sintomas tulad ng mayroon ako.

9. Ginagamit ko ang mga inirerekomendang gamot na nasabi sa

akin ng aking mga kaibigan.

10. Gumagamit ako ng mga herbal na gamot sa halip na mga

gamot na inireseta o over the counter (OTC) na gamot dahil
mas mura ang mga ito.

11. Ako ay sumangguni sa internet kung alin ang gamot na

nababagay sa mga sintomas na aking nararamdaman.
(halimbawa; Google, Youtube, atbp.)

120
 Affordability and Accessibility 4 3 2 1

1. Madaling makakuha ng mga di resetadong gamot.

2. Ang lokal na botika ay madaling puntahan.

3. Higit na mura ang mga gamot na hindi ni-reseta kaysa ang

magpakonsulta pa sa doktor.

4. Makakatipid sa oras ang pagbili ng gamot sa mga malapit na

botika.

5. Higit na madali ang pagbili ng mga over-the counter na gamot

kaysa sa mga inireseta ng doktor.

6. Batid ko na humigit ako sa iniresetang dosis batay sa lumang

reseta ng doktor.

7. Ang pag-inom ng gamot ay binabawasan ang pangangailangan

para sa medikal na konsultasyon.

8. Ang pag-gamot sa sarili gamit ang mga over the counter na

gamot ay ligtas, mura, at maaasahan na pagsasanay.

9. Mas pipiliin ko mag-self-medication kaysa bumisita sa doktor

para sa maliliit na karamdaman lamang.

10. Higit na madaling ma-access ang pagkakaroon ng gamot sa mga

online store upang makapagsagawa ng pansariling gamutan.

11.Naniniwala akong ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan ang

pinaka mabilis at pinakamadaling solusyon kaysa ang
magpakonsulta pa sa doktor.

12. Higit na madali ang pagsasagawa ng pansariling gamutan kaysa

ang maglaan ng oras upang makapag pagkonsulta sa doktor.

121
 APPENDIX H. Informed Consent (English)

INFORMED CONSENT
Greetings!
Please read this informed consent before you affix your signature to participate, and feel
free to ask questions or clarify in this study. This is to assure you that all the gathered information
will be kept confidential in accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012. All information about
the participants will be collected and analyzed only for the purpose of the study.

PROJECT INFORMATION
The survey tool used for the study was translated into Tagalog and is composed of questionnaires
pertaining to the respondents' profile, the presence or history of self-medication practices among
adults, and the associated factors, which may be completed in 15-20 minutes.

This is a voluntary participation in answering the questionnaire, and your responses will
contribute to assessing the factors of self-medication practice without implications or harm that it
will bring to you. You are free to withdraw from the study at any point in time. Rest assured that
all information obtained will be kept confidential.

The Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to identify self-medication practices and their associated
factors among selected adults in one of the urban areas in Mandaluyong City, specifically
Barangay Addition Hills. The primary goal of the researchers is to assess the factors influencing
their self-medication practice as the basis of the Health Education Program in the selected
barangay in Mandaluyong City. Additionally, the research aims to enhance public awareness
about the potential risks associated with self-medication and encourage better healthcare
decision-making among the adult population.

Subject Participation
There will be a total of 177 participants who will take part in the study to be conducted at
Barangay Addition Hills, Mandaluyong City.

Responsibilities of the Participants

The consent for participation will expire within 7 days starting from the day that the
participant has signed the informed consent. The participants will be tasked to answer the
questionnaire with all honesty and accurately answer all the questions based on their extent of
knowledge and experience to obtain reliable and accurate results. The researchers will be
available on hand should any questions/clarifications arise from the participants.

Expected Duration
The participants will be given between 10-15 minutes to complete the survey
questionnaire. The data collection will start in the first week of October and end in the last week
of November. This timeframe was set to ensure ample opportunity for participant engagement
and to accommodate any logistical considerations related to data gathering within the specified
urban area in Mandaluyong City.

Privacy, Personal Information, and Confidentiality

All of the participants' information was taken from the reporting data. Rest assured that
all data files collected will be kept safely in a secured locked cabinet located at the principal
investigators' office. This is to ensure that the data will not be compromised nor shared with
others not involved in the study. After the data has been analyzed, the participants or their

122
representatives will be informed of the results of the study. Lastly, upon publication of the study,
the collected data will then be erased completely from the researchers’ digital files that will be
collected will be kept confidential and only within the researchers' access. All information taken
from the study will be coded to protect each subject’s name. No names or other identifying
information will be used when discussing or reporting data. The investigator(s) will safely keep
all files and data collected in a secured locked cabinet in the principal investigator's office. Once
the data has been fully analyzed, it will be destroyed. This study will not display personal
information, and the data will be kept safe. Your safety is guaranteed, and the data will not be
compromised or shared with others. After the study has been published, the data will be destroyed
to prevent the spread of information.
The participant can access their own records for validation. In case of misunderstanding
and renewal of data, it is possible to review the documents and notify authorized personnel. After
analyzing the data, participants will be informed of the result of the study so they can be aware of
the development.

Vulnerability
The research study intends to bring together a varied group of people from the
community, representing a wide range of age demographics. The participants in this study will be
categorized into three distinct age groups: young, middle-aged, and older adults.
To be classified as young or middle-aged participants, individuals must be 18 years of
age or older. With the use of this criterion, minors are excluded from the study's emphasis on
adults who are at least 18 years old. On the other hand, the research's older adult group will be
made up of people between the ages of 55 and 65.

Benefits and Compensation

There will be no monetary compensation given but a token will be given to the
participants. The token consists of small pouches for the younger and middle adults while
medicine organizers for the older adults. The researchers have an estimated budget of 2,500 pesos
for the tokens. Likewise, completing the study will benefit the respondents by making them
aware of the potential risks associated with self-medication practices and promoting the
responsible use of medications. Moreover, selected villages will benefit from the outcome of the
study through a health education program designed by the researchers. The identified factors of
self-medication practice will be the basis of a health education program that can be utilized by
Level IV Nursing students who are affiliated with the study setting.

