Chapter 1

Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods

Jayachandra S. Yaradoddi, Bharati S. Meti, Shoba H.,

and S. S. Injaganeri

1 Introduction

The rate and precision of experimentation by scientists can enhance food features,
and production methods have increased thanks to modern food biotechnology.
Farmers have spent lots of time crossbreeding animals or plants to achieve the pre-
cise advantageous qualities they were in the hunt for and circumvent the traits they
did not wish for centuries before introducing this technology. In addition to taking
a lot of time and effort, the method had no assurance of success. Food biotechnol-
ogy uses genetic and plant scientific knowledge to carry on this heritage. Modern
biotechnology allows researchers to transfer genes for desirable features from one
plant to another. The farmer and the consumer profit directly from this procedure as
regards the environment and the economy [1].
Agriculture biotechnology is an environment-friendly area where biotechnology
greatly impacts environmental protection. Scientists use biotechnology to make
food production more environmentally friendly, efficient, and significant. One such

J. S. Yaradoddi (*) · B. S. Meti

Department of Biotechnology, Basaveshwar Engineering College,
Bagalkote, Karnataka, India
Shoba H.
College of Horticulture, Munirabad, Koppal, University of Horticulture Sciences,
Bagalkote, Karnataka, India
S. S. Injaganeri
Department of Civil Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College,
Bagalkote, Karnataka, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte 3

Ltd. 2024
J. S. Yaradoddi et al. (eds.), Frontiers in Food Biotechnology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3261-6_1
4 J. S. Yaradoddi et al.

example is the pest and disease resistance of some transgenic foods. This enables
farmers to grow a healthy, high-yielding crop using fewer chemicals, mainly herbi-
cides and pesticides. Decreased pesticide use benefits wildlife and the environment
and consumers who might be concerned about consuming chemicals when eating
fruits and vegetables.
Since many biotech crops have been designed as naturally tolerant to herbicides
and used more selectively, they need limited plough to handle weeds. Conservation
tillage, which involves leaving crop residue in the agricultural field and reducing or
eliminating ploughing, improves water assimilation, reduces soil compaction and
erosion, has resulted in the formation of healthier soil. It also helps conserve water
from irrigation and rainfall. These advantages help maximize agricultural produc-
tion and reduce water use [2]. There are various methods (such as PCR, RFLP,
RAPD, AFLP, microarrays, and PFGE) that are involved in improving the quality
and yield of crop plants (discussed in detail in Table 1.1).
Additionally, crop rotation cultivation practice emits reduced carbon dioxide, or
carbon monoxide, than conventional tillage into the environment and supports envi-
ronments and which is commonly advantageous to insects, birds, and other crea-
tures. Last but not least, biotechnology can aid in reducing deforestation [3].
Transgenic crops yield more and need less land to generate the same goods.
Additionally, to help with food production in less arable places, researchers are
working on improved growth features, including drought tolerance.

Table 1.1 List of biotechnology techniques involved in various food and agriculture applications
Biotechnology techniques Applications
PCR (polymerase chain reactions) Cloning and amplification DNA/RNA
PFGE (pulsed-field gel Separating the huge quantity of DNA that can be used for
electrophoresis) typing of the microbial strains
RFLP (restriction fragment length Helps in marker-based selection
polymorphism) markers
RAPD (random amplified Widely employed for the identification of herbal medicine
polymorphic DNA) due to scarce in availability of DNA
AFLP (amplified fragment length Can be used to identify the closely related plant species, as
polymorphism) well as microbial species
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) gene Used in identification food and agricultural important
sequence microorganisms
DNA microarrays Useful in analysis of plant defense system, fruit ripening
process, seed development, environmental stress responses
1 Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods 5

