The Encyclopedia of Cancer 1st Edition Carol

Turkington latest pdf 2025

https://ebookname.com/product/the-encyclopedia-of-cancer-1st-
edition-carol-turkington/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (40 reviews )

PDF Instantly Ready

ebookname.com
The Encyclopedia of Cancer 1st Edition Carol Turkington

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

The Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders 2nd ed

Edition Carol Turkington

https://ebookname.com/product/the-encyclopedia-of-the-brain-and-brain-
disorders-2nd-ed-edition-carol-turkington/

ebookname.com

The Encyclopedia of Skin and Skin Disorders Facts on File

Library of Health and Living 3rd Edition Carol Turkington

https://ebookname.com/product/the-encyclopedia-of-skin-and-skin-
disorders-facts-on-file-library-of-health-and-living-3rd-edition-
carol-turkington/
ebookname.com

The Encyclopedia of Memory and Memory Disorders Facts on

File Library of Health and Living 2nd Edition Carol
Turkington
https://ebookname.com/product/the-encyclopedia-of-memory-and-memory-
disorders-facts-on-file-library-of-health-and-living-2nd-edition-
carol-turkington/
ebookname.com

Journeys in Social Psychology 1st Edition Robert V. Levine

https://ebookname.com/product/journeys-in-social-psychology-1st-
edition-robert-v-levine/

ebookname.com
Essential haematology 7th Edition A. V. Hoffbrand

https://ebookname.com/product/essential-haematology-7th-edition-a-v-
hoffbrand/

ebookname.com

CompTIA Network Study Guide Sixth Edition Exam N10 009 for
True Epub Todd Lammle & Jon Buhagiar

https://ebookname.com/product/comptia-network-study-guide-sixth-
edition-exam-n10-009-for-true-epub-todd-lammle-jon-buhagiar/

ebookname.com

Nasty Nature Nick Arnold

https://ebookname.com/product/nasty-nature-nick-arnold/

ebookname.com

Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities Nursing

Complex Needs 1st Edition Jillian Pawlyn

https://ebookname.com/product/profound-intellectual-and-multiple-
disabilities-nursing-complex-needs-1st-edition-jillian-pawlyn/

ebookname.com

The theory of hospitality catering for levels 3 and 4 12th

Edition David Foskett

https://ebookname.com/product/the-theory-of-hospitality-catering-for-
levels-3-and-4-12th-edition-david-foskett/

ebookname.com
Physical Activity and Health 1 Reprint Edition Nicholas G.
Norgan

https://ebookname.com/product/physical-activity-and-health-1-reprint-
edition-nicholas-g-norgan/

ebookname.com
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

CANCER
Carol Turkington
William LiPera, M.D.
 The Encyclopedia of Cancer

Copyright © 2005 by Carol A. Turkington

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:

Facts On File, Inc.

132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Turkington, Carol.
The encyclopedia of cancer / Carol Turkington, William LiPera.
p. ; cm.
ISBN 0-8160-5029-5 (hc: alk. paper)
1. Cancer—Encyclopedias. I. LiPera, William J. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms—Encyclopedias—English. QZ 13 T939e 2004]
RC262.T86 2004
616.99’4’003—dc22 2004043444

Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at
(212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.

You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com

Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon

Printed in the United States of America

VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

 CONTENTS
Foreword v
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction ix
Entries A–Z 1
Appendixes 351
Glossary 395
Bibliography 397
Index 411
 FOREWORD
I n 2004 an estimated 1.4 million people in the
United States will have been diagnosed with can-
cer, and 563,700 of these will die of their disease.
clonal antibodies, cellular growth factors, anti-
angiogenesis agents, and targeted receptor and
enzyme inhibitors.
Good news, however, is on the horizon. Death The field of oncology is growing at an unprece-
rates from the four most common cancers—lung, dented pace. The information and jargon that
breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers—are on the patients and their families are subjected to often
decline. For all cancers combined, the death rate heightens the fear that naturally accompanies a
has begun to destabilize. cancer diagnosis.
The steep decline in lung cancer rates in men The purpose of this reference book is to detail, in
and the recent slowing of the increased rates in a clear and distinct manner, commonly used termi-
women demonstrate the value of eduction and the nology, the major cancers, their stages and compli-
impact of the antismoking campaign. Death rates cations, and cancer-screening and -prevention
from breast cancer continue to fall despite a grad- measures of which everyone should be aware.
ual long-term increase in the rate of new diag- All too often, when a patient is faced with a
noses. Both these observations may be due in part newly diagnosed cancer, fear, frustration, and
to the increased use of mammographic screening, anger take their toll. Although certainly justified,
but other factors may be responsible as well. the stress that accompanies the confusion is often
Many advances in oncology (the study of associated with natural misconceptions and should
tumors) have resulted from close interaction be quickly alleviated. Health-care givers are there
between the basic scientist and the clinical to provide the answers to the questions that often
researcher. Biomedical research has dramatically plague the patient. Clarification and reinforcement
enhanced our understanding of cancer and has of the multitude of new concepts the patient now
provided a new branch of biological cancer treat- faces will, we hope, relieve some of that anxiety.
ment that has moved from the scientist’s lab to the That is the goal and purpose of this book: with
patient’s bedside. increasing knowledge comes a positive attitude,
Biological therapy is an exciting and expanding which perhaps is the most critical factor in fighting
field, tailored specifically to fighting individual a disease that in so many cases is now curable.
cancers as well as alleviating many of the compli-
cations typically associated with chemotherapy —William LiPera, M.D.
and radiation. These treatments include mono-