Selection of Participants, Rights to Refuse, and Withdraw

Participation in the study is voluntary. All participants must sign the consent form to
become part of the study. Should anyone wish to withdraw from the study, there would be no
negative effect on their relationship with the investigators. Any data collected after withdrawal
from the study will be immediately deleted.

Potential Risk
There are no foreseeable risks throughout the study that can harm participants or cause
permanent damage to them.

Cost/ Reimbursement
No monetary compensation will be offered to the participants who will voluntarily
participate in this study. Nonetheless, as a gesture of gratitude, participants will receive a token of
appreciation in the form of goods upon the successful completion of the survey questionnaire.

123
Community Considerations
The outcome of this study will provide community awareness of the practice of self-
medication. The findings of the study will help the researcher as a basis for the Health Education
Program.

Study Approval
This study has been approved for implementation by the CEU Institutional Ethics
Review. For further questions or concerns, including grievances or complaints. You may contact
through email the CEU IERB Panel Chair and Principal Investigator.

Contact through:
For any concerns and questions regarding this study, you may contact the Principal Investigator
Paula Marie R. Viesta #09175555979 or email [email protected]

Name of CEU IERB Panel Chair: Dr. Ronald D. Subida.

Address: Mendiola St, San Miguel, Manila,
1008 Metro Manila
Email: [email protected]
Tel: (+63)2 8735-68-61 to 71 loc.228

Contract:
I have been informed of the purpose of the study, benefits and rights of the participants in
the study. I have been given the opportunity to ask questions and have them answered to my
satisfaction. I have also been given assurance that I will be given a copy of this form and I
willingly agree to participate in this study.

Printed Name & Signature of the Participant Date Signed

Witnessed by:

Researcher’s Printed Name & Signature Date Signed

124
 APPENDIX I. Research Instrument (English)

I. Profile of the Respondents

Please check the appropriate box or, where relevant, specify your answer.

Age
• Young Adult (18-35 • Middle Adult (36-54 • Older Adult (55-65
taong gulang) taong gulang) taong gulang
Sex
• Male • Female
Economic Status
A. Occupation Status
• Unemployed • Employed
B. Are you a member of any health insurance company?
• Yes • No
C. Monthly Income
• Less than P1,000 • P3,001 - P7,000 • More than P10,000

• P1,000 - P3,000 • P7,001 - P10,000

Antas ng Edukasyon
• Elementary • Did not go to School

• Secondary • Others (please specify):_______________

• College/University

II. Assessment of Self-Medication Practices

Please check the appropriate box or, where relevant, specify your answer.

Source of Drug Information

• Family/Relatives • Social Media • Television
Platforms
• Friends/Peers • Past Exposure • Pharmacy

• Others (please specify):_______________________________________

Dalas ng Paggagamot sa Sarili
• Once a month • 2-4 times a month • 5-7 times a month

• 8-10 times a month • More than 10 months

Uri ng Gamot na Ginamit

125
 • NSAIDs (for severe body pain and • Antitussive/Expectorant (for
inflammation) cough)
• Antibiotics (for wound and skin problems • Antihistamine (for allergy)

• Antacid (for indigestion and heartburn) • Nasal decongestant (for colds)

• Anti-Diarrhea • Laxatives

• Supplements (for dietary and beauty) (e.g., Multivitamins, Collagen, Glutathione)

III. Associated Factors of Self-Medication

Please check the appropriate box or, where relevant.

Point Interpretation Description

4 Very knowledgeable about Completely knowledgeable
3 Knowledgeable about Moderately knowledgeable
2 Somewhat knowledgeable about Slightly knowledgeable
1 Not knowledgeable about Not knowledgeable at all

Knowledge 4 3 2 1

1. I am knowledgeable of the content/constituents of medication.

2. I am knowledgeable on how many medications I need to take.

3. I am aware of the possible/negative consequences of taking

medication.

4. I am knowledgeable of checking the expiry date of the

medication before using it.

5. I am knowledgeable that continuous use of non-prescription

drugs may cause dependency.

6. I am knowledgeable of double-checking the information about

the uses of the drugs that I use.

7. I am knowledgeable on when to take the proper dose at the right

time.

8. I am knowledgeable on how to increase the drug dose when my

symptoms are not relieve.

9. I am knowledgeable that taking medication without a

fundamental understanding of its action cannot be harmful.

10. I am knowledgeable of taking multiple non-prescription drugs

to treat my health condition.

126
127
 Point Interpretation Description
4 Strongly Agree Extremely to practice self-medication
3 Agree Likely to practice self-medication
2 Disagree Unlikely to practice self-medication
1 Strongly Disagree Not likely to practice self-medication

Attitudes and Perceptions, Tradition, and Custom 4 3 2 1

1. I would recommend self-medication to friends and family.

2. Mild medical problems need medical consultation

3. Self-medicating at home is a good practice for preventing the

development of disease

4. When I feel sick I use leftover medicines.

5. I believe that practicing self-medication is safe and effective

6. Self-medicating can cause serious health hazards

7. I prefer seeking a prescription prior to taking any medication.

8. I would offer my prescription to someone who is having the

same symptoms as I have.

9. I am using the recommended medications that my friends

suggest.

10. I use herbal remedies instead of drug prescription or over-the-

counter (OTC) medications as they are less expensive.

11. I know how to search on the internet for which medication is

appropriate for the symptoms I am experiencing. (e.g Google,
Youtube, etc)

Affordability and Accessibility 4 3 2 1

1. Non-prescription drugs are easy to obtain.

2. Local pharmacies are easy to access.

3. It is cheaper to purchase non-prescribed medications than to

consult a doctor.

4. It is time-saving to use medications from nearby pharmacies.

5. It is easier to purchase over-the-counter drugs than prescribed

drugs.

128
6. I am aware that I exceeded the prescribed dose from an old
prescription.