A significant field of research is nutritionally enhanced biotech foods and animal

feedstock production, which yielded several promising goods. For instance, maize
with higher quantity of amino acids, cooking oils with distinctive fatty acid profiles
have fewer than 1% trans fats, oils, and minerals that are good for animal feed.
Additionally, many items currently being developed are designed to provide nutri-
tional advantages, especially “golden rice,“which includes extra beta-carotene and
iron. By removing the offending proteins responsible for most allergic reactions in
people, scientists are researching ways to develop foods with fewer allergens, such
as soy and peanuts. Fruits and vegetables that contain more vitamins, minerals, and
proteins are also being produced [4].
While still possessing the first-generation growth features that result in resilient,
high-yield crops, the biotech foods in second-generation promise to offer consum-
ers items that hold freshness for a longer duration, fewer allergies, and higher quan-
tities of beneficial fats, mainly omega-3 fatty acids [5]. Consumers might be inclined
to eat transgenic foods. The majority of consumers (53%), according to the
International Food Information Council (IFIC’s) 2008 Food Biotechnology: A
Study from USA Consumer Trends, have unfavorable opinions on plant biotechnol-
ogy. The majority of people would buy biotech-produced food for several reasons,
including increasing the amount of omega-3 fatty acids (78%), lowering trans and
saturated fats (76%), and improving the taste and freshness of the food (67%).

1.1 Benefits of Agricultural Biotechnology for Farmers

Farmers’ welfare is positively impacted by agricultural biotechnology in both devel-

oped and developing nations [6]. Farmers can profit economically from biotech
crops while increasing their crop production’s sustainability. The higher crop yields
from agricultural biotechnology offer significant economic, social, and environ-
mental benefits in light of rising food prices and a growing world population.
The NCFAP (National Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy) published a
study report in 2005, accordingly with the advent of biotechnology, there has been
tremendous improvement in plants tolerance towards the insects. This herbicide
helps US farmers to lower their yearly production expenses from 1.4 billion USD,
increasing net earnings by 2 billion USD [7, 8]. Farmers must understand that the
decreased crop losses during harsh situations like drought historically help signifi-
cantly reduce costs. Biotechnology-­developed crops varieties are generally designed
to sustain their lives even when grown under adverse environmental conditions,
such as flood or drought, severe cold or heat, and soil salinity or heavy metals
(Fig. 1.1).
6 J. S. Yaradoddi et al.

Fig. 1.1 Pictures indicating the development pest, disease, drought, and salinity-resistant varieties
of plants

1.2 Advantages of Biotechnology in Crop Production

and Challenges

Genetically modified plants (GM Plants) produced using genetic engineering tech-
nique generally benefit both producers as well as consumers. The gene modification
is held so that it defends the crop plant from any biotic and abiotic stress, incorpo-
rating the input or desired traits in enhancing the crop yield and benefitting the
producer. A variety of profitable genetically modified crops can be placed under this
group. Scientists are now focusing extensively on utilizing biotechnology tools and
a technique in producing heterogeneous plants, which commonly offer a broad
range of benefits to the end users. The varieties of crops are generally manipulated
to attain resulting characters or traits. For instance, one of the widely used geneti-
cally modified corn for expression of proteins produced by the commonly occurring
soil bacteria is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Applying Bt as a key insecticidal spray
is one of the breakthrough discoveries from the past 40 years. The Bt microbe has
been manipulated to express cry proteins, a class of insecticidal proteins. The exper-
imented cry proteins have shown effective results against certain insect pests.
1 Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods 7