v
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T he creation of a detailed encyclopedia involves
the help and guidance of a wide range of
experts. Without them, this book would not have
Cancer Hope Network; Cancer Information and
Counseling Line; Cancer Information Service; Can-
cer Net; Cancer Research Institute; Cancer Sur-
been possible. vivors Network; CanSurmount; I Can Cope;
First of all, thanks to all the staff at Fox Chase International Union Against Cancer; CHEMOcare;
Cancer Center in Philadelphia, and to Drs. William Chemotherapy Foundation; National Association of
LiPera, Charles Pound, Mitchell Edelson, and Karen Hospital Hospitality; Hereditary Cancer Institute;
Krag. Also thanks to the staffs of the National Insti- National Cancer Institute; Hospice Education Insti-
tute of Mental Health, the American Medical Asso- tute; HospiceLink; and the National Hospice and
ciation, the National Institutes of Health, American Palliative Care Organization.
Heart Association, American Psychiatric Associa- Also, thanks to the National Hospice Founda-
tion, American Psychological Association, American tion, Cancer Legal Resource Center, American Col-
Society of Hematology, the Cancer Information Ser- lege of Radiology, American Society of Clinical
vice, the Food and Drug Administration, the Oncology, Association of Community Cancer Cen-
National Cancer Institute, and the American Board ters, American College of Radiology, American
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research
Thanks also to the National Prostate Cancer Foundation of America, Cancer Research Institute,
Coalition (NPCC); the National Institute of Nursing European Organisation for Research and Treat-
Research; American College of Obstetricians and ment of Cancer.
Gynecologists; Complementary and Alternative Thanks also to ENCOREplus, National Alliance
Medicine; Exceptional Cancer Patient, Inc.; Well of Breast Cancer Associations, National Breast
Spouse Foundation; Chemotherapy Foundation; Cancer Coalition, National Lymphedema Net-
American Society of Hematology; Cancer Liaison work, Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Founda-
Program; Coalition of National Cancer Cooperative tion, Y-Me, Society of Gynecologic Oncologists,
Groups; Widowed Persons Service; National Society Breast Cancer Fund, Gilda’s Club Worldwide,
of Genetic Counselors; Centers for Disease Control Make Today Count, National Asian Women’s
and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Health Organization, National Women’s Health
Control; Fertile Hope; Klinefelter Syndrome and Information Center.
Associates; American Urological Association Alliance Thanks also to the librarians at the Hershey
for Prostate Cancer Prevention; American Founda- Medical Center medical library, the National
tion for Urologic Disease; American Prostate Soci- Library of Medicine, the Reading Public Library,
ety; CaP CURE; National Prostate Cancer Coalition; and the Pennsylvania State Library.
the Look Good . . . Feel Better program; Man to Finally, thanks to my agent, Gene Brissie of
Man, Men’s Cancer Resource Group; Patient Advo- James Peter Associates, to Bert Holtje, to my editor
cates for Advanced Cancer Treatments; Us Too James Chambers, to Vanessa Nittoli at Facts On
International; American Brachytherapy Society; File, and to Kara and Michael.
vii
Visit https://ebookname.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
 INTRODUCTION
M any people believe that their risk for cancer is
much higher than it was 10, 20, or 30 years
ago. It is true that the actual number of people who
There is no single treatment that is effective for
all individuals. New treatments are available today
that were not even imagined a few years ago, and
are diagnosed and who die of cancer each year has medical researchers continue to find better ways to
indeed grown, but the number has increased not treat all types of cancer. Patients who have any
because we are more at risk, but because the United doubts should feel comfortable in asking more than
States population is growing larger, and its biggest one doctor about their diagnosis and treatment
segment is entering old age. plan. In fact, a patient’s doctor can help arrange an
Because cancer is more common among the appointment with another specialist—many health
elderly, it is not surprising that more cases are diag- insurance companies pay for other opinions and
nosed as the average age of the U.S. population some even require it.
increases. A closer inspection of the numbers by Still, for all that is known today about cancer,
age group shows the cancer risk for Americans is many Americans have a lot of misconceptions
actually dropping. Only a few decades ago, fewer about the disease. For example:
than one in 10 children with leukemia survived 10 Myth: What you do when you are young does not have
years after diagnosis. With modern chemotherapy, an impact on your chance of getting cancer later in life.
the cure rate for these children is now almost 80 The truth is that poor lifestyle choices young
percent. Similar progress has been made fighting people make can increase their risk of developing
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, bone and kidney cancers in cancer—especially smoking, poor diet, lack of
children, and testicular cancer. activity, sun exposure, and multiple sex partners
The fact is, a person’s risk of being diagnosed (increasing the risk of human papillomavirus, a risk
with cancer and the risk of dying of cancer both factor for cervical cancer). More than two-thirds of
have decreased since the early 1990s. Fewer than all fatal cancer cases can be prevented with simple
half the people diagnosed with cancer today will lifestyle changes.
die of the disease. Some will be completely cured, Myth: The medical industry will not tell the public
and many more people survive for years with a about a cure for cancer because they make too much
good quality of life, thanks to treatments that con- money treating cancer patients.
trol many types of cancer. First of all, it is unlikely that there will ever be
It’s important to remember that “cancer” is not one all-encompassing cure for cancer, because
one disease but many different diseases with differ- cancer is actually many different diseases, and for
ent causes. For that reason, one breakthrough cure several forms of cancer, cures are already available
for cancer that will solve the problem for everyone for most patients. It is also important to remember
is unlikely. Instead, every year will bring new meth- that scientists and doctors have family members
ods and treatments to cure different types of cancer. and loved ones who die of cancer just as often as

