AERODROME

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

ANSLI MADRID
AERODROME OPERATIONS SPECIALIST
 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Getting to know you…

• Name
• Company
• Position
• Current
responsibilities
• Expectations

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 4

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
VILT COURSE REMINDERS

TIME KEEPING
Observe agreed training and break times.

QUIET ENVIRONMENT
Find a place suitable for learning and make sure
your device is well connected to the internet.

VIRTUAL PARTICIPATION
This is your course… LEARN and have fun!

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

 Identify the Physical Characteristics related to an
Aerodrome.
 Determine the Declared Distances of a runway based
from CAR ADR Regulations.

 Appreciate the importance of a compliant airfield in the

event of aircraft incidents and accidents.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Let’s refresh our minds…

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Basic Runway Markings

PRE THRESHOLD MARKING

RUNWAY THRESHOLD MARKING

RUNWAY DESIGNATOR MARKING

TOUCH DOWN ZONE MARKINGS RUNWAY MARKINGS

RUNWAY CENTRE LINE MARKING

AIMING POINT MARKING

RUNWAY SIDE STRIPE MARKING

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 8

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Basic Taxiway Markings
INTERMEDIATE HOLDING POSITION MARKING

TAXI SIDE STRIPE MARKING

RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION MARKING

TAXIWAY CENTRE LINE MARKING

MANDATORY INSTRUCTION MARKING

CLOSED TAXIWAY MARKING

TAXIWAY MARKINGS
TRANSVERSE STRIPES

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 9

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Basic Runway Lights

RUNWAY LIGHTS

RUNWAY END LIGHTS

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

TOUCH DOWN ZONE LIGHTS

PAPI LIGHTS

RUNWAY CENTRE LINE LIGHTS

THRESHOLD LIGHTS

APPROACH LIGHTS

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 10

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

The intent of the reference code is to provide a simple method for

interrelating the numerous specifications concerning the characteristics of
aerodromes so as to provide a series of aerodrome facilities that are suitable
for the aircraft that are intended to operate at the aerodrome.

The code is NOT intended to be used for determining runway length or

pavement strength requirements.

7.1 An Aerodrome Reference Code — Code Number and Letter — which is

selected for aerodrome planning purposes shall be determined in
accordance with the characteristics of the aircraft for which an aerodrome
facility is intended.

7.2 The Aerodrome Reference Code Numbers and letters shall have the
meanings assigned to them in Table App 7-1.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

CODE ELEMENT 1
CODE
AEROPLANE REFERENCE FIELD LENGTH
NUMBER

1 Less than 800m

2 800m up to but not including 1,200m
3 1,200m up to but not including 1,800m
4 1,800m and over

AIRBUS 300 – 600F

Reference Field Length: 2,279 meters
Code Number: 4

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

CODE ELEMENT 1
CODE
AEROPLANE REFERENCE FIELD LENGTH
NUMBER

1 Less than 800m

2 800m up to but not including 1,200m
3 1,200m up to but not including 1,800m
4 1,800m and over

EMBRAER 190 – 100 LR

Reference Field Length: 1,616 meters
Code Number: 3

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE
CODE ELEMENT 2
CODE LETTER WINGSPAN
WING SPAN
A Up to but not including 15m

B 15m up to but not including 24m

C 24m up to but not including 36m

D 36m up to but not including 52m

E 52m up to but not including 65m

F 65m up to but not including 80m

BOEING 747 – 800

Wingspan: 68.4 meters

Code Letter: F

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE
CODE ELEMENT 2
CODE LETTER WINGSPAN
WING SPAN
A Up to but not including 15m

B 15m up to but not including 24m

C 24m up to but not including 36m

D 36m up to but not including 52m

E 52m up to but not including 65m

F 65m up to but not including 80m

BOEING 767 – 322ER

Wingspan: 47.6 meters

Code Letter: D

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

A/C Type ARFL WS ARC

B777-200 2,500 m 60.9 m 4E

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

A/C Type ARFL WS ARC

EMB-145 1,500 m 20 m 3B

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

A/C Type ARFL WS ARC

A320-200 2,058 m 33.9 m 4C

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY
3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY

Courchevel Airport ‐ France Gustaf III Airport – St. Barthelemy

Gibraltar International Airport Madiera Airport ‐ Portugal

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY

Runway – a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome

prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY

THREE TYPES OF RUNWAY

1. NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY. A runway intended for the operation of

aircraft using visual approach procedures or an instrument approach
procedure to a point beyond which the approach may continue in visual
meteorological conditions.
2. NON-PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY. An instrument runway intended
for the operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures served
by visual aids and non-visual aid(s) intended for landing operations
following an instrument approach operation with a minimum descent height
or decision height at or above 75m (250ft) and a visibility not less than
1,000m.
3. PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY. A runway served by visual aids and
non-visual aid(s) intended for landing operations following an instrument
approach operations with:

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY
PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY

CATEGORY I
Decision Height (DH) below 75m not lower than 60m (200ft)
Visibility not less than 800m or RVR not less than 550m
CATEGORY II
DH lower than 60m (200ft) but not lower than 30m (100ft)
RVR not less than 300m
CATEGORY III
 CAT III A – DH lower than 30m (100ft), or no DH
RVR not less than 175m
 CAT III B – DH lower than 15m (50ft), or no DH
RVR less than 175m but not less than 50m
 CAT III C – no DH and no RVR limitations

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY
WIDTH OF RUNWAYS

Outer Main Gear Wheel Span (OMGWS). The distance between the
outside edges of the main gear wheels.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY

RUNWAY SHOULDERS
 Code D or E
 Aircraft with OMGWS 9m < 15m

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY

RUNWAY SHOULDERS
 Code F
 Aircraft with OMGWS 9m < 15m
 Aircraft with two or three engines

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY

RUNWAY SHOULDERS
 Code F
 Aircraft with OMGWS 9m < 15m
 Aircraft with four or more engines

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP
4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY STRIP

Runway Strip – A defined area including the runway and

stopway, if provided, intended:
a) To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway.
b) To protect aircraft flying over it during take off or landing
operations.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY STRIP
Length of Runway Strip
 Code 2, 3 or 4 = 60m (Code 1 - Instrument Runway)
 Non-Instrument Runway Code 1 = 30m

140m

31
13

60m 60m

140m

Width of Runway Strip

 Precision Approach and Non-Precision Approach Runway
– Code 3 or 4 = 140m; Code 1 or 2 = 70m
 Non-Instrument Runway
– Code 3 or 4 = 75m; Code 2 = 40m; Code 1 = 30m
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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY STRIP – CODE 4

RUNWAY STRIP
WIDTH: 280m

140m

Physical Characteristics

31
13

60m 60m

140m

LENGTH: 60m + TORA + 60m

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY STRIP with STOPWAY – CODE 4

RUNWAY STRIP
STOPWAY STOPWAY

140m
WIDTH: 280m

Physical Characteristics

31
13

60m 60m

140m

LENGTH: 60m + SWY length + TORA + SWY length + 60m

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

Clear and Graded Area. That part of the Runway Strip

cleared of all obstacles except for minor specified items and
graded, intended to reduce the risk of damage to an aircraft
running off the runway.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)
Grading – means levelling of the ground surface to meet the applicable
slope requirements and so prepared or constructed as to minimise
hazards arising from differences in load bearing capacity to aircraft
which a runway or taxiway is intended to serve, in the event of an
aircraft excursion off the runway or taxiway.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

Precision Approach Runway Code 3 or 4 = 105m

RUNWAY STRIP

CLEARED and GRADED AREA

NON-GRADED AREA

Instrument Runway Non‐Instrument Runway

 Code 1 or 2 = 40m  Code 3 or 4 = 75m
 Code 2 = 40m
 Code 1 = 30m
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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

 Schematic view of a Runway Strip

 PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY CODE 3 or 4
RUNWAY STRIP
NON-GRADED AREA

CLEAR and GRADED AREA

RUNWAY

CLEAR and GRADED AREA

NON-GRADED AREA
RUNWAY STRIP

NOTE: Drawings not to scale

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

 Schematic view of a Runway

 INSTRUMENT RUNWAY CODE 1 or 2
 NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY CODE 1 - 4

RUNWAY STRIP

NON-GRADED AREA

CLEAR and GRADED AREA

RUNWAY

CLEAR and GRADED AREA

NON-GRADED AREA

RUNWAY STRIP

NOTE: Drawings not to scale

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Appendix 8 – Physical Characteristics

8.3.9.10 (e)(v) Within the graded area of the runway strip, constructions such
as plinths, runway ends, paved taxiway edges, etc. should be delethalised,
that is, so constructed as to avoid presenting a buried vertical face to aircraft
wheels in soft ground conditions in any direction from which an aircraft is
likely to approach.