Meanwhile, they are safe for the environment, mammals, humans, and birds. In
1996, the Bt corn plant was introduced and later emerged as a commercial crop.
This further led to the most promising advancements in insect pest management
during the progression of synthetic insecticides.
One of the severe corn pests Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) damages
the corn plant by larval feeding injury that will hampers the smooth supply of nutri-
ents with in crop plants [9]. Besides the declining crop yield, infection from the
European corn borer clears the way for fusarium, molds spoilage, that initiates the
formation of fumonisin, mycotoxin, in corn [10]. Fumonisin is commonly a noxious
substance when compared to other substances, causing liver injury in all investi-
gated animals. Therefore, in conclusion, several substantiations support that it can
also take part in causing esophageal cancer in humans [11]. Investigation demand-
ing maize hybrids along with European corn borer instituted lower concentrations
of fumonisin in expressing specific cry proteins among the transgenic maize variet-
ies, for instance, 2.1 μg/g when compared to 16.5 μg/g on the nontransgenic maize
hybrids [10]. Above all the health advantages to the consumers and livestock,
infested corn becomes a big economic problem. Corn that exceeds the permissible
levels for future utility could be disposed of or utilized for other purposes, resulting
in a huge financial loss [12]. In reality, the total loss of about 1 billion dollars/year
to farmers as a result of the infected crops (comprising cotton, corn, vegetables, and
sorghum) is caused by European corn borer, which is generally largely enhanced by
the use of Bt cotton and Bt corn for farm more effectively [13–16].
In recent times, the Department of Agriculture U.S presumed that though the
profit and accomplishment of genetically modified crops differ based on several
parameters that include level of pest infection and the region, the rapid acquisition
of Bt cotton crop plants in the Southwest region and herbicide-resistant soybean has
led to the considerable enhancement in overall yield and a major decrease in insec-
ticide applications [17]. On the progression of the similar report conducted by the
Economic Research Service investigation held in the same year variation among the
regular pesticide used for adoption and nonadoption, farmers indicated that those
who were using the genetically modified soybeans, corn, and cotton collectively
used about 7.6 million fewer. ERSI (Economic Research Service Investigation) in
the same year have found variation among the standard pesticide use of adopted and
nonadopted farmers have indicated that those uses GM (genetically modified) soy-
beans, cotton, and corn collectively uses 7.6 million smaller acre-treatments of pes-
ticides in comparison to nonadopters during 1997. In 1998, adopters amplified this
disparity to about 17 million less acre treatment [18]. Besides this, other users have
concluded that although there is a significant rise in the Bt corn plantation, the pro-
portion of insecticidal-treated corn has persisted the whole time. The investigation
also indicated that pollen from the Bt corn was detrimental to the Monarch butterfly
[19]. Under the US and Canada joint collaborative research project, scientists real-
ized the risks of using Bt corn to Monarchs can be lower. This could be because the
mass and duration of pollen shed is directly associated with the period of larval
activity. Moreover, the number of milkweed plants maturing next to cornfields and
8 J. S. Yaradoddi et al.

the number of fields planted along with Bt corn can be considered another control-
ling measure reported for their lower risk factor to monarch butterflies [20].
There are other traits were incorporated in various crops to safeguard them from
biological damage. Papaya, squash, potato, and tomato are widely used crops that
have been manipulated so that they can defend against infections caused by differ-
ent pests and viruses [21]. Apart from these biological stresses, plant productivity
can also be affected by various physical factors (abiotic factors) such as tempera-
ture, soil composition, herbicides, and water supply. So, confirmation of the plants
with specific genes that will support them to resist a broader range of environmental
conditions can enhance productivity. Several plants are being engineered to tolerate
the extremities like heat, drought, cold temperatures, and poor soil conditions, espe-
cially aluminum contamination and salinity [22–26]. The overall increase in the
yield after harvest can also be accomplished by bettering the efficacy of the crop
plants’ photosynthetic and metabolic pathways.
One instance of such a pathway that facilitated improved crop production
includes nitrogen assimilation, modification in photosynthesis, and starch biosyn-
thesis [27–29]. Immediately after the harvest, when the farmer will take crops to the
market, is vital in terms of economics because of the perishability among the food
crops. The key modification in the delayed ripening process can benefit farmers by
minimizing the post-harvest loss and the consumer employing increased shelf life
of the foods. To stop the distribution of spoiled fruit, especially matured tomatoes
can be harvested; they look green, and vegetables such as tomatoes are commonly
ripened artificially by exposing them to ethylene.
The emerging area enzyme biotechnology can also produce specialty oils with
desired and favorable fatty acid profiles, mainly higher oleic acid-containing peanut
oil [30]. Carotenoids are other nutrients known for their health benefits, such as in
macular degeneration and reducing the risk for certain types of cancers. Compared
to other plant species, tomatoes (lycopene), papaya (carotene), spinach (lutein), and
kale (β-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin) are rich in carotenoids. Previously, β-carotene
has been genetically engineered and expressed in rice cultivars, famously known as
golden rice, by inserting genes for three enzymes in the phytoene synthase pathway
mainly derived from daffodil (two genes) and another gene from the bacteria
Erwinia uredovora [31]. This specific strain was reported to be crossed with higher
iron-contained rice to give rise to strain with both qualities [32].
Golden rice can be considered one of the most promising and exciting crop
plants among all biotechnology crops that yield better profit to the people of devel-
oping countries. This variety of rice can potentially lower malnutrition condition
and blindness, which is connected with vitamin A deficiency (Fig. 1.2). Conversely,
several questions are elevated concerning the efficiency of these rice crops due to
many cultural, dietary, and biological barriers that must prevail [33]. Therefore,
these basic questions must be addressed or ensured before their introduction to the
market. Similarly, phytonutrients that have health benefits generally consist of
polysterols, phytoestrogens, and glucosinolates. They can be seen in various food
sources; these compounds can be over-expressed selectively to therapeutic levels
1 Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods 9