7. Self-medication reduces the need for medical consultation.

8. Self-medicating with OTC drugs is a safe, affordable, and

reliable practice.

9. I prefer to self-medicate than to visit a doctor for minor

ailments.

10. The availability of medication in online stores makes self-

medicating more convenient.

11. I believe self-medication is the fastest and easier solution to

consulting a doctor.

12. Self-medication allows me to avoid the hassle of making a

doctor’s appointment.

129
APPENDIX J. Certificate of English Editing

130
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN ON RESPONSIBLE SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ADULTS

THEME: “Empowering Health Literacy: An Instructional Plan on Responsible Self-Medication Practices for Adult”
TOPIC: Responsible Self-Medication Practices for Adults
GOAL: This aims to improve adults' understanding of and competency with responsible self-medication practices to cultivate a
culture of health literacy, informed decision-making, and overall well-being among participants.
TARGET GROUP: Young, Middle, and Older Adults
VENUE AND DATE: Barangay Addition Hills, Mandaluyong City
GROUP: City Health Department of Mandaluyong City

PERSON
TIME RESOURCES/
OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY RESPON EVALUATION
FRAME MATERIALS
SIBLE

After an hour of 1. Introduction to 10 Human Resources: Speaker #1 After an hour of health

health teaching, the Self-Medication minutes teaching, the
participants will be ● Student Nurses participants were able
able to: ● Registered Nurses to:
1.1 Definition and
1. Define self- Lecture/Discussion about ● Physician 1. Understand the
medication per scope of self- definition and scope of ● Pharmacist definition and
WHO, describe medication self-medication(ask the scope of self-
its scope, and participant what is the medication by
identify at least definition of self- Material Resources: asking “In your
1 advantage medication prior Powerpoint own words, how
and 1 discussion) Handout (leaflets) would you define
disadvantage of self-medication?”
self- Target Number of 2. Identify at least 1-
medication. Discussion And Visual participants: 25 2 advantages of
presentation about self-medication
1.2 Advantages and comparison of advantages Tarpaulin: 3 x 5 ft. by asking “Can
disadvantages of and disadvantages of self- = Php 150.00 you think of at
self-medication medication least 2
Invitation: advantages of

131
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

=Php 150.00 self-medication?”

(Php 6 print + Php 3. Enumerate 2-3
2. Define two key 2. Medication 1/photocopy x 25 copies) Speaker #2 risks and potential
terms related to Awareness consequences of
medication and 2.1 Differentiating Lecture/Discussion about Food: P35.00 self-medication
the differences between Per person x 25 by asking “Do
recognize the between
Doctor’s prescription and = Php 875.00 you think that
importance of prescription and over-the-counter there are
staying over-the-counter medications (Ask the Leaflets: potential
informed about medications participants to differentiate = Php 400.00 consequences of
proper the two topics prior the (Php 16 print + Php self-medication?
medication discussion) 1/photocopy x 25 copies) If yes, can you
practices. enumerate at
Certificate: least 3 of them?”
Discussion about minor = Php 200.00 4. State 1-2
illnesses for self- (Php 8 print x 25 copies) differences of
medication prescription and
Token of Appreciation: over-the-counter
2.2 Recognizing = Php 500 drugs by asking
minor illnesses Visual presentation of “Is there a
suitable for self- symptoms and its Total Budget: difference
appropriate over-the- = Php 1775.00 between
medication
counter medications ( Php 65 / participant) prescription and
Excluding Tarpaulin over-the- counter
2.3 Identifying (OTC) drugs? If
symptoms and yes, give at least
appropriate over- 2.”
the-counter 5. Identify 2-3 minor
medications illnesses suitable
for self-
medication by
3. Cite and 3. Responsible Speaker #3
asking “Can you
describe three Medication Use think of at least 3
practices of minor illnesses
responsible 3.1 Proper dosage that may be
Discussion of proper
medication use guidelines associated with
dosage guidelines (in table)

132
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

when self- self-medication?”

medicating. 6. Recall at least 3-5
3.2 Understanding Discussion of the symptoms and its
importance of avoiding appropriate over-
the importance of
misuse and overuse of the-counter
avoiding misuse NSAIDs medication medications by
and overuse of asking “Can you
NSAIDs medication recall at least 3
over-the-counter
4. Identify three 4. Identifying Speaker #4 drugs that you
cautionary Cautionary use and what is
measures to Measures of Self- this medication
for?”
take when Medication
7. State 3-4
practicing self- 4.1 Awareness of Interactive discussion of guidelines of
medication that potential potential interactions proper dosage by
required interactions between medications asking “Can you
medical between share your
attention medications Discussion through a game understanding of
called “ Guess the the proper dosage
symptoms” (where the for self-
4.2 Recognizing
speaker will show some medication and
symptoms that flash cards of symptoms how did you come
require medical and the participants will to know about
attention identify it) it?"
8. Cite 1-2
importance of
5. Describe at 5. Promoting Interactive discussion Speaker #5 avoiding misuse
least two Community about the role of healthy
and overuse of
actions Health lifestyle choices by asking
the participants “what is medication by
individuals can asking, “Does
the definition of healthy
take to promote 5.1 Emphasizing the lifestyle?” to be followed misusing or
health in their role of healthy by a discussion. overusing
local lifestyle choices in medication can
community. overall well-being impact your

133
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

overall health? If
yes, can you state
Discussion/ Lecture about at least 1-2
Responsible self-
importance on
medication practices by
balancing self-medication how to avoid it?”
5.2 Responsible with preventive measures 9. Enumerated 3-4
self-medication symptoms that
practices by require medical
balancing self- Visual presentation (video attention by
medication with promotion ) Promoting asking, “Have
awareness through
preventive measures you experienced
community events.
any unusual
symptoms or
5.3 Promoting discomforts that
awareness through Visual presentation (video you find
community events promotion ) about concerning or
Developing a reliable different from
health information
what you typically
resources for health literacy
experience? If
yes, give at least
Lecture discussion about 3-4.”
5.4 Developing a Educating participants on 10. Defined
reliable health when to seek professional awareness of
information advice from pharmacists potential
and consultation from
resources for health interactions
physician in the nearby
literacy health center between
(Ask the participants if medications by
they are aware of the free asking, “Can you
services that the describe your
government may offer) approach to
managing your
medications and