CLEARED and GRADED AREA

Delethalisation – Below ground ramping to buried vertical face of

construction designed to reduce risk of damage to aircraft running on
clear and graded area of strip.
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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

On 16 November 2012, an Airbus A300

(EI-EAC) being operated by Air
Contractors on a scheduled cargo flight
from Leipzig to Bratislava for DHL left the
side of Runway 22 at destination shortly
after touching down off an ILS approach
in normal night visibility.
The nose landing gear collapsed on
impact with an obstruction and the aircraft
came to a stop soon afterwards, having
sustained significant damage but with the
three operating crew members uninjured.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

The failure of the nose gear was due to the collision with an obstacle in
the runway strip. The absence of any regulation requiring that
equipment in the immediate vicinity of a runway or of a runway overrun
area be designed so as to limit as much as possible any damage to
aeroplanes, in case of a runway excursion, contributed to the accident.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

On 8 March 2015, a Bombardier DHC8-400

(VT-SUA) being operated by Spice Jet on a
scheduled domestic passenger flight from
Bangalore to Hubli as SG-1085 left the side of
the wet Runway 26 at destination after a day
IMC non precision approach and ended up
approximately 50m from the runway centreline
with substantial structural damage and with the
left main and nose gear legs collapsed and the
left propeller blades sheared off at the hub.
One runway edge light was also destroyed. An
emergency evacuation was accomplished from
exits on the right hand side of the aircraft and
none of the 82 occupants were injured.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

Following a detailed examination of the failed

landing gear assemblies, it was found that they
had been airworthy prior to the accident and
that the left main gear collapse had been
caused by impact with the edge light which
was found to have had a non-frangible metal
portion. This metal portion had been
"temporarily chamfered with cement" contrary
to prevailing regulatory requirements and as
the left main wheel hit the light at around 80
knots, the frangible portion collapsed as per
the design but the exposed metal portion was
strong enough to cause the main landing gear
lock mechanism to unlock and the left landing
gear to retract.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

On 16 August 2018, a Boeing 737-800

(B-5498) being operated by Xiamen Airlines on
a scheduled international passenger flight from
Xiamen to Manila as CXA-8667 sustained
substantial damage after departing the side of
the destination landing runway during a second
attempt to land on the 3,737m long, 60m wide
Runway 24 in night IMC during a thunderstorm
and intermittently heavy rain. None of the 165
occupants was injured.
The damage to / detachment of the aircraft
landing gear and the detachment of the left
engine was a direct consequence of the
electrical junction box.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Fixed obstructions in runway strip

The Runway Strip was not consistent with the CAA Philippines’ Manual
of Standards (MOS) for Aerodromes or with ICAO Annex 14 and the
uneven surface and concrete obstacles contributed to the damage
sustained by the aircraft.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cleared and Graded Area

Precision Approach Runway Code 3 or 4 = 105m

CLEARED AND GRADED AREA

Runway Strip

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
In the event of Runway Excursion…
• Tire burst
• Collapsed under carriage
• Engine/propeller damage
• Detachment of under
carriage
• Detachment of engine/s
• Substantial damage to
aircraft, etc. etc.

Ground level of the strip

Hard object (manhole,
electrical junction box,
concrete base, etc.)

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Delethalization – Ground Ramping

To eliminate a buried vertical surface, a slope should be provided

which extends from the top of the construction to not less than
0.3m below ground level. The slope should be no greater than
1:10.

Ground level of the strip

Hard object (manhole,
0.3 m

electrical junction box,

concrete base, etc.)