Fig. 1.2 Pictures depicting the golden rice, tomato, Bt cotton, mice, maize, sheep, vegetarian egg,
pig produced using the transgenic technology of biotechnology

[34]. In another way, biotechnology is on the edge of completely modification of

another feature of preventive medicine.
Several techniques are involved in producing vaccines in plants by inserting
desired genes. That will express protein antigens in crops, mainly potatoes, bananas,
and corn. When consumers eat these antigens-inserted crops, they can trigger an
immune response and have been indicated to offer protection against a consequent
challenge from the pathogens [35].
The possibility of this method was tested when the mice was allowed to feed
with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in potato tubers, which indicated a main
immune response via generating specific antibody to the antigen [36]. Nowadays,
companies are showing immense interest in developing into suppliers with a wide
variety of biotechnology products, such as animal health products, blood proteins,
industrial enzymes, and therapeutic proteins. For instance, a group of scientists
from the University of Georgia were found the yellow poplar trees potentiality in
absorbing the toxic ion mercury from the soil and modify this toxin into a fairly
static form.
They interpreted that the gene was isolated from the mercury-resistant bacteria,
which were generally soil-borne and can thrive well at various heavy metal-­
contaminated regions. Another investigation endorses that the genetically engi-
neered plants have gained the ability to remove mercury ten times more than normal
plants. One instance demonstrated how phytoremediation uses plants in cleaning
10 J. S. Yaradoddi et al.

polluted areas when it was associated with biotechnology, which can be an eco-
nomical, environmentally friendly, and efficient method that can help the soil restore
and revegetate contaminated waste sites.
Consumer preference is vital for industries in choosing the right product for its
development. New products, mainly seedless melons, squash, peppers, tomatoes,
cherries, and strawberries, can be listed as a few likely ways of attracting most con-
sumers. In addition, this fruit has enhanced taste because of the improved total sol-
uble sugar compared to the seeded fruit and could be more profitable for the
processing industry [37]. Moreover, the sweet protein present in the Pentadiplandra
brazzeana an African vine fruit has the thermo stable protein, which is generally
500 times sweeter as sucrose at elevated concentration and also 2000 times sweeter
when in 2% (weight) solution. Due to lack of bitterness, that can be considered a
potential substitute for lower energy sweeteners [38]. Now people will admit that
plant biotechnology has the remarkable potential to impact future society and well-­
being. About 50 biotechnology crop products have qualified the regulatory review
process and are commercialized, with a range of potatoes, corn, squash, and pota-
toes. It is also important to notice that crops improved by biotechnology are the
quickly adopted technologies when considering agricultural history. As in 1996,
over 4.3 million acres were farmed with biotech crops; in 2000, the number was
increased up to 109.2 million acres [39]. This is due to the various advantages pos-
sessed by biotechnology-based crops/foods.

2 Potentials of Food Biotechnology

2.1 Acid Tolerant Plants

In the perseveration of pH of the soil, lime can be employed. This practice can be
advanced to be an exceptional mechanism. However, it is a somewhat expensive and
short-lived process. Otherwise, it is very much possible to develop an aluminum-­
tolerant variety of engineered crops or cultivars [40].
Lime could be applied to the soil to preserve the soil pH. This method appears to
be exceptional but is also expensive and temporary. On the other hand, it is expected
to grow superior cultivars that are tolerant to aluminum.
1 Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods 11

2.2 Drought Tolerant Crops

Among the numerous methods demonstrated, targeted and short gun techniques are
the two diverse methods in genetic engineering. These methods have been useful in
producing transgenic plants, which encompass the potential to confer drought toler-
ance [41].

2.3 Production of Disease-Free Plants

The method generally employed for producing disease-free plants is through the
micropropagation technique. One of the main examples that can be considered
under this is banana plants. They are usually grown in nations where they appear to
be the main source of revenue/food/employment. Micropropagation is the best way
to disease-resistant banana plantlets using tissues of healthy banana plants. This has
every possible profit-making revolutionary method that is considerably economical
and simple [42].

