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SMART GRID
STANDARDS
SMART GRID
STANDARDS
SPECIFICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS,
AND TECHNOLOGIES
Takuro Sato
Waseda University, Japan

Daniel M. Kammen
University of California, Berkeley, USA

Bin Duan
Xiangtan University, China

Martin Macuha
France Telecom Japan Co. Ltd., Japan

Zhenyu Zhou
North China Electric Power University, China

Jun Wu
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

Muhammad Tariq
FAST National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan

Solomon Abebe Asfaw

University of California, Berkeley, USA
This edition first published 2015
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., 1 Fusionopolis Walk, #07-01 Solaris South Tower, Singapore 138628.
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as
expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through
payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for permission should be
addressed to the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., 1 Fusionopolis Walk, #07-01 Solaris South
Tower, Singapore 138628, tel: 65-66438000, fax: 65-66438008, email: [email protected].
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
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product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This
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sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice
or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sato, Takuro.
Smart grid standards : specifications, requirements, and technologies / Takuro Sato, Daniel M. Kammen,
Bin Duan, Martin Macuha, Zhenyu Zhou, Jun Wu, Muhammad Tariq, Solomon Abebe Asfaw.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-65369-2 (cloth)
1. Smart power grids–Standards. I. Title.
TK3105.S25 2014
621.3102′ 18–dc23
2014004867
Typeset in 11/13pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

1 2015
Contents

About the Authors xi

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

1 An Overview of the Smart Grid 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 An Overview of Smart Grid-Related Organizations 3
1.2.1 SDOs Dealing with the Smart Grid 4
1.2.2 Technical Consortia, Forums, and Panels Dealing with the
Smart Grid 9
1.2.3 Other Political, Market, and Trade Organizations, Forums,
and Alliances 12
1.3 Status of the United States (US) 15
1.3.1 Strategy Development and Planning 15
1.3.2 Policy and Law Enforcement 18
1.3.3 Government and Company Pilot Projects 19
1.4 Status of the European Union (EU) 20
1.4.1 Activities of the European Union 20
1.4.2 Activities of EU Member Countries 22
1.5 Status of Japan 25
1.6 Status of South Korea 27
1.7 Status of China 28
1.8 Conclusions 30
References 30

2 Renewable Energy Generation 35

2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Renewable Energy Systems and the Smart Grid 37
2.2.1 Hydroelectric Power 37
2.2.2 Solar Energy 40
vi Contents

2.2.3 Wind Energy 51

2.2.4 Fuel Cell 56
2.2.5 Geothermal Energy 60
2.2.6 Biomass 64
2.3 Challenges of Renewable Energy Systems 73
2.3.1 High Capital Cost 73
2.3.2 Integrating Renewable to the On-Grid 74
2.3.3 Reliable Supply of Power 74
2.3.4 Power Transmission 74
2.3.5 Power Distribution 74
2.4 Conclusion 75
References 75

3 Power Grid 79
3.1 Power Grid Systems 80
3.2 An Overview of the Important Key Standards for the Power Grid 81
3.3 Communications in the Smart Grid 82
3.3.1 Communications for Substations: IEC 61850 Standards 82
3.3.2 Communications for Telecontrol: IEC 60870-5 Standards 88
3.3.3 Inter-Control Center Communications: IEC 60870-6
Standards 93
3.4 Energy Management Systems 97
3.4.1 Application Program Interface: the IEC 61970 Standards 97
3.4.2 Software Inter-Application Integration: the IEC 61968
Standards 102
3.5 Teleprotection Equipment 106
3.5.1 An Overview of the IEC 60834 106
3.5.2 Types of Teleprotection Command Schemes 107
3.5.3 Requirements for Command Type Teleprotection Systems 108
3.5.4 Teleprotection System Performance Requirements 108
3.5.5 Teleprotection System Performance Tests 110
3.6 Application Cases of Related Standards in the Power Grid 111
3.6.1 Case 1: Engineering Process in Smart Substation Automation 111
3.6.2 Case 2: Information Exchange Services and Service Tracking 117
3.7 Analysis of Relationships among Related Standards 125
3.7.1 IEC 61970 and IEC 61968 125
3.7.2 IEC 61850 and IEC 61970 126
3.7.3 IEC 61850 and IEC 60870 126
3.7.4 TASE.2 and MMS 127
3.7.5 Latest Progresses of Related Standards 128
3.8 Conclusion 129
Appendix 3.A A SED File Example (Extensible Markup Language) 129
References 140
Contents vii