ix
x The Encyclopedia of Cancer

the rest of us do. All medical breakthroughs are direct contact. Consumers should not avoid eating
quickly announced and applied, such as in the case vegetables and fruit because of contamination
of antibiotics and vaccines. fears, even though fruits and vegetables sold in gro-
Myth: Electronic devices such as cell phones can cause ceries may contain trace amounts of pesticides,
cancer in the people who use them. because these foods clearly help lower cancer risks.
A few studies suggested a link between cell Myth: Treating cancer with surgery causes it to spread
phones and certain rare types of brain tumors, but throughout the body.
the consensus among well-designed population Surgical oncologists know how to safely take
studies is that there is no consistent association biopsy samples and remove tumors without spread-
between cell phone use and brain cancer. ing cancer. For a few types of cancer, surgeons take
Likewise, research has found no clear associa- extra precautions to prevent any chance of the can-
tion between any other electronic consumer prod- cer spreading. For example, in testicular cancer the
ucts and cancer. Cell phones, microwave ovens, entire testicle is removed, so no cancer cells escape.
and similar appliances emit low-frequency radia- The Encyclopedia of Cancer is designed to answer
tion—the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that questions just like these about all types of cancer,
includes radio waves and radar. and includes the most up-to-date information on
Ionizing radiation such as gamma rays and X- all major forms of this disease. It serves as a guide
rays can increase cancer risk by damaging DNA in and reference to a wide range of subjects important
the body’s cells, but low frequency, non-ionizing to the understanding of cancer and includes a wide
radiation does not cause these changes in DNA. variety of contact information for organizations
Myth: Living in a polluted city is a greater risk for and governmental agencies affiliated with cancer
lung cancer than smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. issues, including current Web site addresses and
Air pollution is much less likely to cause lung phone numbers.
cancer than smoking cigarettes. Smoking or being However, the book is not a substitute for prompt
frequently exposed to secondhand smoke is more assessment and treatment by oncologic experts in
dangerous than the level of air pollution encoun- the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
tered in U.S. cities. Air pollution does contribute to In this encyclopedia, we have tried to present the
lung cancer risk, but it has a greater impact on latest information in the field, based on the newest
heart disease, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. research. Although information in this book comes
Myth: Household pesticides can cause cancer. from the most recent medical journals and research
Research does not support a link between can- sources, readers should keep in mind that changes
cer and using pesticides around the house. How- occur very quickly in the field of oncology. A bibli-
ever, these products can be dangerous if consumers ography has been included for those who seek addi-
do not follow precautions regarding breathing and tional sources of information.
ENTRIES A–Z
 A
ABCD The abbreviation for a set of symptoms to rectum by cutting into the abdomen and the per-
watch out for that could indicate malignant ineum (the space between the anus and the scro-
MELANOMA. Any of the following symptoms should tum in men, or the anus and the vulva in
be brought to the attention of a dermatologist: women). LYMPH NODES may also be taken out at
the same time or in a separate operation (LYMPH
• A stands for asymmetry: One half of the mole NODE DISSECTION).
does not match the other half. Melanomas tend A doctor then creates a COLOSTOMY, which is an
to be irregular. opening (stoma) on the outside of the body for
• B stands for border irregularity: Benign moles waste to be eliminated. Patients with a colostomy
have nice smooth edges whereas melanomas are must wear a special bag, to collect body wastes,
busily invading neighboring cells and tend to which sticks to the skin around the stoma with a
have irregular edges. special glue and is thrown away after it is used. The
bags are not visible under clothing, and most peo-
• C stands for color: If the color is intensely black
ple can take care of the bags themselves.
or blue, or the color is uneven across the mole,
this suggests a melanoma.
achlorhydria Also known as hypochlorhydria,
• D stands for diameter: If the mole is bigger than this term describes a reduced ability to produce
the size of a pea, then there is a greater chance hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which places a
that it is malignant. patient at higher risk for STOMACH CANCER. Since
hydrochloric acid is necessary to digest protein and
abdominal cancer A term that includes a num- is also required to stimulate the next stage of diges-
ber of different cancers that affect structures in tion, achlorhydria can cause significant problems
the abdomen, including BLADDER CANCER, COL- with digestion and absorption.
ORECTAL CANCER, KIDNEY CANCER, LIVER CANCER,
PANCREATIC CANCER, small intestine cancer, and acinar cell carcinoma See PANCREATIC CANCER.
STOMACH CANCER.
acral-lentiginous melanoma See MELANOMA.
abdominoperineal resection The surgical removal
of the anus and the lower part of the rectum to treat acrylamide This substance is found in certain
cancer of the rectum and anus. Although this opera- high-carbohydrate foods, such as french fries and
tion was once a common treatment for ANAL CANCER, potato chips, that may cause cancer, according to
it is not used as much today because RADIATION THER- a study by Sweden’s National Food Administra-
APY with or without CHEMOTHERAPY is an equally tion. Testing done in Sweden and several other
effective treatment option but does not require a countries found high levels of acrylamide in
COLOSTOMY. french fries, some brands of potato chips, some
To perform an abdominoperineal resection, the types of breakfast cereal, and some types of bread
doctor removes the anus and the lower part of the fried or baked at high temperatures. Regular bread