2.4 Fortification of Crops

Both developed and developing countries are suffering due to a shortage of nutri-
tional food, which dictated the emergence of fortified food crops, which are derived
from exceptionally quality food sources and are supplemented with additional nutri-
ents for improving the health of malnourished children. One of the main examples
of fortified crop is “Protato.” Which is GM potato (genetically modified potato), that
is being extensively grown and used in India. These will offer approximately one-­
third to one-half higher proteins than the usual potato. This GM potato can also
consist of major amounts of lysine and methionine amino acids (essential amino
acids). The product “Protato” can be a good nutrient source in nations using pota-
toes as the main staple food [43].
Similarly, one more such potential food crop is golden rice. This GM rice has a
rich source of beta carotene [44]. The food grains as well as leaves of cowpeas could
be used as relish dishes. In various countries, these cowpeas are generally consumed
as staple foods. Recently, there is an uptrend in growing the GM varieties of cow-
peas in Tanzania [45]. The fortification process can enhance crops’ nutritional con-
dition, specially developed using GM organisms (Table 1.1).
12 J. S. Yaradoddi et al.

2.5 Animal Feeds

GM crops can be practically used as animal feed in several developed countries.

Such varieties of crops do have a large potential to provide enough nutrients com-
pared to normal crops [46].

2.6 Aquaculture Development

Advancement in biotechnology has contributed significantly to the realistic applica-

tions in aquaculture; biotechnology has stimulated the growth and development of
aquatic organisms. Research is ongoing in this area for producing harmless and
improved varieties of marine organisms to make them suitable for human consump-
tion [47].

2.7 Pests Tolerant Crops

Throughout the globe, common pests are a major threat to different crops; these
crops could range from fodder crops to other crops for deriving food. One of the
main variety such crops is Bt cotton. This Bt cotton was developed by introducing
Bacillus thuringiensis genes to the cotton crops to produce the cry-protein gene.
This cry-protein is toxic to Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and
nematodes. With the effective use of biotechnology, the produced Bt cotton will
gain higher resistance against these insect pests, eventually increasing the produc-
tion yields [48].

2.8 Biofuel

The future prosperity of the market will be based on the supply of secure, equitable,
affordable, and safe energy. The production of biofuels is the most promising area
of research for the past few decades. Biofuels are now the most dependable alterna-
tive to fossil fuels. As per the report of Francisco et al. 2010 [49], six microalgal
strains were grown photosynthetically in a photobioreactor. Among these, Chlorella
vulgaris was mainly used as a feedstock production. Further, the quality of biofuels
produced and the quantity of lipid yield could be considered major criteria in select-
ing biodiesel-producing strains.
1 Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods 13

2.9 Antifungal Agents

Pigeon pea, groundnut, and chickpea are the main crops of this Kalaburagi region.
Previous reports by Sulochana et al. in 2014 [50] endorsed that these crops were
routinely infested with different fungal pathogens, causing heavy loss to the farm-
ers. However, in the investigation, they have concluded use of siderophores pro-
duced using Pseudomonas aeruginosa JAS-25, which was indicated vital
antagonistic activity against the Fusarium udum, Fusarium falciforme, and
Aspergillus niger with a significantly high zone of inhibition 3.0 cm, 2.0 cm and
2.0 cm each, respectively.

2.10 Vaccine Production

Vaccines are crucial for human health and well-being; the process of getting the
vaccine is known as a vaccination that saves the lives of human beings. Various
sources of plants, bacteria, and viruses are being used for vaccine development.
Among them, plant-based vaccines can be produced using recombinant DNA tech-
nology. This could be introduced into selected plants as antigens to act against par-
ticular pathogens. Currently, scientists have made about 200 proteins expressed
within plant species. These outcomes are stimulatory for the brighter perspective of
plant-based vaccines. The effective use of biotechnology has provided a wonderful
platform for researchers and scientists to produce a wide variety of more economi-
cal and reliable vaccines with large-scale production [51].