4 Smart Storage and Electric Vehicles 145

4.1 Introduction 145
4.2 Electric Storage 146
4.2.1 An Overview of Electric Storage 146
4.2.2 Electric Storage Technologies and Applications 147
4.2.3 Standardization Projects and Efforts 151
4.3 Distributed Energy Resources 154
4.3.1 An Overview of Distributed Energy Resources 154
4.3.2 Technologies and Applications 155
4.3.3 Various Standardization Processes and Projects 158
4.4 E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 160
4.4.1 Introduction of E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 160
4.4.2 The Rise and Fall of Electric Vehicles 161
4.4.3 Types of Electric Vehicles 162
4.4.4 Electric Vehicle Batteries 164
4.4.5 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
Opportunities and Challenges 166
4.4.6 Standardization of E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 170
4.5 Conclusion 178
References 180

5 Smart Energy Consumption 183

5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Demand Response 184
5.2.1 An Overview of Demand Response Technologies 184
5.2.2 Demand Response Technology and Barriers 185
5.2.3 Standardization Efforts Related to Demand Response 186
5.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure Standards 188
5.3.1 The AMI System 189
5.3.2 The IEC 62056 and ANSI C12 Standards 189
5.3.3 Metering Standardization Projects and Efforts 194
5.4 Smart Home and Building Automation Standards 197
5.4.1 ISO/IEC Information Technology – Home Electronic System
(HES) 198
5.4.2 ZigBee/HomePlug Smart Energy Profile 2.0 207
5.4.3 OpenHAN 2.0 217
5.4.4 Z-Wave 221
5.4.5 ECHONET 224
5.4.6 ZigBee Home Automation Public Application Profile 228
5.4.7 BACnet 231
5.4.8 LONWORKS 233
5.4.9 INSTEON 235
viii Contents

5.4.10 KNX 235

5.4.11 ONE-NET 238
5.4.12 A Comparison of Smart Home and Building Automation
Standards 239
5.5 Conclusion 242
References 242

6 Communications in the Smart Grid 247

6.1 Introduction 247
6.1.1 Communication Requirements for the Smart Grid 248
6.1.2 List of Standards 250
6.2 Architecture of the Communication System in the Smart Grid 256
6.2.1 IP in the Smart Grid 257
6.3 Wired Communication 259
6.3.1 Power Line Communication 259
6.3.2 Optical Communication 264
6.3.3 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Ethernet 266
6.4 Wireless Communication 268
6.4.1 Introduction 268
6.4.2 Wireless Very Short Distance Communication 270
6.4.3 Wireless Personal and Local Area Networks and Related
Technologies in the Unlicensed Spectrum 275
6.4.4 Cellular Networks in the Licensed Spectrum and WiMAX
Technology 285
6.4.5 Satellite Communication 291
6.5 Conclusion 292
References 294

7 Security and Safety for Standardized Smart Grid Networks 299

7.1 Introduction 299
7.2 Threats and Vulnerabilities of Smart Grids 300
7.2.1 Network Vulnerabilities 300
7.2.2 Errors of Communications 301
7.3 Communication Network Standards of Smart Grids 302
7.3.1 Wireless Network Standards 302
7.3.2 Wired Network Standards and Their Safety Extensions 302
7.4 Wireless Network Security Mechanisms in the Smart Grids 303
7.4.1 An Overview of Security Mechanisms in the Wireless
Standardized Smart Grid 303
7.4.2 Device Joining 303
7.4.3 Securing Normal Traffic 307
7.5 Wired Network Security/Safety Mechanisms in the Smart Grid 309
7.5.1 An Overview of Security Technologies in the Wired
Smart Grid 310
Contents ix

7.5.2 Basic Security Mechanisms of Communication Infrastructure 311

7.5.3 Principles of Safety Extensions 312
7.5.4 Security Measures of Safety Extension 313
7.6 Typical Standards of Functional Security and Safety 316
7.6.1 IEC 62351 Standards 316
7.6.2 IEC 61508 Standards 319
7.7 Discussion 321
7.7.1 Safety versus Security 321
7.7.2 Security Level 321
7.7.3 Safety Level 322
7.7.4 Open Issues 322
7.8 Conclusion 324
References 325

8 Interoperability 329
8.1 Introduction 329
8.1.1 Interoperability and Interchangeability 330
8.1.2 The Challenges of Network Interoperability 330
8.1.3 Adding Application Interoperability 331
8.2 Interoperability Standards 332
8.3 NIST Identified List of Standards to Be Reviewed 333
8.4 NIST Interoperability 339
8.5 Conceptual Reference Model for the Smart Grid 339
8.6 Different Priority Areas Identified for Standardization 340
8.6.1 Wide-Area Situational Awareness 341
8.6.2 Demand Response and Consumer Energy Efficiency 341
8.6.3 Smart Energy Storage 342
8.6.4 Electric Transportation 342
8.6.5 Cybersecurity 342
8.6.6 Network Communications 343
8.6.7 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 344
8.6.8 Distribution Grid Management 344
8.7 Priority Action Plans 344
8.8 Different Layers of Interoperability 346
8.9 Conclusion 347
References 348