134
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

how you stay

5.5 Educating informed about
participants on Visual presentation of potential
information on local
when to seek interactions
healthcare facilities and
professional advice contact numbers for between them?
from pharmacists referral purposes 11. Promoted
and consultation adoption of
from physician in healthy lifestyle
the nearby health habits to improve
center overall health and
well being by
asking, ”Can you
share some of the
daily habits that
you believe
contribute to your
overall well-being
and health?”
12. Encouraged
responsible self-
5.6 Providing medication and
information on local preventive
healthcare facilities healthcare
and contact practices by
numbers for referral asking, “Can you
purposes describe any
specific lifestyle
changes you've
made to prevent
health issues, and
do you feel these
changes have

135
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

been effective?”
13. Educated the
community about
health issues
through local
engagement
events by asking
“List two specific
changes you plan
to make in your
routine based on
the information
presented at the
community health
event.”
14. Provided reliable
health information
resources to
enhance public
health literacy by
asking “Can you
identify specific
ways in which the
provided health
information
resources
positively
impacted public
health literacy?”
15. Taught people
how to identify
signs needing

136
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

professional
medical advice or
treatment by
asking “Can you
share a situation
where you were
able to apply
what you learned
to identify when
someone needed
professional
medical advice?”
16. Made the
community aware
of nearby
healthcare
facilities and
provider contact
details for
referrals by asking
“How many
contact details for
healthcare
providers were
shared with you,
and can you
recall at least
one?”
17. Provided an
educational
initiative
emphasizing

137
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY, MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (STEM) Nursing Department
9 Mendiola St., San Miguel, Manila City

preventive health
practices by
asking “Name at
least one new
preventive health
practice that you
plan to
incorporate into
your daily routine
after
participating in
the initiative.”

Authors:
Barloso, Donizhen Jane
Caisip, Hannah Ruth
De Castro, Piolo
Delos Santos, Kayla Lorraine
Inosanto, Ejay
Pak, Shaira Mae
Pangandaman, Alyssa
Robledo, Roene Anne
Rodriguez, Maria Micah
Saez, Czarina Anne
Viesta, Paula Marie

138
 CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Paula Marie R. Viesta
Address: Barangay Lubong, San Vicente, Ilocos Sur
Age: 22
Date of Birth: November 08, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Cellphone Number: 09175555979
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020-Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY-MANILA
BS Nursing
College
2018-2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL- MANILA
Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM-Caregiving)
Senior High School
2014-2018 ST. PAUL COLLEGE OF ILOCOS SUR
Junior High School
2008-2014 ST. PAUL COLLEGE OF ILOCOS SUR
Elementary

ACADEMIC AFFILIATIONS TO CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS:

● Drum and Lyre Club- Officer (2014-2018)
● Class Vice President (2023)
● Class President (2023-2024)
● Alumni Seminar Committee (2024)
● Integrated Nursing Seminar Committee (2024)

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● BSN First Year Second Semester Dean’s Lister

139
 ● Drum and Lyre Music Award (2014-2018)

● Academic Awardee (2008)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Paulinian Leadership Training (2017)
● Work Immersion (2020)
● Participation in “School of Nursing’s Undergraduate Research Forum” (2023)
● Participation in “Sheesh, Kakayanin Kaya?: A Webinar on Dealing with Stressors
(2023)
● Participation in “Healthy Mind and Body” Webinar (2022)
● Participation in “#EmpoweredEscolarians: Promoting Mental Wellness and
Positive Coping Culture in CEU” (2022)
● Participation in Student Recollection (2022)
● Participation in “Front Runners in Science: Leadership Congress” Webinar (2022)
● Participation in “Psychological First Aid in School and Communities: Supporting
Yourself and Others” (2022)
● Participation in “Unmuted to Withstand: Speaking Out Loud for the Emancipation
of Women” (2022)
● Participation in “Research 101: The Basics of Research Paper Writing” (2022)
● Participation in “Integrated Webinar: Establishing Linkage between Theoretical
Knowledge and Realistic Situations in Nursing Care Delivery Session” (2022)
● Participation in Nurses’ Day (2022)
● Participation in “Nurses’ Days 2021: E-Kamustahan” (2021)
● Participation in “Nurses’ Days 2021 N-UPDATES: 7th Dean Ida G. Kimseng
Memorial Lecture” (2021)
● Participation in “School of Nursing Leadership Training Seminar” (2020)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Community Duty- Plainview Health Center Mandaluyong City (2022-2023)
● Community Duty - Blk. 38 Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty at Blk. 13 Addition Hills - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Medical Surgical - National Children’s Hospital (2022)
● Medical Surgical- Capitol Medical Center (2023 & 2024)
● Psychiatric -MetroPsych (2023)
● Orthopedics-Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)
● Medical Surgical- East Avenue Medical Center (2024)

140
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Donizhen Jane R. Barloso
Address: Brgy. San Isidro Cainta, Rizal
Age: 22
Date of Birth: June 12, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Protestant
Cell Phone Number: 09954014734
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020-Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY-MANILA
BS Nursing
College
2018-2020 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY- ANDRES BONIFACIO CAMPUS PASIG
Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)
Senior High Level
2014-2018 GENERAL TINIO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Junior High School
2008-2014 GENERAL TINIO CENTRAL SCHOOL
Elementary School

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● Certificate of Recognition for being Top 1 in class Grade 1 to 5 (2008-2013)

● Certificate of Recognition for being the class Salutatorian (2014)

● Certificate of Recognition with Honors Junior High School (2018)

● Certificate of Excellence with Honors Senior High School Grade 11 (2019)