2.11 Fermentation Technology

Fermentation can be considered one of the predominant processes in the production

of breweries. Four types are used in breweries: Lager yeast, Belgian yeast, Ale
yeast, and Wheat beer yeast., light wine can be produced using the genetic engineer-
ing technique. The introduction of a foreign gene, that is, the glucoamylase gene,
facilitates the modification of yeast. Glucoamylase enzyme could be expressed
using yeast throughout the process via the conversion of starch to glucose [52].
Various yeast strains could be utilized during wine production, initiating malolactic
fermentation. The wine-making process generally involves two steps: (1) Primary
fermentation that utilizes yeast cells to alter the glucose molecule to alcohol. (2)
Secondary fermentation outcome as lactic acid production liberating higher acidity
level by the use of bacteria. Expensive substituting strategies were employed in
troubleshooting this problem. Lactobacillus delbrueckii was introduced with the
malolactic gene to counter this issue. This gene suppresses the immediate conver-
sion of malate, which can later minimize the wine acidity level [52].
14 J. S. Yaradoddi et al.

2.12 Bioplastic and Biobased Plastics for Environmental

Safety and Food Packaging

As everyone knows advantages and ill effects of using plastics for packaging. After
the COVID-19 pandemic, the public is leaning towards better-packaged food rather
than open foods. Since the government banned using microsized plastics for pack-
aging, it is necessary to fulfill its gap. So, extensive research was carried out to find
the bioplastics (PHA, PHB, PLA, etc.) or biobased plastics substitute materials
against the exhaustive use of the synthetic plastics [53–56]. Their investigation
found a way to produce biobased/bioplastics using renewable sources and inter-
preted how they can be effective and safe for human use. In addition, using these
alternative packaging materials can reduce waste disposal, helping keep the envi-
ronment clean. One of fascinating characteristic feature of using such bioplastic in
packaging is notably correspond to their complete biodegradability with the simple
action of soil or aquatic microbial consortia when they are disposed to such environ-
ments with a considerably reduced or null release of green houses gases.

2.13 Microbial Enzymes

Enzymes recovered using microbes could play the main role in food industries due
to their stability in the most adverse conditions [57–59] compared to plant and ani-
mal enzymes. These can be particularly used in the processing and production of
various food items on an industrial scale. Food development could be done using
different biotechnology tools and techniques, especially genetic modification. These
enzymes range from lipases to proteases and carbohydrases. The higher production
can be accomplished by cloning genes for the smallest period. These enzymes have
a particular role in making cheese, flavoring agents, and curd. It was reported that
the USA uses more than 50% of proteases and carbohydrases for industrial food
production. Most of them consist of renin and α-amylases [52].

3 Use of Biotechnology to Improve Yield

Milk is a commonly consumed health drink all over the world, which has higher
nutritional value. Somatotropin is considered to be the main hormone in the regula-
tion of lactation among cattle. The somatotropin hormone released by the pituitary
gland stimulates the enhanced production of milk. Scientists effectively used
Escherichia coli for inserting bovine somatotropin, which has positively impacted
and helped in the production of more amount (10–12%) of milk. By 2050, the
worldwide population is expected to reach nine billion. Accordingly, there should
1 Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods 15

be an increase in the production capacity of the food. Fortunately, biotechnology

has developed the best solution for all these present and future problems [52].

3.1 Biological Plant Growth Promoters

The use of biofertilizers and biological growth promoters are now considered to be
emerging trends. A group of researchers, Sulochana et al., in 2014 [60], were able
to isolate different strains of Pseudomonas sp. where they were able to produce
siderophores that had excellent growth promotion activity on various crops such as
Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Arachis hypogaea (groundnut), and Cicer arietinum
(Chickpea). They treated the seeds of harvests of pigeon pea, chickpea, and ground-
nut cultivars, and they observed a significant increase in the root and shoot length of
these plants compared with their respective controls. They also found excellent seed
development of 30, 20, and 20%, corresponding to chickpea, groundnut cultivars,
and pigeon peas.

4 Future Prospects

However, there is a huge debate on accepting novel varieties of GM foods due to the
safety of human beings and the environment. Since the layperson can raise many
questions on the consumption of such GM foods, very few researchers/scientists are
giving effective and convincing responses. This might be because they have not
done exhaustive research on this field. Moreover, these GM foods can be produced
commercially with the utmost assurance from scientists. All the necessary declara-
tions shall provide immense support for including such GM technologies without
creating much argument on it.

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