9 Integration of Variable Renewable Resources 351

9.1 Introduction 351
9.2 Challenges of Grid Integration of Intermittent Renewable Systems 352
9.2.1 Operation of a Conventional Electric Power System 352
9.2.2 Impact of Adding Intermittent Renewable Systems to the
Power Grid 354
x Contents

9.3 Transitioning to Highly Renewable Electricity Grid 357

9.3.1 Planning Studies 357
9.4 Very High Penetration and Grid-Scale Storage 363
9.4.1 Grid-Matching Analysis – Case of the Israeli Grid 363
9.4.2 Storage Design and Dispatch – Case of Interconnected Grid 366
9.5 List of Standards Related to Integration of Renewable Resources 374
9.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 375
References 375

10 Future of the Smart Grid 379

10.1 The Premise of the Smart Grid 379
10.2 What the Smart Grid Should Deliver? 380
10.2.1 Clean Electricity 381
10.2.2 System Flexibility 381
10.2.3 Affordable Service 383
10.2.4 Reliable and Sustainable Electricity Grid 387
10.3 Challenges of the Smart Grid 387
10.3.1 Designing for a Broader Purpose 387
10.3.2 Operational Challenges 389
10.3.3 Policy Challenges 390
10.4 Future Directions 391
10.5 Conclusion 392
References 392
List of Standards for the Smart Grid 395
Index 459
About the Authors

Takuro Sato received B.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in electronics

engineering from Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, in 1973
and 1994, respectively. He was with Research and Development
Laboratories, Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan,
where he worked on pulse-code modulation transmission sys-
tems and mobile telephone systems and contributed standard-
ization activities of mobile data transmission for CCITT SG17
from 1983 to 1997, wideband code division multiple access
(W-CDMA) system for the Telecommunications Industry Asso-
ciation (TIA)/T1 from 1990 to 1995 and the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) in 1995–1996. He was a Professor
in the Department of Information and Electronics Engineering,
Niigata Institute of Technology in 1995. He established the ven-
ture companies Key Stream to provide large-scale-integrated
circuits for Wi-Fi systems in 2000 and WiViCom to pro-
vide wireless system design in 2001 as industry–academia
joint collaboration activities. He has been the Dean of the
Graduate School of Global Information and Telecommunica-
tion Studies in Waseda University since 2004. His current
research is next-generation mobile communication systems,
Smart Grid/energy, and social information infrastructure net-
works. He has been the chairman of the IEICE ICT-SG (Infor-
mation Communication and Telecommunication in Smart Grid)
since 2010. He is a fellow member of the Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).
xii About the Authors

Daniel Kammen is the Class of 1935 Distinguished Professor of

Energy with appointments in the Energy and Resources Group,
The Goldman School of Public Policy, and the Department of
Nuclear Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley.
Kammen directs the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Labo-
ratory (RAEL) and the Transportation Sustainability Research
Center (TSRC). During 2010–2011, Kammen served as the first
Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency. Kammen is the author of over 300 peer-reviewed
papers, 50 government reports, and has testified in front of the
US House and Senate more than 40 times. He now serves as a
Fellow of the US State Department’s Energy and Climate Part-
nership for the Americas (ECPA). Kammen is a coordinating
lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) that shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.

Bin Duan received M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Beijing Uni-
versity of Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA), China, in
1992 and Xiangtan University, China, in 2004, respectively.
Currently, he is a Professor and Associate Dean of College of
Information Engineering, Xiangtan University. He was a Vis-
iting Professor at the University of Virginia, US, in 2012. He
is the leader of several projects of the National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China (NSFC) in the field of Smart Grid,
and the Vice Leader of a Foundation Project of National 863
Plan of China. He is the Vice Dean of Standardization Research
Institute for Campus Card of Education Management Informa-
tion Center, Ministry of Education, China. His research interests
include information security, Smart Grid, and software engi-
neering. He has published two books, obtained five patents, and
published numerous papers in top Chinese journals and related
SCI/EI international journals as well as conferences. He is a
senior member of the Chinese Electrotechnical Society. He is
also a member of IEEE.

Martin Macuha received his M.Sc. degree in telecommunica-

tions from Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slo-
vakia in 2007, and Ph.D. in wireless communication from
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan in 2011. In 2007, he joined
Orange Slovakia and in 2008 he was a research student at
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. In 2011 he was a research
associate with Waseda University and since 2012 he has been
with Orange Labs in Tokyo, Japan. His research interests
About the Authors xiii

include wireless technologies, Smart Grid communication net-

works, heterogeneous networks, and distributed systems.