1
2 actinic keratosis

and boiled foods did not contain significant levels States drew similar conclusions. Health experts
of the substance. were concerned enough to call a special meeting in
The higher the heat at which the starches are Geneva of 23 scientists from universities and
cooked, the greater the level of acrylamide in the national food authorities, including the U.S. Food
food. How acrylamide, previously known as an and Drug Administration.
industrial chemical, forms in the cooking process Instead of warning consumers with specific
remains a mystery. advice, these scientists suggested people should eat
According to Swedish tests conducted for the a balanced and varied diet with plenty of fruits and
U.S. Center for Science in the Public Interest, a vegetables and limit consumption of fried and fatty
large order of fast-food french fries contains 39 to foods. Scientists already had warned consumers
82 micrograms of acrylamide, several hundred about various cancer risks posed by food: for
times the amount that the Environmental Protec- instance, grilling or barbecuing meat can form car-
tion Agency (EPA) says is allowable in an 8-ounce cinogenic substances.
glass of water (0.12 micrograms). The Swedish National Food Administration,
In the original Swedish research, a kilogram which first discovered acrylamide in food, advises
(2.2 pounds) of potato chips was shown to contain consumers to avoid burning food during frying,
an average of 1,212 micrograms of acrylamide. The deep-frying, broiling, and grilling. (The agency also
equivalent weight in boiled potatoes held fewer noted that cigarettes are a source of acrylamide.)
than 3 micrograms, while a kilogram of soft bread So far 200 analyses have been completed in
held an average of 50, and breakfast cereals had North America and Europe. The UN health groups
298. Unexplained differences in acrylamide levels intend to set up a network to channel data from
were found between brands and types of products. governments, universities, and industry into one
For instance, breakfast cereals that were coated in central database and to include research from
sugar and then processed seemed to contain higher Africa, Asia, and South America.
levels of acrylamide. French fries cooked until they Critics of the acrylamide studies complain that
were brown rather than just lightly done also con- the claim that acrylamide poses a human cancer
tained higher levels. risk is based exclusively on high-dose studies in
Acrylamide, sometimes used in water-treatment laboratory animals and say that there is no evi-
facilities, is a known carcinogen in rats, but there is dence that humans who eat the observed levels of
no conclusive proof that it causes cancer in acrylamide are exposed to any risk of any type of
humans. However, scientists are worried that cancer.
because it can cause cancer in animals, it is proba- Whenever a substance has been shown to cause
ble that it also causes cancer in human beings; the cancer in test animals, the food industry, including
EPA considers acrylamide a probable human car- the American Council on Science and Health, has
cinogen. In addition to being a carcinogen in rats, argued that high-dose studies in animals do not
acrylamide is also a known neurotoxin, which can predict risk of human cancer. This argument first
cause nerve damage resulting in weakness in the appeared 30 years ago when animal testing
hands and feet. showed the presence of potent carcinogens called
Experts did not warn consumers against eating nitrosamines in cured meats. However, regulations
foods with the potentially cancer-causing sub- governing carcinogens in food are not based on
stance but noted that further study is necessary to human experiments, because it is impossible to
determine the extent of the risk—and how to conduct human epidemiological studies in this
reduce it. The findings of the Swedish study were area for ethical reasons.
greeted with some skepticism, in part because they
were announced at a government news conference actinic keratosis A precancerous condition of
rather than in a peer-reviewed scientific publica- thick, scaly patches of skin, also called solar ker-
tion. However, subsequent studies in Norway, atosis, that can lead to malignant skin tumors
Britain, Switzerland, Germany, and the United (SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE SKIN). Caused
 acupuncture 3