● Certificate of Excellence with Honors Senior High School Grade 12 (2020)

141
 ● BSN First Year Second Semester Dean’s Lister (2021)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Certificate of Participation in the seminar “Beyond the Grasp: The Butterfly
Effect” (2019)
● School of Nursing Leadership Training (2020)
● Certificate of Participation: Nurses’ Day 1 with the theme: “ CEU-School of
Nursing Gearing towards Nursing Excellence (March 12, 2022)
● Certificate of Participation: Nurses’ Day 2 with the theme: “ CEU-School of
Nursing Gearing towards Nursing Excellence (March 12, 2022)
● Certificate of Participation: PaskoNars 2022 with the theme: “Paskong Narito ang
Saya!” (December 17, 2022)
● Certificate of Participation in School of Nursing's Undergraduate Research Forum
with the theme: "Enabling Transitions for a Greater Sustainability and Resilient
Society" (2023)
● Certificate of Attendance: Student Recollection with the theme: “Escolarians:
Grateful and Participative in the Mission of Christ” (May 22, 2023)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Community Duty- Brgy Highway Hills Health Center Mandaluyong City (2022-
2023)
● Community Duty - Blk. 38 Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty at Blk. 39 Addition Hills - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Medical Surgical- Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Psychiatric -MetroPsych (2023)
● Orthopedics-Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)
● Hospital Duty- VRP Medical Center (2023)

142
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Hannah Ruth F. Caisip
Address: Sunny Crest Royale Salitran II
Dasmariñas,Cavite
Age: 21 years old
Date of Birth: March 9,2002
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Cell Phone Number: 09283749531
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020 - Present : CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY MANILA
Bachelor of science in Nursing
College
2018- 2020 : NAZARETH SCHOOL OF NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MANILA
Science,Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Senior High Level
2014-2018 : DEL PILAR ACADEMY CAVITE
Junior High School
2008-2014 : ALAPAN 1 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Elementary School

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● 1st place City Meet (Imus) Badminton women’s (single) (2012)

143
 ● 2nd Place provincial meet (Cavite) Badminton women’s (doubles) (2012)

● Certificate of recognition for being ranked 1 in class (2014)

● Conduct awardee (2014)

● 1st place Science quiz bee Inter private school association (2014)

● 1st place IPSAA Badminton women's (single) (2016)

● 3rd Place CISAA Badminton women’s (single) (2016)

● 2nd place IPSAA Badminton women's (single) (2017)

● 2nd Place CISAA Badminton women’s (single) (2017)

● 1st place IPSAA Badminton women's (single) (2018)

● 1st Place CISAA Badminton women’s (single) (2018)

● 1st place City meet (Imus) Badminton women’s (Doubles) (2018)

● 2nd Place Provincial meet (Cavite) Badminton women’s (single) (2018)

● Certificate of Recognition With Honors (Grade 7-10)

● Samagudelpa awardee (2018)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Leadership Training (2018)
● Career Orientation (2018)
● School of Nursing Leadership Training (2020)
● Certificate of Participation: Nurses’ Day 2 with the theme: “CEU-School of
Nursing Gearing towards Nursing Excellence” (March 12,2022)
● Certificate of Participation: PaskoNars 2022 with the theme: “Paskong Narito and
Saya!” (December 17,2022)
● School of Nursing's Undergraduate Research Forum with the theme: "Enabling
Transitions for a Greater Sustainability and Resilient Society" (2023)
● Leadership Training (2023)
● Certificate of Participation: Escolarians: “Grateful and Participative in the
Mission of Christ” (May 22,2023)

144
CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Community Duty - Brgy Mabini J. Rizal Mandaluyong City (2022)
● Community Duty- Brgy Addition Hills Health Center Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty - Blk. 38 Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Medical Surgical 1 and 2 - Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Psychiatric -MetroPsych (2023)
● Orthopedics-Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)

145
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Piolo A. De Castro
Address: 54 Quezon St., Masbate City, Masbate
Age: 22
Date of Birth: May 17, 2021
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Cellphone Number: 09760614494
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020-Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY-MANILA
BS Nursing
College
2018-2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM-Caregiving)
Senior High School
2017-2018 Masbate Ikthus Christian School INC.
Junior High School
2014-2017 Masbate National Comprehensive High School
Junior High School
2009-2014 Sacro Costato School
Elementary
2008-2009 Masbate Ikthus Christian School INC.
Elementary

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● BSN First Year Second Semester President’s Lister

146
 ● Certificate of Recognition for being part of CEU - Manila Men’s Futsal Team
(2020)
● Certificate of Recognition for being part of MICSI’s Futsal Team (2018)

● 2nd place Regional Schools Press Conference (2018)

● 1st place Domestic Schools Press Conference (2018)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Comprehenian Leadership training (2016)
● Comprehenian Leadership training (2017)
● Youth for Environment in Schools Camp training (2015)
● Youth for Environment in Schools Camp training (2016)
● Youth for Environment in Schools Camp training (2017)
● Youth for Environment in Schools Camp training (2018)
● Certificate of Recognition (Supreme Student Government) (2018)
● CEU Athlete’s Meeting (2019)
● Work Immersion (2020)
● School of Nursing Leadership Training (2020)
● Certificate of Participation in School of Nursing's Undergraduate Research Forum
with the theme: "Enabling Transitions for a Greater Sustainability and Resilient
Society" (2023)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Community Duty - Blk 37 Mandaluyong City (2022)
● Community Duty - Blk 38 Mandaluyong City (2022)
● Community Duty - Welferville Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty - Vergara Health Center Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Medical Surgical - Tondo Medical Center (2022)
● Medical Surgical - Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Psychiatric - Metropsych (2023)
● Orthopedics - Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)

147
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Kayla Lorraine C. Delos Santos
Address: 1092 - B Don Benito Street, Sampaloc, Manila
Age: 22 years old
Date of Birth: July 2, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Cell Phone Number: 09218926351/09271470069
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020 - Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
College