Zhenyu Zhou received his M.Sc. degree and Ph.D. in wireless

communication from Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan in 2008
and 2011, respectively. From 2011 to 2012, he was the chief
researcher in the Department of Technology, KDDI, Tokyo,
Japan. From 2012, he has been the Associate Professor, and
the Vice Director of Institute of Smart Networking Technology,
in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North
China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. His research
interests include wireless communication systems, wireless sen-
sor networks, demand response, and data mining for Smart Grid.
He is the author of over 30 peer-reviewed papers, and two
patents. He is a member of IEEE and IEICE.

Jun Wu was born in Hunan, China. He received his Ph.D.

degree from the Graduate School of Global Information and
Telecommunication Studies (GITS), Waseda University, Japan,
in September 2011. From December 2011 to 2012, he was a
special researcher at the Research Institute for Secure Systems
(RISEC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST), Japan. He is currently an Assistant Pro-
fessor in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. His
research interests include sensor network security and sensor
network application in Smart Grids. He is a member of IEEE.

Muhammad Tariq received his M.Sc. from Hanyang University,

Seoul, South Korea in 2009 under a Pakistan government (HEC)
scholarship, and his Ph.D. from Waseda University, Tokyo,
Japan in 2012 under a Japanese government (MEXT) scholar-
ship. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor at the Department
of Electrical Engineering, FAST-NUCES, Peshawar, Pakistan.
He is an approved Ph.D. supervisor of the Higher Education
Commission (HEC) of Pakistan in the field of electrical engi-
neering. His research interests include wireless ad hoc and sen-
sor network systems, and wired and wireless systems in smart
power grids. He won the student paper award in IEEE VTC
2010, and outstanding presentation award in JSST 2011. He
won a Brain Korea 21 (BK21) research grant from the Min-
istry of IT, South Korea for the session 2008–2009. He is the
author/coauthor of 25 research papers, including SCI indexed
and peer-reviewed journals, as well as local and international
xiv About the Authors

conference proceedings. He is a member of IEEE, IEICE, Japan

Society of Simulation Technology (JSST), and Pakistan Engi-
neering Council (PEC).

Solomon Abebe Asfaw received his undergraduate degree in

Physics from Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; an
M.Sc. degree in Physics from the Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; a second M.Sc.
and Ph.D. degree specializing in energy system modeling from
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel. He
was a recipient of the 2010 Wolf prize for outstanding Ph.D.
students in Israeli Universities. He is currently a postdoctoral
fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. Solomon’s
research interests include very high grid penetration of inter-
mittent renewable energy resources (solar and wind) with and
without energy storage, the role of storage design and dispatch,
long-term planning of power grid, and so on. His findings have
been published in peer-reviewed journals, as book chapters, and
conference proceedings.
Preface

The adverse effects of climate change as well as the achievements of sustained devel-
opment require changing the present-day practice of energy production, transmission,
distribution, and consumption. Developing smarter electric power grids is believed to
be a key path to realizing this goal. Here, we could simply consider a Smart Grid as
a hub of heterogeneous technological and policy measures that will make the future
power grid more efficient, reliable, and clean. Nowadays, various Standard Develop-
ing Organizations (SDOs) and industries are working to develop Smart Grid–related
standards and technologies, while governments throughout the world are gradually
issuing conducive directives toward modernizing their power grids. This book “Smart
Grid Standards: Specifications, Requirements, and Technologies,” presents a sum-
mary of worldwide progress in creating Smart Grid standards and their future trends,
Smart Grid development policies, and key projects initiated by countries around the
world, as well as the cooperation and collaboration between national, regional, and
international SDOs.
The book is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of the wide range of
Smart Grid technologies. Rather, it is a result of collaboration between authors work-
ing in various research areas. Their research interests include, inter alia, environment
and sustainability, energy technology, electric power, power electronics, and informa-
tion and communication technologies. Thus, the primary purpose of the book is to
bring together various aspects of Smart Grid, such as advances in grid automation,
clean energy technologies, and challenges on their interoperability, potential techno-
logical, and policy paths to overcome some of the challenges, and advances in the
area of smart home and demand response measures. We hope that this book provides
a broader picture of the Smart Grid concept. Moreover, this book should especially be
a suitable text for a course on the Smart Grid that may be taken by both undergraduate
and graduate engineering students. It should also be useful, as a concise reference on
Smart Grid, for researchers working in a wide variety of fields in physical, policy, and
engineering sciences.
Takuro Sato
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
Daniel M. Kammen
University of California, Berkeley, USA
xvi Preface

Bin Duan
Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
Martin Macuha
Orange Lab, France Telecom Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Zhenyu Zhou
North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
Jun Wu
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Muhammad Tariq
FAST National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
Solomon Abebe Asfaw
University of California, Berkeley, USA
January 15, 2014
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