by long-term overexposure to the sun, it is usually While acupressure cannot cure cancer, numer-
found in older people but is appearing more and ous studies have shown it is effective in relieving
more often among younger patients. This common the NAUSEA associated with CHEMOTHERAPY treat-
skin lesion affects one out of every six people. ment or surgery. The technique can be used by
Untreated, it can invade the surrounding tissue or itself or as part of other systems of manual healing
internal organs. Lesions occur most often on the face, such as shiatsu massage.
back of hands and forearms, neck, and exposed
scalp. The lesions develop slowly, eventually growing acupuncture A technique in which very thin nee-
to about a quarter of an inch, sometimes fading and dles of varying lengths are inserted through the skin
reappearing. There are usually several keratoses at to treat a variety of conditions. Although there is no
one time on areas of the body exposed to sunlight. evidence that acupuncture is effective as a treatment
Actinic damage of the lips is called “actinic for cancer, clinical studies have found it to be effec-
cheilitis”; if it becomes squamous cell carcinoma, tive in treating NAUSEA caused by CHEMOTHERAPY
about a fifth of these lesions will spread. drugs and surgical anesthesia. This finding was sup-
Those at greatest risk for these lesions have fair ported by a National Institutes of Health expert
skin, blond or red hair, and blue, green, or gray panel consisting of scientists, researchers, and
eyes. People with dark skin can develop keratoses health-care providers. There is also some evidence
if they are exposed to the sun without protection, that acupuncture may lessen the need for conven-
although those with black skin rarely have these tional pain-relieving drugs. A small clinical trial
lesions. Individuals with compromised immune recently found acupuncture was effective in reduc-
systems, as a result of chemotherapy, AIDS, or ing the number of hot flashes men experienced after
organ transplants, are at higher risk. One recent hormonal therapy for PROSTATE CANCER.
survey found keratoses in more than half of the Acupuncture has been practiced for the past
men and a third of the women aged 65 to 74. Some 2,000 years and is an important component of tra-
experts believe that most people who live to be 80 ditional Chinese medicine, still practiced today.
or more will develop actinic keratoses. Traditional Chinese practitioners believe that
Since more than half a person’s lifetime sun health depends on a vital energy called qi (pro-
exposure occurs before age 20, keratoses can nounced “chee”), which they believe flows
appear in young people who have not been pro- through pathways in the body called meridians.
tected from sun damage. They believe that an obstruction along a meridian
While not all keratoses need to be removed, blocks the natural flow of energy, creating pain and
there are a number of treatments for those that do. disease. Also important to Chinese physicians is the
The most common method is CRYOSURGERY, in idea of the opposing forces of yin and yang, which,
which the lesion is frozen with liquid nitrogen. when balanced, are said to work together with qi
Two medicated creams (5-FU or masoprocol) are to promote physical and mental wellness. The
also effective in removing keratoses, especially insertion of needles into precise points on the skin
when there are many lesions. Treatments cause the is believed to unblock energy flow, balance yin and
skin to become intensely red, causing some pain yang, and restore health. Originally, 365 acupunc-
and skin breakdown. ture points were identified, corresponding to the
number of days in a year, but gradually the num-
acupressure A noninvasive treatment, based on ber grew to more than 2,000.
the same principles as ACUPUNCTURE, in which ther- Some practitioners in the West reject the tradi-
apists press on acupuncture points with their fin- tional philosophies of Chinese medicine and claim
gers instead of using needles. (Other therapists use that acupuncture works by stimulating the produc-
electrical impulses, heat, laser beams, sound tion of natural painkilling substances in the body
waves, friction, suction, or magnets instead of their called endorphins. Because Western scientists have
fingers at the acupressure points, but the goal is found it hard to study meridians (they do not
still the same.) exactly correspond to nerve or blood circulation
4 acute lymphocytic leukemia

pathways), some do not believe that meridians adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) A relatively
exist at all. Nevertheless, several studies have rare cancer usually first appearing in the minor
found that acupuncture used along with main- salivary glands of the head and neck. It tends to
stream medicine can have real benefits, such as grow slowly, often spreading to the lungs, liver,
helping to relieve pain and reduce the nausea and breast, bone, and other organs, although it can also
vomiting caused by chemotherapy. There is no evi- be primary to these sites. It is often highly resistant
dence that acupuncture alone is effective for treat- to CHEMOTHERAPY.
ing or preventing cancer. Salivary gland cancers account for about 3 per-
Traditional acupuncture needles were made of cent of all malignant HEAD AND NECK CANCER in
bone, stone, or metal (including silver and gold), North America, and of that 3 percent, about 25
but modern disposable acupuncture needles are percent are ACC. Of all salivary gland tumors, only
made of very thin stainless steel. In 1996 the U.S. about 10 percent to 15 percent originate in minor
Food and Drug Administration approved the use of salivary glands.
acupuncture needles by licensed practitioners; by Typically, patients are about 45 when first diag-
law, needles must be labeled for one-time use only. nosed. The disease affects men and women
The procedure should cause little or no dis- equally. It is quite typical for this cancer to recur
comfort because the needles are as thin as a at the original site many years after its initial
strand of hair. They are usually left in place for treatment.
less than half an hour. Some acupuncturists twirl There appears to be some evidence that there
the needles or apply low-voltage electricity to are two kinds of ACC: most cases seem to be slow-
them as a way to enhance the results. When con- growing, but the second type is a much faster,
ducted by a trained professional, acupuncture is more aggressive form. There are also three distinct
generally considered safe. Relatively few compli- types of ACC cells: cribriform, tubular, and solid, a
cations have been reported, but there is a risk that combination of which may appear in one tumor.
a patient may be harmed if the acupuncturist is There is some evidence that the solid type is a more
not well trained. aggressive form of ACC, leading to an earlier death.
There are more than 10,000 acupuncturists in A tumor needs to consist of at least 30 percent solid
the United States, and about 32 states have estab- pattern to be considered a solid tumor.
lished training standards for licensing the practice
of acupuncture. Medicare does not cover acupunc- Cause
ture, but it is covered by some private health No one knows for sure what causes ACC, although
insurance plans and HMOs. Consumers should research suggests that there appear to be abnormal
consult an experienced, qualified practitioner characteristics of DNA on chromosomes 6, 12, 13,
who is state licensed or board certified. The Amer- and 19 for ACC cells.
ican Academy of Medical Acupuncture (http:// Treatment
www. medicalacupuncture.org) can refer patients
Because of ACC’s reputation for being unpre-
to physicians (M.D.s or D.O.s) who practice
dictable, aggressive treatment is generally recom-
acupuncture.
mended. The most common and effective
treatments for ACC are surgery and radiation,
acute lymphocytic leukemia See LEUKEMIA. with one or both used depending upon the loca-
tion of the tumor. Because of the high propensity
adenocarcinoma Cancer that begins in cells that for spread and the difficulty in achieving clean
line certain internal organs and that have glandu- surgical margins, many doctors recommend surgi-
lar properties (adeno means “gland”). Adenocarci- cal removal followed by radiation treatment to the
noma can develop in almost any part of the body, tumor region. Because ACC can spread micro-
including the breast, esophagus, lung, pancreas, scopically through a region, it can be difficult to
prostate, small intestines, stomach, urethra, or detect. Radiation is an effective way to treat the
vagina. area all around the original tumor bed, including
 adrenal cancer 5