2018 - 2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL MANILA

Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Senior High Level

2014 - 2018 HOLY TRINITY ACADEMY

Junior High Level

2008 - 2014 HOLY TRINITY ACADEMY

Elementary Level

AWARDS AND HONORS:

148
 ● With Honors Junior High School - 2018

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● "Goiter Awareness" Seminar - 2018
● "Sexual Harassment" Seminar - 2019
● Work Immersion - 2019
● Hospício Outreach Program - 2019
● Certificate of Participation in Nurses' Days 2021 E-Kamustahan, Social
Interaction and Thanksgiving Mass with the theme: "Trailblazing Excellence
towards Quality Nursing Care" (March 6, 2021)
● Certificate of Participation in School of Nursing Leadership Training Seminar
2020 (October 17, 2020)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Medical Surgical - Rizal Medical Center (2022)
● Community Duty- Mauway Health Center Mandaluyong City (2022)
● Community Duty - Blk. 38 Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty at Blk. 13 Addition Hills - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Medical Surgical - Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Psychiatric - MetroPsych Facility (2023)
● Orthopedics - Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)

149
150
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Ejay L. Inosanto
Address: 192 Camia St. Pulo, San Rafael, Bulacan 3008
Age: 21
Date of Birth: August 30, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Cellphone Number: 09610278705
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2019-Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY-MANILA
BS Nursing
College
2017-2019 BALIUAG UNIVERSITY
General Academic Strand (GAS)
Senior High Level
2013-2017 MARONQUILLO NATIONAL HIGHSCOOL
Junior High School
2006-2013 PULO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Elementary School

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● Angel Festival Awardee (2013)

● Most Industrious Student (2013)

● Best in Computer (2013)

● Certificate of Recognition for being Top 11 in class (2013)

● Certificate of Recognition for being Top 11 in class (2014)

151
 ● Certificate of Recognition for being Auditor in TLE Club (2014)

● Certificate of Participation in Photo Journalism Contest- District Level (2017)

● Certificate of Recognition for being Top 8 in class (2017)

● Certificate of Recognition for being Top 1 in class -With High Honors (2017-
2019)
● Outstanding Performance in Filipino (2018)

● Outstanding Performance in Social Science (2018)

● Outstanding Performance in Arts (2019)

● Outstanding Performance in Communication Arts (2019)

● Outstanding Performance in Sciences (2019)

● Outstanding Performance in Social Science (2019)

● Oustatnding Performance in Specialization Subjects (2019)

● Oustanding Performance in Technology (2019)

● Outstanding Performance in SAP Business (2019)

● Student Council Officer- Leadership award (GAS Senator)

● BSN 1st year- First Semester Deans Lister (Sy. 2019-2020)

● BSN 1st year- Second Semester Deans Lister (Sy. 2019-2020)

AFFILIATIONS TO CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS:

● MNHS-TLE Club Auditor (2014)
● Baliuag University- SHS Student Council (GAS Senator)
● Honors Society Member (2019)
● Social Science Society Member (2019)
● CEU Science Club Member (2019)
● Student Catholic in Action Member (2019)
● Global Society for Philippine Nurse Reaserchers, Inc-CEU Cell Member (2019-
2023)

152
 ● CEU Red Cross Youth Member (2019-2023)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Microsoft Training (2019)
● Certificate of Participation: Student Catholic Action: General Assembly(2019)
● Certificate of Participation: Student Catholic Action: Visit of the Blood Relic of
St. John Paul II and the Archdiocesan Youth Cross (2019)
● School of Nursing Leadership Training (2019)
● Certificate of Participation: PaskoNars 2029 with the theme: “Paskong Narito and
Saya!” (2019)
● Certificate of Participation: Nurses’ Day 1 with the theme: “Trailblaizing
Excellence Towards Nursing Care” (2020)
● School of Nursing Leadership Training (2020)
● Certificate of Participation: Nurses’ Day 2 with the theme: “CEU-School of
Nursing Gearing towards Nursing Excellence” (2022)
● Certificate of Participation: PaskoNars 2022 with the theme: “Paskong Narito and
Saya!” (2022)
● School of Nursing's Undergraduate Research Forum with the theme: "Enabling
Transitions for a Greater Sustainability and Resilient Society" (2023)
● Participation in Student Recollection (2022)
● Certificate of Participation: Honors Society with the theme: “Discovering Your
Go-to Self-care and Wellness Routine”. (2023)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Community Duty- Welfareville Health Center in Mandaluyong City (SY. 2022-
2023)
● Community Duty at Blk. 13 Addition Hills - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Medical Surgical 1 - Rizal Medical Center - MS Ward (2022)
● Medical Surgical 2 - Capitol Medical Center- ICU unit (2023)
● Psychiatric -MetroPsych (2023)
● Orthopedics-Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)

153
154
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Shaira Mae C. Pak
Address: Blk 3 Lot 5 Phase 5, Peter St. Citihomes
Molino IV,
Bacoor Cavite
Age: 22
Date of Birth: November 7, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
CellPhone Number: 09276152274
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2019-Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY-MANILA (present)
BS Nursing
College
2017-2019 CAVITE SCHOOL OF LIFE DASMARINAS CAMPUS
Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)
Senior High Level
2013-2017 ST. MICHAEL SCHOOL OF CAVITE
Junior High School
2007-2013 ARTECHE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Elementary School

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● Certification of Recognition Consistent with Honor Grade 1 to 4

● Certification of Recognition with honors first semester (S.Y 2017-2018)

● Certification of Recognition with high honors second semester (S.Y 2018-2019)