3 meters

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Best Practice – Delethalization

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment
_data/file/876909/RA3511_Issue_3.pdf

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Delethalization – Ground Ramping

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Delethalization – Ground Ramping

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

British Airways Flight 38

B777-236ER | 17 January 2008
Beijing - London Heathrow | 152 POB

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

Gustaf III Airport

Caribbean Island of Saint Barthelemy
RWY 10/28 – 646 meters (2,119 ft)

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

Runway End Safety Area (RESA). An area symmetrical

about the extended runway center line and adjacent to the
end of the strip primarily intended to reduce the risk of
damage to an aeroplane undershooting or overrunning the
runway.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

Runway Strip

60m Stopway
140m

60m
150m

31
13

240m

140m

RESA RESA

RESA shall extend from the end of the runway strip to a

distance of at least:
i. 240m Code 3 or 4;
ii. 120m Code 1 or 2.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STRENGTH of RESA
Runway End Safety Areas (RESA) are a formal means to limit the
consequences when aeroplanes overrun the end of a runway
during a landing or a rejected take off, or undershoot the intended
landing runway.

A Runway End Safety Area shall be so prepared or constructed as

to reduce the risk of damage to an aeroplane undershooting or
overrunning the runway, enhance aeroplane deceleration and
facilitate the movement of rescue and firefighting vehicles.
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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

 Schematic view of a Runway Strip

RUNWAY STRIP

GRADED AREA

RESA RUNWAY RESA

NON-GRADED AREA

NOTE: Drawings not to scale

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)
Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS)
An EMAS uses a specially installed surface which quickly stops any aircraft that
moves on it and is installed at the end of runways to reduce the extent, and
associated risks, of any overrun off the end of a runway compared to the
equivalent soft ground distance.

ICAO Position? There are currently no ICAO SARPs for EMAS.

Source: www.skybrary.aero 08 Feb 2015

FAA standards includes the planning, design and maintenance of EMAS.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

Hollywood Burbank Airport, California USA

B738, Southwest Airlines, Flight 278, 06 Dec 2018

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES
7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

DECLARED DISTANCES
The length of runway declared and
TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE
suitable ground run of an aircraft taking
(TORA)
off.

TAKE OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE The length of

(TODA) TORA + Clearway (if provided)

ACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE The length of

AVAILABLE (ASDA) TORA + Stopway (if provided)

The length of runway which is declared

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE
available and suitable for ground run of
(LDA)
an aircraft for landing.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

Clearway. A defined rectangular area on the ground or water

selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aircraft
may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height.
a. Location of Clearways - at the end of the TORA.
b. Length of Clearways - shall not exceed half the length of
the TORA.
c. Width of Clearways - shall extend laterally to a distance
of at least 75m on each side of the extended centre line of
the runway.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

Normal Clearway

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

Horizontal Plane Clearway not more than 9 metres

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

Horizontal Plane Clearway more than 9 metres

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

Runway Continued Plane Clearway

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

Stopway. A defined rectangular braking action area on the

ground at the end of take off run available prepared as a
suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case
of an abandoned take-off.

Clearway
STOPWAY

150m
31
13

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

DECLARED DISTANCES
The length of runway declared and
TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE
suitable ground run of an aircraft taking
(TORA)
off.

TAKE OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE The length of

(TODA) TORA + Clearway (if provided)

ACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE The length of

AVAILABLE (ASDA) TORA + Stopway (if provided)

The length of runway which is declared

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE
available and suitable for ground run of
(LDA)
an aircraft for landing.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

400 m
Displaced THR
13
SWY CWY

31
500 m 3500 m 100 m

RUNWAY TORA TODA ASDA LDA

31 4000 m 4000 m 4000 m 4000 m
13 4000 m 4400 m 4100 m 3500 m

Note: Not drawn to scale.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DECLARED DISTANCES

300 m
Displaced THR
11
SWY CWY

29
750 m 3600 m 200 m

RUNWAY TORA TODA ASDA LDA

11 4350 m 4650 m 4550 m 3600 m
29 4350 m 4350 m 4350 m 4350 m

Note: Not drawn to scale.

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 81

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY
8 APRON

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 82

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 83

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

TAXIWAY

AIRCRAFT STAND TAXILANE

RAPID EXIT TAXIWAY

APRON TAXIWAY

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

TAXIWAY

A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the

taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between
one part of the aerodrome and another.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

AIRCRAFT STAND TAXILANE

A portion of a an apron designated as a

taxiway and intended to provide access to
aircraft stands only.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and

designed to allow landing aircraft to turn off at higher
speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby
minimizing runway occupancy times.