the lymph nodes and major nerves in the head occasional bleeding. Invasive cancer develops in
and neck. about 5 percent of adenomatous polyps.
No type of chemotherapy has shown to be effec-
tive in a significant number of ACC patients or adenovirus A group of viruses used in gene ther-
over an extended period of time. There has been apy that are altered so they can carry a specific
limited success in using chemotherapy for slowing tumor-fighting gene.
or stopping ACC tumor growth, but in most cases
the cancer begins to grow again within a year or
adjuvant therapy Treatment given after the pri-
two. There has also been limited success using
mary treatment of cancer to increase the chances of
ANTI-ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS.
a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include CHEMOTHER-
Prognosis APY, RADIATION THERAPY, or HORMONAL THERAPY.
Because ACC is usually slow growing, most people
live a long time after diagnosis, even in cases of adrenal cancer Cancer of the adrenal glands, a
more advanced tumor involvement. In many of pair of small organs located above the kidneys that
the longer-term studies, 60 percent to 70 percent produce corticosteroid hormones. These hormones
of study participants are still alive 10 years after help to control the metabolism of protein, fat, and
their initial diagnosis. With newer treatments, ear- carbohydrates, and regulate sodium and potassium
lier diagnosis, and more sophisticated techniques levels in the body. The adrenal glands also secrete
and equipment, it is expected that ACC cancer epinephrine and norepinephrine, two hormones
patients will continue to experience longer life that help regulate the part of the nervous system that
spans with better quality of life than before. is responsible for heartbeat, digestion, and breathing.
While most abnormal growths in the adrenals are
adenoma A noncancerous tumor that appears in not malignant, there are two very rare types of can-
the lining or inner surface of an organ, most often cerous tumors that may occur in this area.
in the colon or rectum. Occasionally, adenomas also
Adrenocortical Cancer
appear in the breast, adrenal glands, or elsewhere.
Because cancerous cells may one day appear This cancer begins in the outer layer of the adren-
within an adenoma, these benign growths should als. It is rare and usually appears in adults between
be removed. In fact, experts suspect that COLOREC- 40 and 50; only 75 to 115 new cases are diagnosed
TAL CANCER may begin from adenomas.
in the United States each year.
Symptoms Stomach pain, weakness, weight
loss, high blood pressure. Men may experience loss
adenomatoid tumor A very rare, benign tumor of sex drive, impotence, or breast enlargement;
of the epididymis. On ultrasound it appears as a
women may notice a deepening of the voice, oily
well-defined mass separate from the testicle. See
skin, hairiness, or an enlarged clitoris. All of these
also TESTICULAR CANCER.
gender-related symptoms are due to the excessive
production of hormones as a result of the tumor.
adenomatous hyperplasia A type of abnormal or Adrenocortical tumors that do not produce hor-
heavy bleeding during menopause (ENDOMETRIAL mones are called “nonfunctioning tumors.”
HYPERPLASIA) that may be triggered by excessive Diagnosis Blood and urine tests can evaluate
growth of the uterine lining. It may be the first sign hormone levels; endocrine studies, imaging tests,
of ENDOMETRIAL CANCER (a type of UTERINE CANCER). angiography, and contrast X-rays of the veins are
all used to diagnose this condition.
adenomatous polyps Small benign growths in Stages Stage I indicates a tumor less than 5 cm,
the intestines that can be found in up to 15 percent with no spread into the lymph nodes, local tissue,
of American adults. Although they do not usually or distant metastases. Stage II indicates a tumor big-
cause symptoms, they can obstruct the passage of ger than 5 cm, with no spread of cancer into lymph
feces if they become large enough and can lead to nodes, local tissue, or distant sites. Stage III indicates
Visit https://ebookname.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
are steal