155
ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● School of Nursing Leadership Training (2020)
● Certificate of Participation: Nurses’ Day 2 with the theme: “CEU-School of
Nursing Gearing towards Nursing Excellence” (March 12,2022)
● Certificate of Participation: PaskoNars 2022 with the theme: “Paskong Narito and
Saya!” (December 17,2022)
● School of Nursing's Undergraduate Research Forum with the theme: "Enabling
Transitions for a Greater Sustainability and Resilient Society" (2023)
● Certificate of Participation: Escolarians: “Grateful and Participative in the
Mission of Christ” (May 22,2023)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Community Duty at Mabini J. Rizal - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty at Blk. 13 Addition Hills - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty at Vergara Health Center - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Psychiatric Clinical Rotation at Metro Psychiatric Facility (2023)
● Orthopedic Clinical Rotation at Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)
● Medical Surgical Clinical Rotation at Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Medical Surgical Clinical Rotation at Amang Rodriguez Medical Center (2023)
● EINC Clinical Rotation at East Avenue Medical Center (2023)
● ICU Clinical Rotation at Cardinal Santos Medical City (2023)
● Nursing Leadership Rotation at The Medical City - Ortigas (2024)
● OR Clinical Rotation at Ospital Ng Malabon (2024)

156
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Alyssa P. Pangandaman
Address: 147 Gladiola St. Garden Royale Villas
Pinagbuhatan,
Pasig City
Age: 22
Date of Birth: September 29, 2000
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Islam
Cellphone Number: 09152014524
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2019-Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY-MANILA
BS Nursing
College
2017-2019 LA IMMACULADA CONCEPCION SCHOOL
Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)
Senior High Level
2013-2017 LA IMMACULADA CONCEPCION SCHOOL
Junior High School
2007-2013 DANSALAN COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Elementary School

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● Certificate of Recognition for winning "THIRD PLACE" in the Grade four level
during the Heograpiya Kasaysayan at Sibika (HeKaSi) PARADE OF
INTERNATIONAL COSTUMES (October 2010)

● Certificate of Recognition for being an “Active Girl Scout Member” (S.Y 2010-
2011)

● Certificate of Participation in "Science and Mathematics Clubbing in Synergy:

Research and Innovation, A Catalyst Change" (S.Y 2011-2012)
157
 ● Certificate of Recognition for being an “Active Girl Scout Member” (S.Y 2011-
2012)

● Certificate of Participation for actively being the Grade Six Level Sergeant at
arms (S.Y 2012-2013)

● Certificate of Participation for "Talent Presentation" in celebration of the

Character Education Youth (S.Y 2012-2013)

● Certificate of Participation for involvement during the "Bayanihan sa Kalinisan"

(S.Y 2012-2013)

● Certificate of achievement for being named “Best Actress” in the Grade Six Level
role-playing competition (S.Y 2012-2013)

● Certificate of Recognition for being in the top 5 in class (S.Y 2014-2015)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:

● Science Tour for Research and Innovation- Los Banos Laguna (2016)
● Social Immersion- Bataan (2018)
● Work Immersion - Pasig City Childrens Hospital "Child's Hope" (2019)
● Student Recollection in Baguio City (2019)
● School of Nursing Leadership Training Seminar (2021)
● Participation in PaskoNars 2022 with the theme: Paskong Narito ang Saya!"
(2022)
● Participation in “ESCOLARIANS: GRATEFUL AND PARTICIPATIVE IN
MISSION OF CHRIST” Student Recollection (2023)
● Participation in GSPNRI "Cancer Management: Oncology Nursing Unit Protocol
and Infection Prevention Among Immunocompromised Individuals" (2023)
● School of Nursing's Undergraduate Research Forum with the theme: "Enabling
Transitions for a Greater Sustainability and Resilient Society" (2023)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:

● Community Duty- Mabini J. Rizal - Mandaluyong City (2022)

● Community Duty- Brgy. Addition Hills- Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty- Brgy. Vergara- Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Psychiatric- Metro Psychiatric Facility (2023)

158
● Medical Surgical - Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Medical Surgical - Amang Rodriguez Memorial Medical Center (ARMMC)
(2023)

159
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Roene Anne E. Robledo
Address: Blk 38 Lot 1 Phase 1B Mabuhay Homes,
Pantok,
Binangonan, Rizal
Age: 21 years old
Date of Birth: June 19, 2002
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Cellphone Number: 09614977557
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020-Present Centro Escolar University-Manila
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Undergraduate
2018-2020 Siena College of Taytay
Academic Track - STEM Strand
Senior High School
2014-2018 PBTS Colleges
Junior High School
2008-2014 PBTS Academy
Elementary

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● BSN Second Year First Semester Dean’s Lister (2022)

● BSN First Year Second Semester Dean’s Lister (2021)

● Athlete of the Year Awardee (2018)

● 1st Place in Science Quiz Bee Contest (2016)

160
 ● 1st Place in Filipino Quiz Bee Contest (2014)

● Consistent with honors (2008-2018)

AFFILIATIONS TO CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS:

● School of Nursing COMELEC Chairman (2023-2024)
● School of Nursing COMELEC Member (2022-2023)
● CEU Red Cross Youth Management Committee (2020-2022)
● Young Scientists Society Member (2018-2020)
● Siena Dance Varsity Member (2018-2019)
● Student Council Government Vice President-External (2017-2018)
ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Participation in “School of Nursing’s Undergraduate Research Forum” (2023)
● Participation in “Sheesh, Kakayanin Kaya?: A Webinar on Dealing with Stressors
(2023)
● Participation in “Healthy Mind and Body” Webinar (2022)
● Participation in “#EmpoweredEscolarians: Promoting Mental Wellness and
Positive Coping Culture in CEU” (2022)
● Participation in Student Recollection (2022)
● Participation in “Front Runners in Science: Leadership Congress” Webinar (2022)
● Participation in “Psychological First Aid in School and Communities: Supporting
Yourself and Others” (2022)
● Participation in “Unmuted to Withstand: Speaking Out Loud for the Emancipation
of Women” (2022)
● Participation in “Research 101: The Basics of Research Paper Writing” (2022)
● Participation in “Integrated Webinar: Establishing Linkage between Theoretical
Knowledge and Realistic Situations in Nursing Care Delivery Session” (2022)
● Participation in Nurses’ Day (2022)
● Participation in “MY GAD, TAMA BEHAVIOR! Exploring Gender and
Development through RA 11313 Safe Spaces Act and Gender Fair Language”
(2022)
● Participation in “Nurses’ Days 2021: E-Kamustahan” (2021)
● Participation in “Nurses’ Days 2021 N-UPDATES: 7th Dean Ida G. Kimseng
Memorial Lecture” (2021)
● Participation in “Red Light, Green Light: A Webinar on Volunteerism and Good
Citizenship Towards Nation Building” (2021)
● Participation in “School of Nursing Leadership Training Seminar” (2020)
CLINICAL ROTATIONS:

161
● Medical-Surgical: Victor R. Potenciano Medical Center (2023)
● Medical-Surgical: Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Medical-Surgical: Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)
● Psychiatric: MetroPsych Facility (2023)
● Community: Malamig Health Center (2023)
● Community: Welfareville Health Center (2022-2023)
● Community: Blk 37 Health Center (2022)

162
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Maria Micah G Rodriguez
Address: Purok 1 Brgy. Sto. Cristo Sariaya, Quezon
Age: 22 years old
Date of Birth: February 24, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Cellphone Number: 09512420107
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020-Present Centro Escolar University-Manila
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Collage
2018-2020 St. Joseph Academy of Sariaya, Quezon
Academic Track - STEM Strand
Senior High School
2013-2018 St. Joseph Academy of Sariaya, Quezon
Junior High School
2007-2013 Lutucan Central School Sariaya, Quezon
Elementary School

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● Consistent High Achiever: (2015-2016)

● Bronze Medalist: (2017-2018)

● Catechist Award: (2017-2018)

● Consistent High Academic Excellence: (2016-2020)

● BSN First Year First Semester President Lister : (2020-2021)

163
 ● BSN Second Year First Semester Dean’s Lister : (2021-2022)

ACADEMIC AFFILIATIONS TO CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS:

● Youth for Environment and Schools Organization (YES-O) - officer (2014-2020)
● Josephinian Elite Club (CAT) - Officer (2017-2018)
● Young Writers* Guild - Officer (2019-2020)
● Himig Joscphinian Choir - Officer (2019-2020)
● Supreme Student Government Board officer (2018-2020)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Sustainable Development Goals Seminar by 2030 Youth Force (March 2018)
● ANCPAG Seminar (A Career Crossword Seminar) (2014- 2018)
● SSG Leadership Training (2016-2018)
● Youth of Today in Gender Equality: Endowed with the same
● Dignity (March 2019)
● Values Formation Program Seminar (March 2019)
● Immersion (2020)
● Participation in “School of Nursing’s Undergraduate Research Forum” (June
2023)
● School of Nursing Leadership Training Seminar (2020)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Community Duty Barangay Harapin ang Bukas - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty Barangay Saniboy - Mandaluyong City (2022)
● Community Duty at Blk. 13 Addition Hills - Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Medical Surgical - Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Psychiatric - MetroPsych Facility (2023)
● Medical Surgical Orthopedics - Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)
● East av.
● Hfor

164
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Name: Czarina Anne M. Saez
Address: 171 P. Rosales St. Brgy. Sta. Ana Kaliwa,
Pateros Metro Manila.
Age: 21 years old
Date of Birth: August 21, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religious Affiliation: Catholic
Cellphone Number: 09996526763
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2020-Present CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY-MANILA
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy
College
2019-2020 UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy
College
2016-2019 SAINT GENEVIEVE SCHOOL OF PATEROS
General Academic Strand (GAS)
Senior High School
2012-2016 SAINT GENEVIEVE SCHOOL OF PATEROS
Junior High School
2006-2012 SAINT GENEVIEVE SCHOOL OF PATEROS
Elementary

AWARDS AND HONORS:

● First honorable mention (2019)

● Academic Awardee (2018-2019)

165
 ● Gold Medalist (2019)

● Lector and Commentator Ministry Awardee (2018-2019)

● SGSP Church Choir Awardee (2018-2019)

● Bronze Medalist (2019)

● Supreme Student Government Awardee (2014-2019)

ATTENDED TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS/WEBINARS:
● Work Immersion at ACE Medical Center in Pateros, Metro Manila (2018-2019)
● Participation in “ESCOLARIANS: GRATEFUL AND PARTICIPATIVE IN
MISSION OF CHRIST” Student Recollection (2023)
● Participation in the GSPNRI Global Competitiveness in the New Normal Series
Webinar 2: "Cancer Management: Oncology Nursing Unit Protocol and Infection
Prevention Among Immunocompromised Individuals" (2023)
● Participation in “#CEUSupport: Psychological First Aid Training for Teachers,
Parents and Non-Teaching Staff (2022)
● Participation in “#EmpoweredEscolarians: Promoting Mental Wellness and
Positive Coping Culture in CEU” (2023)
● Participation in “Prevention of Asthma with the theme of "Polusyon ay iwasan,
asthma ating solusyunan" (2021)
● Participation in “NSC's E-Kumustahan 2021 with the theme: Strengthening
Connection towards Quality Nursing Education” (2021)
● Participation in “CEU School of Nursing Leadership Training Seminar 2021”
(2021)
● Participation in “Nurse’s Day 2021 E-Kamustahan, Social Interaction, and
Thanksgiving Mass with Theme: Trailblazing Excellence towards Quality
Nursing Care” (2021)

CLINICAL ROTATIONS:
● Psychiatric Clinical Rotation at Metro Psychiatric Facility (2023)
● Orthopedic Clinical Rotation at Philippine Orthopedic Center (2023)
● Medical Surgical Clinical Rotation at Capitol Medical Center (2023)
● Medical Surgical Clinical Rotation at Amang Rodriguez Medical Center (2023)
● Community Duty- Mabini J. Rizal - Mandaluyong City (2022)
● Community Duty- Brgy. Addition Hills- Mandaluyong City (2023)
● Community Duty- Brgy. Vergara- Mandaluyong City (2023)

166
167