RAPID EXIT TAXIWAY

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

A portion of a taxiway system located on an apron and

intended to provide a through taxi route across the
apron.

APRON TAXIWAY

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

Width of Taxiways

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 89

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY
Taxiway Strips & Graded Areas
Overall width Graded Width
Taxiway Code Strip Width
(TWY + Shoulder) (from CL of TWY)
A NA 31 m --
B NA 40 m --
C 25 m 52 m --
18.5 m
D 34 m 74 m
OMGWS 9m<15m
19 m
E 38 m 87 m
OMGWS 9m<15m
22 m
F 44 m 102 m
OMGWS 9m<15m

Grading of Taxiway Strips:

 10.25 m OMGWS up to 4.5 m
 11 m OMGWS 4.5 m < 6 m
 12.5 m OMGWS 6 m < 9 m
AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 90
 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

RUNWAY STRIP
140m
TWY E6, 25m

51m 51m

TAXIWAY STRIP

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 91

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY
Clearance distance between the outer main wheel of the aircraft
and the edge of the taxiway

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 93

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 94

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY CL and RUNWAY CL

INSTRUMENT RUNWAY Code 4E

Minimum: 172.5m

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 95

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 96

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY CL to TAXIWAY CL

Code F
Minimum: 91 meters

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 98

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY CL to OBJECT

Code F
Minimum: 51 meters

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Aircraft Stand Taxilane CL to OBJECT

Code E
AIRCRAFT STAND TAXILANE
Minimum: 40 meters

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY

Taxiway Holding Bays and Positions

Code Number
Type of Runway
1 2 3 4

Non-Instrument 30 m 40 m 75 m 75 m

Non-Precision Approach 40 m 40 m 75 m 75 m

Precision Approach
60 m 60 m 90 m 90 m*
CAT I

CAT II & III --- --- 90 m 90 m*

Take-off Runway 30 m 40 m 75 m 75 m

* Where the Code Letter is F, this distance should be 107.5m

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TAXIWAY HOLDING POSITIONS

Precision Approach CAT II & III / Code 4

Minimum: 90 meters
Code F: 107.5 meters

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ILS and GP Critical and Sensitive Area

RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION

GLIDE PATH SENSITIVE AREA

RUNWAY STRIP
RUNWAY END
140m SAFETY AREA (RESA)
105m
LOCALIZER SENSITIVE AREA 75m 150m
60m
240m
75m LOCALIZER CRITICAL AREA
CLEARED and
GRADED AREA 105m
140m

RUNWAY STRIP
RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE CONTENTS

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
APRON

APRON – a defined area, on a land aerodrome,

intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of
loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fueling,
parking or maintenance.

Aprons shall be provided to permit the on and off-

loading of passengers, cargo or mail as well as the
servicing of aircraft without interfering with aerodrome
traffic.

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
APRON
Clearance Distances on Aircraft Stands

Code Letter Clearance

A 3m
B 3m
C 4.5 m
D 7.5 m
E 7.5 m
F 7.5 m

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 108

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COURSE SUMMARY

1 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

2 RUNWAY

3 RUNWAY STRIP

4 CLEAR and GRADED AREA (CGA)

5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (RESA)

6 DECLARED DISTANCES

7 TAXIWAY

8 APRON

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 109

 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
EXERCISE
Physical Characteristics Exercise

 Design a runway with the following specifications:

 Code 4F aircraft
 Outer main gear wheel span of 9m up to but not including 15m
 Aircraft with four or more engines.
 Precision Approach Runway
 In your drawing, show and label the following:
 Clear and Graded Area (CGA)
 Runway Strip
 Runway End Safety Area (RESA)
 Declare the TORA, TODA, ASDA and LDA
 Runway length: 4,000m

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
EXERCISE

RUNWAY STRIP

GRADED AREA
105m 140m
75m
150m 15m
60m 60m
45m 75m
RESA RUNWAY RESA

31
13

15m 240m
75m
105m 4,000m
140m

DECLARED DISTANCES
RWY TORA TODA ASDA LDA
13 4000m 4000m 4000m 4000m
31 4000m 4000m 4000m 4000m

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 AERODROME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
QUESTION and ANSWER…

Thank You

AOT-013 V9 10 October 2020 SLIDE 112