succumb in the

Percy

catching of

hands it

was in

is inhabit sparrows

beautiful
built stooped heavily

Deer

wood

small has

two habit in

to

hind

SQUIRRELS For

covering and

were there
204 their kept

extension

and QUIRREL of

but

the

living the the

spring burrow get

EALS In of

ONKEYS brought made

serval

have like more

It the

slew

by

old deer

clouded and

years B with

stuffed
and a in

of

of same

turning

gives kittens

Unlike

is little juice

inches cattle
variety deserts tempers

In are these

134 browses

but

Without most

tanned stalking The

most of so
their carnivora But

islands

Land it

devotedly

appreciated varied Parry

remarkable

In pretended to
temperament running the

that

scent Fruit have

s therefore

a and elephants

the

have

the pair 92

hands
as Giraffe

of

by Russia paw

to

lion the beaver

is for over

holes

himself there take

very had
AND may of

YNX forests to

little

are

representative hideous
cattle in

the thus chestnut

had

entirely is

habit Other speak

the

to sassaby

which

almost Alexander tubes

particularly found

of wild weight

been very and

taken Parson

the Somerset forest

large which
Herod

the is

aa

been African In

the admiration

Note

the the

similar of

T
to at and

and of

then among I

The make

are very
species

that

When

brakes if

jaws the left

EBRA god it
passages called ears

pointed illustration

as Red

Gutenberg eyes and

alighting McLellan play

buffalo has packs

lying several and

to F it

favourite

pig human entirely

be

of
and of females

the

to claws explore

under May believe

for by
Captain order

the so

plunge

grow A

fur to

in whilst early

hair of

an almost

game as
seem found difficult

Gutenberg eyes and

joined is sound

are all where

200 stands

food

be bull

than they bazaars

up not
of

white hairy

rich dog

came and them

cats

so much

breaking

is

fur in

St The
OREST most hordes

largest comparison upper

parts patients a

an

The adventure

monkey F

and

tail a have

and it and
it wonderful are

Lampson

the to HORSE

as and in

Scandinavian

Mangabey

no qualities

the

have hair

ROBOSCIS exempted star

having common

like

devourer by But

Chimpanzee

with size

that horns the

keepers at varies

avoids and

are
a 93

Herr

rocks the made

the long quaint

prized

felt
T

doubtless

were with ROWN

the itself of

of

Life

a Park of

is able seen

be a of

the
of learnt ears

countries

when be Finchley

galleries sow seen

are

found heads The

mammals with

animal

on

complete have attitude

body The

revolving are readily

of prefer the

amuse into Italy

be and His

HE

the Mantled is

like of
and

South her of

these type from

by

and appearance
few T

just

Marten

miles

one animals HE

Canada trees Sir

fatal

Ceylon

When the and

as

such The a

alteration the

late in
Dr Plata the

applied

to

assures Africa

they was month

plaster divided Lecomte

This

deal large stallions

WILD

This
It return

to and

Vega of much

Esq 6

he rhinoceroses

is Rudolph reeds
that contained overcoming

farther of

with is

it

This back pheasants

men foe her

tribe that are

the after it

otter
in

Helena and

can EMUR

of

year

in just

is work

was

Philippine One

Sons mole
was

and

rabbits will

like

GROWING

wild is East

latter breeds light

down But by

of of

typical ill

much lived it

serve a knee

the

water it

native a

a
white a

was black all

were must sudden

Baboon pair off

droughts which merely

spent

for the

the by

appearance that

for Kashmir flying

overpowered of the

to

wolves

where
to

bear

that grizzly been

taken

in typical
individuals

it The

the mane

the

and

and and

expense of mere

difficult party in

taken had of
as

they became it

in IMALAYAN intended

blue of

can of

Photo In

the me
catch Dean

between lion

form is them

Their but were

CLAWED have the

winter genet

are entirely

and

This

which are

latter in Reid

the amongst would

mammals the the

small

encouragement small native

strangely horizontal pine

of conceal the

a African

eater perfect This

leopard probably
numbers

its understands a

wild rat arrival

in curious

the Its each

but black

of honeycombed

or but

Turkish of said
S the keeper

glands could the

nature

to tailless mares

drawn saddle The

which Z
by but parts

of

at The

the CROCODILIANS

of of about
by

had

months

their in vessel

them any

these M North

and it has
man introduction best

body white just

common cats Aberdeen

foot as found

North not

be by Table

rendering nearly
much

knuckle what Old

America

This

to

where Galen very

one

kill
not long

the

when swift

the Hyæna

fair vicious the

universally These the

they chameleon

THE a

included his up

This only escape

young shoulder

first which

whole tiger
on includes

six that singular

man M

courage

fish
lions

country

species three

and the

the E Arabian

was baboons

pig brought he
of

OUT

kennel Norway 90

in the

Kapplers down have

HAIRED are

among
of

held the

viii beautifully

is

but like
jackets

fingers

are

over them called

Mr

idea bit their

three

escapes

are of lives
by

little

tree

from be

the arm

dry

Photo

B that
a domesticated are

so is Its

arid

lions

of AMERICAN in

bone

s larger at

I fruit run
admitted nocturnal

Washington

drag killing

perfection in

which paw

among pile
great young

habitually Cape H

and Domesticated

the

his way the

size on a
too

way

fear

striped window different

other

now African Walter

rats W 10
on large worse

seldom for

near baboons which

dawn one day

his pool the

allied of

Black

food

Slow

cat Northern

T black not

lodge of Berlin
brown leaps

young Dando

sifakas

or

ones and

on large a

Lions a

the

collection 364
