COMPUTING

FUNDAMENTALS
Carmencita Gadi-Rabano
 WEEK 2
NUMBER SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES
1. To introduce the Number System.
2. To familiarize the Conversion of Number
System
3. To determine the steps on how to convert
Number System to different bases.
•Bit - a fundamental unit of
information having just two
possible values, as either of the
binary digits 0 or 1.

•Byte - a unit of digital information

in computing and
telecommunications that most
commonly consists of eight bits.
 DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
• Within a computer, information is
represented and stored in a
digital binary format.
• The term bit is an abbreviation of
binary digit and represents the
smallest piece of data.
• Humans interpret words and
pictures; computers interpret only
patterns of bits.
 NUMBERING
• Number System Base
SYSTEMS
Symbols used

• Binary 2 0,1

• Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

• Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

• Hexadecimal 16

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

where A = 10; B = 11; C = 12; D = 13; E = 14; F = 15

Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 1 Version 2.jpg
USING POSITIONAL NOTATION
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 2 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 3 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 4 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 5 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 6 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 8 Version 2.jpg
USING DOUBLING
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 9 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 10 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 11 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 12 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 13 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 14 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 15 Version 2.jpg
Convert from Binary to Decimal Step 16 Version 2.jpg
Use this method to convert
from any base to decimal. Doubling is
used because the given number is of
base 2. If the given number is of a
different base, replace the 2 in the
method with the base of the given
number. For example, if the given number
is in base 37, you would replace the "x 2"
with "x 37". The final result will always be
in decimal (base 10).
 PRACTICE
1. 110100012
2. 110012
3. 111100012
CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY
• Example: 25 Quotient Remainder
12 1
25/2
12/2 6 0
6/2 3 0
3/2
1 1
1/2
25 = 11001 0 1
CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY

Checking:
1 1 0 0 1 multiplier
16 8 4 2 1 equivalents
16 8 0 0 1 results
16+8+0+0+1 = 25
•Direction: Convert the decimal
numbers shown below to binary.
Perform checking to verify
answers.
1) 19
2) 28
3) 37
 CONVERT BINARY TO OCTAL
To convert Binary to Octal follow the steps below.

1. Group the given binary value into three starting from the right. Note

that you have to pad the digits to three in order to meet the requirement

of 3 per group.

2. Add 4,2 and 1 underneath each binary number per group.

3. Add the octal value of a number system represented by 1’s

Example: Convert 1010011 to octal/ base 8

4. Then read the final answer from right to left.

 BINARY TO OCTAL
• To convert Binary to Octal follow the steps below.
• Step 1: Group the given binary value into three starting from the right
1|010|011
• Note that we have to left pad the value to three therefore the grouped
value is:
0 0 1 | 0 1 0 | 0 1 1– The zero’s in blue text are the added value

• Step 2: Add 4,2 and 1 underneath the binary value

001|010|011
421|421|421
 BINARY TO OCTAL
• Step 3: Add all octal where the number system is 1’s. Note
all text in red in step 2 are the octal value with1’s
001|010|011
421|421|421
1 2 3
• Step 4: Read the value from right to left.
123
• Therefore, 10100112 = 1238
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
To convert Binary to Hexadecimal follow the steps below.
1. Group the given binary value into four starting from the right.
Note
that you have to pad the digits to four in order to meet the
requirement
2. Add 8,4,2 and 1 underneath each binary number per group.
3. Add the hexadecimal value of a number system represented by
1’s
Example: Convert 1010011 to hexadecimal / base 16
4. Then read the final answer from right to left.
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
• Step 1: Group the given binary value into four starting
from the right
101|0011
Note that we have to left pad the value to four therefore
the grouped value is:
0 1 0 1 | 0 0 1 1– The zero’s in blue text are the added
value
• Step 2: Add 8,4,2 and 1 underneath the binary value
0101|0011
8421|8421
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
• Step 3: Add all hexadecimal value where the number system
is 1’s.
Note all text in red in step 2 are the hexadecimal value with 1’s
•8421|8421
5 3
• Step 4: Read the value from right to left.
53
Therefore, 10100112 = 5316
 DECIMAL TO BINARY
• To convert Decimal to Binary follow the steps below.

• Example: Convert 206 to binary / base 2

Step 1,2: Write the decimal number as the dividend in a

division symbol and write the base of the destination

system which is base 2.

 Remainder bit value

FINAL ANSWER 20610= 1100110 2

 DECIMAL TO OCTAL
To convert Decimal to Octal follow the steps below.
1. Divide the given decimal value to 8 until we reach 0 value. To
get the
remainder multiple the quotient by 8 minus the given number.
The
result from the subtraction is the remainder.
• 2. Read the values upward.
• To convert Decimal to Octal follow the steps below.
Example: Convert 206 to octal / base 8
• Step 1. Divide the decimal value to 8

Final answer is 316

Therefore: 20610 = 3168
 DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
To convert Decimal to Hexadecimal follow the steps below.

1. Divide the given decimal value to 16 until we reach 0 value. To get the

remainder multiple the quotient by 16 minus the given number. The

result from the subtraction is the remainder.

2. Read the values upward

To convert Decimal to Hexadecimal follow the steps below.
Example: Convert 206 hexadecimal / base 16
Step 1. Divide the decimal value to 8

Step 2: Read the values upward

Final answer is C E
Therefore: 20610 = C E16
 OCTAL TO BINARY
To convert Octal to Binary follow the steps below.
The Octal (base 8) numeral system has 8 possible values (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
for each place-value. Below is the value of octal to binary.

To convert Octal to Binary follow the steps below.

1. Get the binary values of the given octal per digit. Refer to the table
above for the binary value
2. Read the answer downward
To convert Octal to Binary follow the steps below.
Example: Convert 206 to binary / base 2
Step 1,2: Get the binary value

Therefore: 2068 = 010 000 1012

To convert Octal to decimal follow the steps below.
1. Get the given octal value and find the value of 8 to the nth power.
Multiply the given number to base 8 nth power.
2. Add the values.
Step 1,2: Multiple and add
Example: Convert 206 to octal / base 10
 OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
To convert Octal to Hexadecimal follow the steps below.
1. Convert the octal number to binary
2. Read the binary number downward then group into 4.
3. Convert the binary number grouped by 4 to hexadecimal. Grouping should
start from right
to left.
4. Add all with positive values and or equal to 1.
Example: Convert 206 to hexadecimal / base 16
8421 8421 8421
0|1000| 0110
0 8 6
Therefore: 2068 = 8616
 HEXADECIMAL TO ANY NUMBER SYSTEM

The hexadecimal (base 16) numeral system has 16 possible values

(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and A,B,C,D,E,F) for each place-value. Below is the
value of hexadecimal to binary
 HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
To convert Hexadecimal to Binary follow the steps below.
1. Get the binary values of the given hexadecimal per digit. Refer to the
table above for the binary value
2. Read the answer downward
Example: Convert 206 to binary / base 2
Step 1,2: Get the binary value

Therefore: 20616 = 0010 0000 01012

 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

• To convert Hexadecimal to Decimal follow the steps below.

• 1. Get the given hexadecimal value and find the value of 16 to the nth
• power. Multiply the given number to base 16 nth power.
• 2. Add the values.
• Step 1,2: Multiple and add
• Example: Convert 206 to decimal / base 10