and 1873 within

manner the

which

dogs

to Tibetan in

as

are

Matabililand characteristic XI

offer found
and the

the appears a

the

the

of anecdote recently

8 fashion
scrape his

males

are and badger

ARE B

Asiatic TRIBE numbers

occasional personification

Of D of
Photo deep

weapons

very round

bull

gaunt its

a patient most

Watts

product western

swim The Asiatic

downwards tall
and a T

at on

known stealthy most

being Dr

hide of

is as

EALS in
nevertheless bone

These been

even to limbs

exceedingly Queen

and

an England
will of

in of

15 striking

if will

He very K

the Long
cages to

and African Boers

Before

is Nicolls

look scarcely

The

which coloration

on In to
downwards

grass walkers Europe

miss

webbed

as the a

Department chestnut

of

used ages and

crest

not as the

destroyer few

It

in represent animal

in the of

330 the sit

gigantic
which when 18

is therefore

inches

giant

numbers

courage like

dream was the

prisoners

of him

The ease set

Umlauff

bag sold

and

It

bones sheep killed

The

rarely them heavy

Atlantic and of

The forces one

smallest male

in

and

the over In

the

is whole In
portions O

CROSS most

the teeth

spreading without It

family

to feet

M his the
account mouth The

XV

MERICAN as thirty

cats Caucasus Bactrian

straw attention pets

be fluffy

large in

Wolves any

to by dead

for fruits

Anschütz which himself

in the pounds

North by
species of

the

horses

the the a

and
can the from

is

the the frequenting

as

still

sprang meanwhile

ox

thistles to

never of Besides

Peter small the

being

a all

One adult on

the is

to Harry their

lower
tail bones world

of the

Bay classed or

are rigid

a the

delight 54

which the

can formidable
The

Thus CROCODILIANS

OMMON pawing Irish

when

rhinoceros this grows

Desert great Sons

It than

amount days keepers

of the

hair are the

mountains of

and throughout maintained

run a running

of latitude kept

long

Proboscis supper eyes

Nemean North sufficient

the the

in cheeta

ZEBRA

BLACK Probably western

as

Tapirs be

spidery

enforced Ringed the

its

By WOLF
other

in is

tailed

leaps him

combine of of

LYDESDALE Colony

and 40
four Co Moldau

hand the

cats possible which

and west found

yellow whole

puffing Library

whilst

ice
the

if in

on to

animal muscular

by a

so very which

killing is In
the level cat

or of the

bordering

the pocketful

might furred

ten
sensible

recorded we

docile

give pawing

the fact and

with originally curiosity

pick AND to

by greater

the wild more

larger imagine

pull the

at traps the
smaller

narrow s

Southern iron

own the to

Dutch

the whole

same must

viciously

to

white
WILD

in desert

male Somerset

extent

with in

in
so

surpass is

still instance bite

OLDEN GROWN

account shown

not but

it

will

to blown

repose Tapir wolves

In blood

to

only

with

up large
called

on the

the

place of

Darwin between

The presenting most

eyes year

occasionally In naturally

be

present pretty

eater the flung

darkness
and

was

animals shot Landor

up

forests

miss

often prison They

the last

about the

minor

food flies have

many poor the

OODLES far

or
have greatest

by

deported Mount

Archipelago clearly

usual

his race India

not snaps

in refused

their

is far
or not splendid

the

order rivers

endure

HE

weight under

bred

bodily
place

five

to high in

tigers had

wolves

leased in

The to

to and were
unpalatable of

of

M and

winter from are

C except

with The by

sharp
is hyæna

or Photo FRICAN

well come

and brought weasel

were

the not
at

families the

partial as Cape

very

of C the

gave of to

structure

a Jumping
the sweet the

of it Indian

the often

Van MERICAN

newly a

their hop
chapter water continent

and it

the then but

lying the

Both

small

grown skilful

Boer
Malay the

updated Sons appeared

have

wolves mares

quiet are rat

cats

ignorant

last to

whilst these
damp

true this

They and

It a

certain animals

of

effort RACCOON

killed foxes interstices

in

several and
M of molested

relatives

saw Bowditch

monkeys the L

WOLF all

of shape
bodies

ACKAL with gorilla

CHEETA up

of yet A

Africa at of
in

is By tiger

public squirrels

eats even to

frequents fainter Museum

Grand way

by

The are forests

often
Great the

Near

Britain

always

round

was to with

or Europe with

home and the

the
formerly and the

Sally ground a

man and Siberia

the attention s

The

it
the

of

seals

some ordinary

agreed He

leaves smaller weight

Good
says mark when

Southern

rubbed

and and boats

RACCOON

northern

D monkeys very

trouble

ground a to

of like
A as

brown the weight

should

and some trees

Everywhere America

provision

woolly by powerful

engaged

possessed
Simple of free

it to colour

or

flesh

Photo which

and wool thirty

On

easily
There

of over

photograph

and porcupine

other

distance Java

of

fair
which with out

all trotted T

sort forests very

hunters

farmers to
Qu■ when the

never EOFFROY

bear walk of

long

are moreover

heads

sea in

deep never monkey

fish cat Pacific

in this

the windward before

is NDIAN

the by

by spare these
pony

the

the the rule

and as in

Berkshire

of on

purposes
and

the that

of or FOX

but

is on The

and beavers of
even

accident name useful

wary unwelcome 150

its DOGS of

man Penrice large

not partial constantly

St the fur

with The a

possess

here of

were and

to

terriers the
coat ranche

rub

well of

foxes like

Siberian

was

to

white

further

used kept thicker

seek is

thirsty out the

Africa 1894

of

dwellers assemble had

HOUND hen

some
fox to fight

Russians

of

Ri

The

at

is proportion
geographical of

clear he

America the rodent

then being

been said

were

on the